Incidência de obstrução em cateteres periféricos intravenosos em adultos e fatores relacionados / Incidence of obstruction in peripheral intravenous catheters in adults and related factors / Incidencia de obstrucción en catéteres intravenosos periféricos en adultos y factores relacionados

Objetivo: analisar a incidência e os fatores relacionados à obstrução de cateter intravenoso periférico em adultos hospitalizados. Método: uma coorte prospectiva, realizada a partir da observação de 203 cateteres, entre fevereiro de 2019 e maio de 2020, em hospital público e de ensino brasileiro. Foram consideradas variáveis clínicas e do cateter. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e por estatística inferencial. Resultados: o tempo de permanência variou entre um a 15 dias e a obstrução ocorreu em 7,5% das observações. Houve aumento do risco de obstrução em relação ao sexo (RR=0,49 / p=0,186), à idade (RR=1,20/ p=0,732), aos cateteres de maior calibre (RR=0,53/ p=0,250), à inserção no dorso da mão até antebraço (RR=2,33/ p=0,114) e ao tempo do cateter in situ (RR=033/ p=0,433). Conclusão: O cuidado diário e observação do cateter intravenoso periférico são importantes para minimizar o surgimento de complicações locais e sistêmicas e manter a patência do dispositivo.

Objective: to analyze the incidence and factors related to peripheral intravenous catheter obstruction in hospitalized adults. Method: a prospective cohort, based on the observation of 203 catheters, between February 2019 and May 2020, in a Brazilian public teaching hospital. Clinical and catheter variables were taken into account. The data was analyzed descriptively and using inferential statistics. Results: the length of stay ranged from one to 15 days and obstruction occurred in 7.5% of the observations. There was an increased obstruction risk in relation to gender (RR=0.49 / p=0.186), age (RR=1.20/ p=0.732), larger catheters (RR=0.53/ p=0.250), insertion in the back of the hand up to the forearm (RR=2.33/ p=0.114) and the time length the catheter was in situ (RR=033/ p=0.433). Conclusion: Daily care and observation of the peripheral intravenous catheter is important to minimize the appearance of local and systemic complications and maintain the patency of the device.

Objetivo: analizar la incidencia y los factores relacionados con la obstrucción del catéter intravenoso periférico en adultos hospitalizados. Método: cohorte prospectiva, realizada mediante la observación de 203 catéteres, entre febrero de 2019 y mayo de 2020, en un hospital escuela público brasileño. Se consideraron variables clínicas y del catéter. Los datos se analizaron de forma descriptiva y mediante estadística inferencial. Resultados: el tiempo de permanencia varió entre uno y 15 días y la obstrucción ocurrió en el 7,5% de las observaciones. Hubo mayor riesgo de obstrucción en relación con el sexo (RR=0,49 / p=0,186), la edad (RR=1,20 / p=0,732), los catéteres de mayor calibre (RR=0,53 / p= 0,250), la inserción en el dorso de la mano hasta el antebrazo (RR=2,33/ p=0,114) y el tiempo del catéter in situ (RR=033/ p=0,433). Conclusión: el cuidado diario y la observación del catéter intravenoso periférico son importantes para minimizar la aparición de complicaciones locales y sistémicas y mantener la permeabilidad del dispositivo.

Life on the line - Incidence and management of central venous catheter complications in intestinal failure.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Loss of venous access is threatening for patients with intestinal failure (IF) under long-term parenteral nutrition (PN). We aimed to identify the incidence of central venous catheter (CVC) complications, compare different devices, and analyze interventional recanalizing procedures to restore the patency of occluded CVCs. METHODS: For this retrospective cohort study, patient data from a prospective IF database spanning 16 years was analyzed at a tertiary referral center. Catheter dwell times (CDTs) were distinguished by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and subgroup analyses were performed for different CVC types (tunneled/port catheters). Specific complications (occlusion, catheter-related infection (CRI), displacement, and material defect) were analyzed. Explantation rates and CDTs were compared. RESULTS: Overall, 193 CVCs in 77 patients with IF under PN could be enrolled (62.524 "CVC-days"). Broviac type "B" was found to be significantly superior to type "A" regarding occlusion, CRI, and material defects (log-rank test: p = 0.05; p = 0.026; p = 0.005 respectively). Port catheters were displaying the highest incidence of CRI (2.13 events/1000 catheter days). Interventional catheter recanalization was performed 91 times and significantly increased the CDT from a median of 131 days (IQR: 62; 258) to 389 days (IQR: 262; 731) (Mann-Whitney-U-test: p= <0.001) without increasing complications. CONCLUSIONS: Different complication rates and CDT were seen depending on CVC type. Tunneled catheters were significantly superior concerning CRI. Interventional catheter recanalization is a viable alternative to fibrinolytics to restore CVC patency, but long-term patency data is scarce.

Case review and imaging: Treatment of central venous catheter associated fibrin sheath and chronic thrombus with the ClotTriever system.

Fibrin sheath formation is a leading culprit of central venous catheter malfunction. The complete removal of fibrin sheaths is an essential component of maintaining catheter patency, preventing future restenosis, and decreasing the risk of bloodborne infections. Treatment of fibrin sheaths includes pharmacologic therapy, balloon angioplasty, catheter exchange, and mechanical stripping. In this article 3 cases are reviewed, 2 patients had long-term hemodialysis catheter malfunction and 1 had complications related to a chest port. On imaging, superior vena cava stenosis, occlusion, and/or filling defect were identified for all patients, as well as findings suggesting the presence of fibrin sheath. Description of these cases detail a new technique for fibrin sheath removal utilizing the ClotTriever System (Inari Medical, Irvine, CA), which is a mechanical thrombectomy device used for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. This technique allowed for complete removal of the fibrin sheath via a minimally invasive interventional procedure which did not require access through the central venous catheter lumen.

Urokinase Salvage Therapy for Recurrent Chronic Subdural Hematoma Caused by Dual Antiplatelet Therapy.

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is one of the most common neurosurgical conditions among older adults. Here, we describe a case of recurrent cSDH resulting from seven days of dual antiplatelet therapy. A 76-year-old woman reported a headache resembling a chronic tension-type headache for the last 10 days. MRI revealed a right parietal cSDH and left frontoparietal cSDH. Single burr-hole aspiration and irrigation technique with continuous closed subdural drainage was performed bilaterally under general anesthesia. The patient experienced two bouts of transient ischemic attack and received seven days of dual antiplatelet therapy. On the 12th day after the initial surgery, the patient underwent another operation to re-evacuate the cSDH. Considering that the color of the output fluid persisted as oil-black and the average net output was 12.5 cc/day, we decided to use urokinase to restore the patency of the drainage catheter. In the early postoperative phase after the second surgery, a total of 20,000 units of urokinase was injected into the subdural space. On the 10th postoperative day, the patient was discharged home. In patients with cSDH presenting with obvious postoperative hematoma residue, the routine use of subdural injection of urokinase could be a new direction in cSDH management.

Chronic subdural hematoma drainage using anti-thrombotic catheter technique.

Background: Burr hole evacuation is a well-established treatment for symptomatic cases with chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH). Routinely postoperative catheter is left in the subdural space to drain the residual blood. Drainage obstruction is commonly seen, and it can be related to suboptimal treatment. Methods: Two groups of patients submitted to cSDH surgery were evaluated in a retrospective non-randomized trial, one group that had conventional subdural drainage (CD group, n â€‹= â€‹20) and another group that used an anti-thrombotic catheter (AT group, n â€‹= â€‹14). We compared the obstruction rate, amount of drainage and complications. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS (v.28.0). Results: For AT and CD groups respectively (median â€‹± â€‹IQR), the age was 68.23 â€‹± â€‹26.0 and 70.94 â€‹± â€‹21.5 (p â€‹> â€‹0.05); preoperative hematoma width was 18.3 â€‹± â€‹11.0 â€‹mm and 20.7 â€‹± â€‹11.7 â€‹mm and midline shift was 13.0 â€‹± â€‹9.2 and 5.2 â€‹± â€‹8.0 â€‹mm (p â€‹= â€‹0.49). Postoperative hematoma width was 12.7 â€‹± â€‹9.2 â€‹mm and 10.8 â€‹± â€‹9.0 â€‹mm (p â€‹< â€‹0.001 intra-groups compared to preoperative) and MLS was 5.2 â€‹± â€‹8.0 â€‹mm and 1.5 â€‹± â€‹4.3 â€‹mm (p â€‹< â€‹0.05 intra-groups). There were no complications related to the procedure including infection, bleed worsening and edema. No proximal obstruction was observed on the AT, but 8/20 (40%) presented proximal obstruction on the CD group (p â€‹= â€‹0.006). Daily drainage rates and length of drainage were higher in AT compared to CD: 4.0 â€‹± â€‹1.25 days vs. 3.0 â€‹± â€‹1.0 days (p â€‹< â€‹0.001) and 69.86 â€‹± â€‹106.54 vs. 35.00 â€‹± â€‹59.67 â€‹mL/day (p â€‹= â€‹0.074). Symptomatic recurrence demanding surgery occurred in two patients of CD group (10%) and none in AT group (p â€‹= â€‹0.230), after adjusting for MMA embolization, there was still no difference between groups (p â€‹= â€‹0.121). Conclusion: The anti-thrombotic catheter for cSDH drainage presented significant less proximal obstruction than the conventional one and higher daily drainage rates. Both methods demonstrated to safe and effective for draining cSDH.

Safety and feasibility assessment of extending the flushing interval in totally implantable venous access port flushing during the non-treatment stage for patients with breast cancer.

Aim: To investigate the safety and feasibility of extending the flushing interval for the totally implantable venous access port (TIVAP) during the non-treatment stage in patients with breast cancer (BC) by retrospectively analyzing the patients' clinical data, including the incidence of TIVAP-related complications. Methods: This single-center retrospective study included patients with BC who underwent TIVAP implantation at our hospital between January 2018 and March 2021 during their non-treatment phase and visited the hospital regularly for TIVAP flushing. Among the 1013 patients with BC who received TIVAP implantation, 617 patients were finally included on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into three groups according to the length of the flushing interval: group 1 (≤30 days, n = 79), group 2 (31-90 days, n = 66), and group 3 (91-120 days, n = 472). The basic characteristics of patients in each group and the incidence of TIVAP-related complications (catheter obstruction, infection, and thrombosis) were analyzed. Results: No significant intergroup differences were observed in age, body mass index (BMI), tumor stage, pathological staging, implantation approach, chemotherapy regimen, duration of treatment, and TIVAP-related blood return rate (P > 0.05). Among patients from all three groups, 11 cases of catheter pump-back without blood and eight cases of TIVAP-related complications such as infection, thrombosis, and catheter obstruction were recorded. However, no significant differences in TIVAP-related complications were observed among the three groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Extending the TIVAP flushing interval beyond three months during the non-treatment stage in BC patients is safe and feasible and did not increase the incidence of TIVAP-related complications.

Central venous access device locking practices in the adult critical care setting: a single-centre, observational study establishing duration of locking per catheter lumen.

PURPOSE: Central line complications remain a problem in critical care patient populations. Various interventions to prevent or treat complications, such as central line-associated bloodstream infection and occlusion, have been the focus of recent research. Although alternative catheter locking solutions have been shown to be effective in other patient populations, their applicability to the critical care setting remains unclear. Due to the high acuity of critical care patients, it is uncertain whether their central lines remain locked for a duration long enough for alternative locking solutions to provide any effect. METHODS: This single-centre, prospective, observational study aimed to gather information about the length of time central line lumens remain in a locked state in the average critical care patient. Baseline rates of various central line complications were also tracked. RESULTS: Results of this study indicate that the majority of central lines will have at least one lumen locked for an average of 36.6% of their time in situ. CONCLUSIONS: It is anticipated that this length of time provides enough exposure for alternative locking solutions to potentially make a difference in central line complications in this patient population. Results of this study can be used for planning future multi-centre, randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of novel central line locking solutions to prevent central line complications in critically ill patients.

Intraparenchymal pericatheter cyst as an indicator of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction: A case-based update.

Background: Intraparenchymal pericatheter cysts (IPCs) are a rare ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) complication, with only a few cases recorded in the literature. Case Description: We report a 22-year-old woman admitted with headache, papilledema, vision loss, and a history of leukemia. Lumbar puncture revealed idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Three months after VPS implantation, she was readmitted with headache and worsening of visual impairment. CT evidenced a IPC with perilesional edema. Intraoperatively, a shunt revision and cyst drainage were opted for. We present a discussion and literature review on this unique complication of VPS, with emphasis on management. Conclusion: It is important to understand and consider IPCs as complications of VPS surgery, including in adult patients and IIH cases.

Management of Central Venous Catheters in Children and Adults on Home Parenteral Nutrition: A French Survey of Current Practice.

Although central venous catheter (CVC)-related thrombosis (CRT) is a severe complication of home parenteral nutrition (HPN), the amount and quality of data in the diagnosis and management of CRT remain low. We aimed to describe current practices regarding CVC management in French adult and pediatric HPN centers, with a focus on CVC obstruction and CRT. Current practices regarding CVC management in patients on HPN were collected by an online-based cross-sectional survey sent to expert physicians of French HPN centers. We compared these practices to published guidelines and searched for differences between pediatric and adult HPN centers' practices. Finally, we examined the heterogeneity of practices in both pediatric and adult HPN centers. The survey was completed by 34 centers, including 21 pediatric and 13 adult centers. We found a considerable heterogeneity, especially in the responses of pediatric centers. On some points, the centers' responses differed from the current guidelines. We also found significant differences between practices in adult and pediatric centers. We conclude that the management of CVC and CRT in patients on HPN is a serious and complex situation for which there is significant heterogeneity between HPN centers. These findings highlight the need for more well-designed clinical trials in this field.

The Role of Antisiphon Devices in the Prevention of Central Ventricular Catheter Obliteration for Hydrocephalus: A 15-Years Institution's Experience Retrospective Analysis.

Shunt over-drainage in patients harboring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt constitutes one of the most devastating, and difficult to manage, side effects associated with this operation. Siphoning is one of the most important contributing factors that predispose to this complication. Based on the fact that the predisposing pathophysiologic mechanism is considerably multiplicated, amelioration of that adverse condition is considerably difficult to achieve. A lot of evidence suggests that the widespread utilization of gravitational valves or antisiphon devices is of utmost importance, in order to minimize or even avoid the occurrence of such complications. The recent literature data highlight that gravity-related, long-lasting shunt over-drainage consists of a momentous factor that could be considered one of the main culprits of central shunt failure. A lot of efforts have been performed, in order to design effective means that are aimed at annihilating siphoning. Our tenet was the investigation of the usefulness of the incorporation of an extra apparatus in the shunt system, capable of eliminating the impact of the siphoning effect, based on the experience that was gained by their long-term use in our institution. A retrospective analysis was performed, based on the data that were derived from our institution's database, centered on patients to which an ASD was incorporated into their initial shunt device between 2006 and 2021. A combination of clinical, surgical, radiological findings, along with the relevant demographic characteristics of the patients were collected and analyzed. We attempted to compare the rates of shunt dysfunction, attributed to occlusion of the ventricular catheter, in a group of patients, before and after the incorporation of an anti-siphon device to all of them. A total number of 120 patients who have already been shunted due to hydrocephalus of different etiologies, were managed with the insertion of an ASD. These devices were inserted at different anatomical locations, which were located peripherally to the initially inserted valvular mechanism. The data that were collected from a subpopulation of 17 of these patients were subjected to a separate statistical analysis because they underwent a disproportionately large number of operations (i.e., >10-lifetime shunt revisions). These patients were studied separately as their medical records were complicated. The analysis of our records revealed that the secondary implementation of an ASD resulted in a decrease of the 1-year and 5-year central catheter dysfunction rates in all of our patients when compared with the relevant obstruction rates at the same time points prior to ASD insertion. According to our data, and in concordance with a lot of current literature reports, an ASD may offer a significant reduction in the obstruction rates that is related to the ventricular catheter of the shunt. These data could only be considered preliminary and need to be confirmed with prospective studies. Nevertheless, this study could be considered capable of providing supportive evidence that chronic shunt over-drainage is a crucial factor in the pathophysiology of shunt malfunction. Apart from that, it could provide pilot data that could be reviewed in order to organize further clinical and laboratory studies, aiming toward the assessment of optimal shunt valve systems that, along with ASD, resist siphoning.

Eficácia de uma intervenção educativa para prevenção de complicações no cateter venoso periférico / Effectiveness of an educational intervention for the prevention of peripheral venous catheter complications / Eficacia de una intervención educativa para la prevención de las complicaciones del catéter venoso periférico

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar a eficácia de uma intervenção educativa de prática baseada em evidências na prevenção de complicações no cateter venoso periférico. Método estudo observacional com intervenção educativa para profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital de Minas Gerais, Brasil, sobre as técnicas de flushing, push-pause e locking. Amostragem por conveniência: 181 cateteres no grupo pré-intervenção e 157 no pós-intervenção. Avaliaram-se a incidência de complicações e comparação pelos testes do Qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. Resultados a incidência de complicações no grupo pós-intervenção foi: 4,5% para obstrução (p=0,000), 10,8% para remoção acidental (p=0,265) e 1,9% para flebite (p=0,847). A utilização das técnicas de flushing, push-pause e locking resultaram em significativa redução na incidência de obstrução. Conclusão a intervenção educativa possibilitou conhecimento atualizado e a implementação do flushing, push-pause e locking nas práticas de enfermagem. O estudo é uma contribuição para o planejamento de intervenção de enfermagem para reduzir a ocorrência de obstrução.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an evidence-based practice educational intervention in preventing peripheral venous catheter complications. Method observational study with educational intervention for nursing professionals of a hospital in Minas Gerais, Brazil, about flushing, push-pause and locking techniques. Convenience sampling: 181 catheters in the pre-intervention group and 157 in the post-intervention group. The incidence of complications was evaluated and compared by the Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results the incidence of complications in the post-intervention group was: 4.5% for obstruction (p=0.000), 10.8% for accidental removal (p=0.265) and 1.9% for phlebitis (p=0.847). The use of the flushing, push-pause and locking techniques resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of obstruction. Conclusion the educational intervention enabled updated knowledge and the implementation of flushing, push-pause and locking in nursing practices. The study is a contribution to nursing intervention planning to reduce the occurrence of obstruction.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una intervención educativa basada en la evidencia para prevenir las complicaciones del catéter venoso periférico. Método estudio observacional con intervención educativa para los profesionales de enfermería de un hospital de Minas Gerais, Brasil, sobre las técnicas de lavado, empuje-pausa y bloqueo. Muestreo de conveniencia: 181 catéteres en el grupo pre-intervención y 157 en el grupo post-intervención. La incidencia de complicaciones y la comparación se evaluaron mediante los tests de Chi-cuadrado y exacto de Fisher. Resultados la incidencia de complicaciones en el grupo posterior a la intervención fue del 4,5% para la obstrucción (p=0,000), del 10,8% para la extracción accidental (p=0,265) y del 1,9% para la flebitis (p=0,847). El uso de las técnicas de enjuague, empuje-pausa y bloqueo dio lugar a una reducción significativa de la incidencia de la obstrucción. Conclusión la intervención educativa permitió la actualización de los conocimientos y la implementación del flushing, push-pause y locking en las prácticas de enfermería. El estudio es una contribución a la planificación de la intervención de enfermería para reducir la aparición de la obstrucción.

Sternal Retraction and Subclavian Vein Catheter Occlusion during Cardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Subclavian vein (SV) catheterization is a method for the delivery of fluids, drugs, and blood products, venous blood sampling, and central vein pressure monitoring in cardiac surgery. Catheter occlusion is a serious complication of SV catheterization during cardiac surgery, especially after sternal retractor expansion. METHODS: In this observational study, 303 patients who had successful right infraclavicular SV catheterization from September 2019 to April 2020 were enrolled to determine the incidence of catheter occlusion. After catheterization, the lumens of all catheters were checked for the ability to infuse and withdraw blood from the catheter before and after sternal retractor expansion. The patients' characteristics, cannulation approach, on-pump or off-pump technique, occlusion of the catheter and its lumens, and any associated complications were recorded. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS: Of the 303 patients studied, 205 were male (67.7%) and 98 were female (32.3%). Catheter occlusion occurred in 11 patients with on-pump cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (227 patients) and 4 patients with off-pump CPB (76 patients) (p=0.863). The incidence of catheter occlusion was 4.95% (15 of 303 patients) with no cases of simultaneous 3-lumen occlusion in a catheter. The most commonly occluded lumen was the distal lumen (57.92%). Simultaneous 2-lumen occlusion occurred in 4 patients. Catheter occlusion was found in 3 of 13 malpositioned catheters (23.07%). CONCLUSION: The current study showed that malpositioning of the catheter tip was a risk factor for catheter occlusion and that the distal lumen of a triple-lumen catheter was the most commonly occluded lumen.

Outcomes of Thrombolytic Therapy of Tunnelled Hemodialysis Catheter Dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: Intraluminal thrombolytic therapy is the first step treatment of thrombotic malfunction of tunneled hemodialysis catheters (THC). The factors that affect catheter restoration and also catheter survival following thrombolytic therapy are not well described. In this study, we aimed to reveal the predictors that affect the success of the procedure and also present post-restoration catheter patency after intraluminal thrombolytic administration. METHOD: This retrospective study included 62 patients with tunneled THC thrombosis treated with alteplase between 2017 and2020 in the study center. Age, comorbidities, the use of antiplatelet and anticoagulants, a history of catheter thrombosis, time on dialysis, the duration of the catheter were investigated as possible predictors of procedural success. The independent predictive factors for procedural success were evaluated by using backward stepwise likelihood ratio logistic regression analysis. Primaryand assisted patencieswere presented with Kaplan-Meier graphs. RESULTS: Thrombolityc was administered to 62 patients 102 times. The median primary patency from the first thrombolytic administration to a second catheter thrombosis was 9 months (range 1-20 months). The overall median patency was 12 months (range 2-23 months). The overall procedural success rate was 79.4% (81/102).Multivariate analyses revealed that a history of prior catheter thrombosis was the only risk factor for procedural success (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.26-0.91; p = 0.004). The need for a second dwell time among patients with prior history of thrombolysis was significantly higher compared to patients without a history of catheter thrombosis (12/26 patients, 46.2% and 6/55 patients, 10.9%; respectively; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The success of thrombolysis in subsequent de novo THC thrombosis decreases in patients who previously required intraluminal thrombolytic administration. Identifying patient subgroups with a high risk for THC thrombosis may be useful to investigate effective secondary prevention strategies.

Risk factors for the development of venous thrombosis in patients with a central venous catheter admitted to the intensive care unit of the Roberto Gilbert Elizalde children's hospital / Factores que condicionan el desarrollo de trombosis venosa en pacientes con catéter venoso central ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del hospital de niños Roberto Gilbert Elizalde

Introduction: Advances in the management and survival of severe pediatric disease have led to an increase in thromboembolic phenomena, given the frequent need for central venous catheters (CVC). The present study describes the conditions in which venous thrombosis oc-curs in pediatric patients with CVC in a public referral center in Guayaquil. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study with the objective of identifying fac-tors that are associated with the development of venous thrombosis in patients with CVC ad-mitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Information was collected in a pre-designed chart of all patients with CVC for more than 7 days. A venous Doppler ultrasound was performed to de-termine the presence or absence of thrombi. Descriptive statistics were used for univariate analysis and Odds Ratio was used for the bivariate analysis. Results: 35 patients were included in the study, 14/35 (40%) young infants, 24/35 males (69%), 19 cases (54%) with malnutrition, 10 cases (29%) with congenital heart disease, and 18 cases (51%) admitted for infections. The puncture site was femoral in 11 cases (31%), the procedure was performed by the fellow in 20 cases (57%), on a scheduled basis in 27 cases (77%), and performed in a single attempt in 28 cases (80%). The tip of the catheter was located in the superior vena cava in 23 cases (66%). The prevalence of thrombosis was 14% (95% CI 12.33-16.25). Bivariate analysis showed that none of the variables were associated with the presence of CVC thrombosis. Conclusions: 14% of patients with CVC use for more than 7 days develop secondary venous thrombosis. The factors associated with CVC including nutritional status and related proce-dures could not be determined.

Randomized controlled trial of PosiFlow regulator with infusion clamp for reducing intravenous catheter plugging.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous (IV) catheter insertion may cause adverse reactions. It is necessary to investigate optimal methods for reducing blood return and extending the usage time of IV catheter by existing technologies. We investigated the efficacy of the PosiFlow regulator with an infusion clip for preventing IV catheter plugging due to venous blood return. METHODS: From January 2017 to August 2017, 960 patients requiring IV catheterization were recruited and by using the block randomization method randomly allocated to 4 groups (n=240 in each group): a control group receiving IV catheter with infusion clip; experimental group A receiving IV catheter without infusion clip; experimental group B receiving an IV catheter with the PosiFlow regulator; and experimental group C receiving an IV catheter with a PosiFlow regulator and infusion clip. The rates of catheter plugging and blood return were compared among groups. RESULTS: In different reasons for needle pulling, The rates of catheter plugging and blood return in experimental group C (Received IV catheterization with an infusion clip and PosiFlow regulato) were the lowest among all groups (P<0.05). In different puncture sites, forearm puncture further reduced IV catheter plugging in all groups compared to other puncture sites. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter plugging and blood return can be significantly reduced by combining the PosiFlow regulator and an infusion clip, resulting in reduced medical costs and patient distress from catheter reinsertion.

Safety and utility of the alpha-replacer for treatment of intraluminal obstruction of peritoneal catheters by fibrin clots.

BACKGROUND: The Moncrief-Popovich technique of peritoneal catheter implantation has beneficial effects for peritoneal dialysis (PD) initiation. However, it might increase the risk of peritoneal catheter obstruction by fibrin clots, because the catheter is buried under the skin for several weeks to months. Effects of treatment of intraluminal occlusion of PD catheters with tissue plasminogen activator, recommended by the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis guidelines/recommendations are reportedly limited. We investigated the effectiveness of the 'alpha-replacer' (JMS, Tokyo, Japan) for PD catheter obstruction. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a total of 193 patients in whom PD was initiated. PD catheters were embedded using the Moncrief-Popovich technique in 130 of these patients. We assessed the occurrence rates of peritoneal catheter obstruction and the utility of the alpha-replacer for treating intraluminal catheter occlusion by fibrin clots. RESULTS: Catheter obstruction occurred in eight cases with embedded catheters, one due to omental wrapping and the others due to fibrin clots, in which median catheter burial durations were 477 (interquartile range [IQR], 226-510) days. All catheter obstructions due to fibrin clots were successfully treated with the alpha-replacer, leading to improved catheter drainage. The median amount of contrast agent used in catheterography was 10 (IQR 9-10) mL, which did not adversely affect residual renal function. There were no complications. No recurrence occurred during the observation period (median 111, IQR 55.5-141 months). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that treatment with the alpha-replacer is a safe and effective treatment option for intraluminal obstruction of PD catheters by fibrin clots.

Compared with conventional procedures, an intraoperative navigation system for ventriculoperitoneal shunting via the occipital horn improves outcomes in patients with hydrocephalus.

BACKGROUND: Ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) is a common neurosurgical procedure used to treat hydrocephalus. Although the use of a navigation system in VPS achieves superior results compared with conventional surgery, the relationships among clinical symptoms, ventricular catheter placement, catheter obstruction, and the postoperative Evans index have not been clearly reported. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 40 patients with VPS (the navigation surgery group) and 31 patients with VPS (the conventional surgery group). Clinical data, follow-up times, catheterization accuracy, postoperative outcomes, cumulative survival times, and correlations between catheter placement and obstruction, symptom grade and the postoperative Evans index were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients experienced optimal ventricular catheter placement (grade 1), three experienced suboptimal placements (grade 2), and none experienced poor ventricular catheter placement (grade 3) in the navigation surgery group. Greater improvement in postoperative symptoms (p < 0.001), including less catheter readjustment (p < 0.001), was observed in the navigation surgery group. A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the cumulative catheter obstruction-free survival time was longer in the navigation surgery group (p = 0.016). Moreover, catheter placement was significantly correlated with catheter obstruction (p < 0.001). Additionally, catheter obstruction was significantly correlated with the symptom grade (p < 0.001) and postoperative Evans index (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: VPS for hydrocephalus via the occipital horn with a navigation system is superior to the conventional surgical procedure in terms of clinical outcomes, the precision of ventricular catheterization, and the occurrence of complications. Catheter obstruction-free survival times were longer in the navigation surgery group and catheter placement was significantly correlated with catheter obstruction.

Flushing na manutenção de cateteres intravenosos: um estudo observacional da prática de enfermagem na terapia intensiva / Flushing in the maintenance of intravenous catheters: an observational study of nursing practice in intensive care

A manutenção da permeabilidade do cateter intravenoso usado em pacientes hospitalizados é essencial para prevenir danos e garantir a segurança da terapia intravenosa. Dentre os cuidados de enfermagem preconizados para essa manutenção está o flushing, que é a aplicação de solução salina no lúmen do cateter com o objetivo de limpeza. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivos: Caracterizar a prática da equipe de enfermagem na realização do flushing para a manutenção de cateteres intravenosos utilizados por pacientes hospitalizados em cenários de cuidados intensivos; Avaliar a associação de características profissionais da equipe de enfermagem com a prática do flushing na manutenção de cateteres intravenosos em pacientes hospitalizados em cenários de cuidados intensivos; Analisar a prática do flushing em relação às melhores evidências para a manutenção dos cateteres intravenosos, na perspectiva da segurança do paciente; Elaborar, à luz dessa análise, uma tecnologia de cuidado voltada a promover as boas práticas de enfermagem na realização do flushing para a manutenção dos cateteres intravenosos. Estudo observacional, transversal e com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em quatro cenários de cuidados intensivos de um hospital universitário do município do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram 108 profissionais de enfermagem que realizavam a manutenção dos dispositivos intravenosos e estavam envolvidos na prática do flushing. Os dados foram coletados através de observação por meio checklist e aplicação de questionário estruturado, no período de novembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. A análise ocorreu por meio de estatística descritiva, analítica e inferencial. Foram realizadas 404 observações da prática do flushing, das quais em 23% não houve a realização do flushing e, em 77%, a prática do flushing foi realizada em algum momento da manipulação do dispositivo intravenoso. Das observações em que houve algum momento de flushing, em 52% os profissionais utilizaram frasco de grande volume no preparo; 97% utilizaram solução fisiológica; 70% aplicaram a técnica de pressão contínua no êmbolo da seringa; 64,5% não avaliaram previamente a permeabilidade. Houve predomínio da prática do flushing após a administração de medicamentos, com emprego do volume e seringa de 10 ml. Possuir formação específica ligada a acesso venoso, conhecimento de guidelines e tempo de exercício profissional inferior a cinco anos foram variáveis que aumentaram as chances de realização do flushing na prática. Quanto aos dados do questionário: 88% dos participantes responderam que efetuam o procedimento do flushing na sua prática; 93% descreveram o soro fisiológico como a solução de escolha; 49,5% relataram realizar o flushing com a pressão contínua no êmbolo da seringa, enquanto 35% aplicam a técnica push pause. No que tange à frequência, apenas 22% referiram que realizam o flushing antes, entre e após a administração de um medicamento. Entretanto, quando essa frequência foi graduada numa escala, nos dados do cateter venoso central, principal dispositivo manipulado na prática, 64% referiram que realizam muitas vezes/sempre o flushing antes da administração do medicamento, 68% realizam muitas vezes/sempre entre a administração dos medicamentos e 79% realizam muitas vezes/sempre após a administração. Concluiu-se que existiram fragilidades na prática do flushing em relação às recomendações de boas práticas que se configuram erros de medicação. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de investimentos em melhorias nos cenários estudados em vista das boas práticas na terapia intravenosa. Em face disso, elaborou-se uma tecnologia na forma de guia de cuidado para a prática do flushing, a ser implementada na instituição como uma barreira à recorrência dos erros.

Maintaining the patency of the intravenous catheter used in hospitalized patients is essential to prevent damage and ensure the safety of intravenous therapy. Among the nursing care recommended for this maintenance is flushing, which is the application of saline solution in the lumen of the catheter with the objective of cleaning. This research aimed to: Characterize the practice of the nursing team in performing flushing for the maintenance of intravenous catheters used by hospitalized patients in intensive care settings; To evaluate the association of professional characteristics of the nursing team with the practice of flushing in the maintenance of intravenous catheters in hospitalized patients in intensive care settings; To analyze the practice of flushing in relation to the best evidence for the maintenance of intravenous catheters, from the perspective of patient safety; To develop, in the light of this analysis, a care technology aimed at promoting good nursing practices in performing flushing for the maintenance of intravenous catheters. Observational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, carried out in four intensive care settings at a university hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Participants were 108 nursing professionals who performed the maintenance of intravenous devices and were involved in the practice of flushing. Data were collected through observation using a checklist and application of a structured questionnaire, from November 2019 to January 2020. The analysis was carried out using descriptive, analytical and inferential statistics. A total of 404 observations of flushing were performed, of which 23% did not perform flushing and, in 77%, flushing was performed at some point during the handling of the intravenous device. Of the observations in which there was some moment of flushing, in 52% the professionals used a large volume bottle in the preparation; 97% used saline solution; 70% applied the technique of continuous pressure on the plunger of the syringe; 64.5% had not previously evaluated permeability. There was a predominance of flushing after drug administration, using the volume and 10 ml syringe. Having specific training related to venous access, knowledge of guidelines and time of professional practice of less than five years were variables that increased the chances of performing flushing in practice. As for the data from the questionnaire: 88% of the participants answered that they perform the flushing procedure in their practice; 93% described saline as the solution of choice; 49.5% reported flushing with continuous pressure on the syringe plunger, while 35% applied the push pause technique. Regarding the frequency, only 22% reported that they perform flushing before, between and after the administration of a medication. However, when this frequency was graded on a scale, in the data of the central venous catheter, the main device manipulated in practice, 64% reported that they often/always perform flushing before drug administration, 68% perform it often/always between administration of medications and 79% perform it often/always after administration. It was concluded that there were weaknesses in the practice of flushing in relation to the recommendations of good practices that configure medication errors. These results indicate the need for investments in improvements in the scenarios studied in view of good practices in intravenous therapy. In view of this, a technology was developed in the form of a care guide for the practice of flushing, to be implemented in the institution as a barrier to the recurrence of errors.

Mantener la permeabilidad del catéter intravenoso utilizado en pacientes hospitalizados es esencial para prevenir daños y garantizar la seguridad de la terapia intravenosa. Entre los cuidados de enfermería recomendados para ese mantenimiento está el flushing, que es la aplicación de solución salina en la luz del catéter con el objetivo de limpiarlo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo: Caracterizar la práctica del equipo de enfermería en la realización de lavados para el mantenimiento de los catéteres intravenosos utilizados por pacientes hospitalizados en cuidados intensivos; Evaluar la asociación de las características profesionales del equipo de enfermería con la práctica de lavado en el mantenimiento de catéteres intravenosos en pacientes hospitalizados en cuidados intensivos; Analizar la práctica del flushing en relación a la mejor evidencia para el mantenimiento de catéteres intravenosos, desde la perspectiva de la seguridad del paciente; Desarrollar, a la luz de este análisis, una tecnología asistencial dirigida a promover buenas prácticas de enfermería en la realización de lavados para el mantenimiento de catéteres intravenosos. Estudio observacional, transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en cuatro unidades de cuidados intensivos de un hospital universitario de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro. Participaron 108 profesionales de enfermería que realizaban el mantenimiento de los dispositivos intravenosos y participaban en la práctica del flushing. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la observación mediante una lista de cotejo y aplicación de un cuestionario estructurado, de noviembre de 2019 a enero de 2020. El análisis se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva, analítica e inferencial. Se realizaron un total de 404 observaciones de lavado, de las cuales el 23% no realizó lavado y en el 77% se realizó lavado en algún momento durante la manipulación del dispositivo intravenoso. De las observaciones en las que hubo algún momento de rubor, en 52% los profesionales utilizaron un biberón de gran volumen en la preparación; 97% utilizó solución salina; el 70% aplicó la técnica de presión continua sobre el émbolo de la jeringa; El 64,5% no había evaluado previamente la permeabilidad. Predominó el rubor tras la administración del fármaco, utilizando el volumen y jeringa de 10 ml. Tener formación específica relacionada con el acceso venoso, el conocimiento de las guías y un tiempo de ejercicio profesional inferior a cinco años fueron variables que aumentaron las posibilidades de realizar lavados en la práctica. En cuanto a los datos del cuestionario: el 88% de los participantes respondieron que realizan el procedimiento de lavado en su práctica; el 93% describió la solución salina como la solución de elección; El 49,5% refirió enjuagar con presión continua sobre el émbolo de la jeringa, mientras que el 35% aplicó la técnica de empujar pausa. En cuanto a la frecuencia, solo el 22% informó que realiza lavados antes, entre y después de la administración de un medicamento. Sin embargo, cuando se graduó esta frecuencia en una escala, en los datos del catéter venoso central, el principal dispositivo manipulado en la práctica, el 64% informó que a menudo/siempre realiza lavado antes de la administración del medicamento, el 68% lo realiza a menudo/siempre entre administración de medicamentos y el 79% lo realiza seguido/siempre después de la administración. Se concluyó que existieron debilidades en la práctica del flushing en relación a las recomendaciones de buenas prácticas que configuran errores de medicación. Estos resultados indican la necesidad de inversiones en mejoras en los escenarios estudiados en vista de las buenas prácticas en terapia intravenosa. Ante esto, se desarrolló una tecnología en forma de guía de cuidados para la práctica del rubor, para ser implementada en la institución como barrera a la reincidencia de errores.

Heparin solution in the prevention of occlusions in Hickman® catheters a randomized clinical trial / Solução de heparina na prevenção de oclusão do Cateter de Hickman® ensaio clínico randomizado / Solución de heparina para prevenir oclusiones en catéteres de Hickman® un ensayo clínico aleatorizado

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the 50 IU/mL heparin solution compared to the 0.9% isotonic saline solution in preventing occlusion of the double lumen Hickman® catheter, 7 and 9 French, in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Method: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. 17 double-lumen catheters (heparin group: n=7 and 0.9% isotonic saline group: n=10) were analyzed in which the two catheter routes were evaluated separately, totaling 34 lumens. The outcome variables were occlusion without reflux and complete occlusion. Descriptive analyses were performed using the Chi-square test and, of survival, according to the Kaplan-Meier test. Results: the mean number of days until the occlusion outcome was 52 in the heparin group and 13.46 in the 0.9% isotonic saline group in the white catheter route (p<0.001). In the red route, the mean follow-up days in the heparin group were 35.29, with no occlusion and 22.30 in the 0.9% isotonic saline group until the first occlusion (p=0.030). Conclusion: blocking with 50 IU/mL heparin solution is more effective than 0.9% isotonic saline in preventing occlusion of the Hickman® catheter. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials: RBR-3ht499.

Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade da solução de heparina 50 UI/mL comparada à solução salina isotônica 0,9% na prevenção de oclusão do Cateter de Hickman® duplo lúmen, 7 e 9 french, em pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado triplo cego. Foram analisados 17 cateteres duplo lúmen (grupo heparina n=7 e grupo solução salina isotônica 0,9% n=10) nos quais as duas vias do cateter foram avaliadas separadamente, totalizando 34 lúmens. As variáveis de desfecho foram oclusão sem refluxo e oclusão completa. As análises descritivas foram realizadas mediante o teste Qui-quadrado e, de sobrevida, sob o teste de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: a média de dias até o desfecho oclusão foi de 52 no grupo heparina e de 13,46 no grupo solução salina isotônica 0,9% na via branca do cateter (p<0,001). Na via vermelha, a média de dias de acompanhamento do grupo heparina foi de 35,29, sem ocorrência de oclusão, e de 22,30 no grupo solução salina isotônica 0,9% até a primeira oclusão (p=0,030). Conclusão: o bloqueio com solução de heparina 50 UI/mL é mais efetivo em relação à solução salina isotônica 0,9% na prevenção da oclusão do Cateter de Hickman®. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: RBR-3ht499.

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la solución de heparina 50 UI/mL comparada con la solución salina isotónica al 0,9% para prevenir oclusiones en catéteres de Hickman® doble lumen, 7 y 9 French, en pacientes sometidos a trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorizado triple ciego. Se analizaron 17 catéteres de doble lumen (grupo de heparina: n=7 y grupo de solución salina isotónica al 0,9%: n=10) en los que se evaluaron por separado las dos vías del catéter, totalizando 34 lúmenes. Las variables de resultado fueron oclusión sin reflujo y oclusión completa. Los análisis descriptivos se realizaron mediante el test de Chi-cuadrado y, los de sobrevida, con el test de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: la media de días hasta el resultado de oclusión fue de 52 en el grupo de heparina y de 13,46 en el grupo de la solución salina isotónica al 0,9% en la vía blanca del catéter (p<0,001). En la vía roja, la media de días de seguimiento del grupo de heparina fue de 35,29 sin oclusión y de 22,30 en el del grupo solución salina isotónica al 0,9% hasta la primera oclusión (p=0,030). Conclusión: el bloqueo con solución de heparina 50 UI/mL es más eficaz en relación con la solución salina isotónica al 0,9% para prevenir oclusiones en catéteres de Hickman®. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos: RBR 3ht499.

Occlusions in peripherally inserted central venous catheters in pediatric patients in antineoplastic chemotherapy / Oclusiones en catéteres centrales de inserción periférica en niños y adolescentes en quimioterapia antineoplásica / Oclusões em cateteres venosos centrais de inserção periférica nos pacientes infantojuvenis em quimioterapia antineoplásica

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the occurrence of occlusions in peripherally inserted central venous catheters in pediatric patients in antineoplastic chemotherapy. Method Retrospective cohort, with 156 medical records of patients aged 0-19 years who underwent outpatient chemotherapy between 2013 and 2017 by this catheter, in a hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Results 219 catheters were registered. Occlusion occurred in 141 (64.4%) catheters; 63 (44.7%) were removed because of occlusion, either alone or associated with another factor. Total occlusion alone led to the removal of 27 (12.3%) catheters. Occlusion was associated with: catheter dwell time, cyclophosphamide, neuroblastoma, bone metastasis and number of chemotherapy sessions. Conclusion Occlusion is an important complication because it occurred in more than half of the catheters and was one of the main reasons for withdrawal. The identified risk factors may guide the care to prevent this complication.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la aparición de oclusiones en catéteres centrales de inserción periférica en niños y adolescentes sometidos a quimioterapia. Método Cohorte retrospectiva, con 156 registros de pacientes de 0 a 19 años que se sometieron a quimioterapia entre 2013 y 2017, en un hospital de Río de Janeiro. Se aplicaron estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Resultados Se registraron 219 catéteres. La oclusión ocurrió en 141 (64.4%) catéteres; 63 (44.7%) se eliminaron por oclusión, ya sea solo o asociado con otro factor. La oclusión total sola condujo a la extracción de 27 (12.3%) catéteres. La oclusión se asoció con la duración de la estancia del catéter, ciclofosfamida, neuroblastoma, metástasis óseas y sesiones de quimioterapia. Conclusión La oclusión es una complicación importante, ocurrió en más de la mitad de los catéteres y fue una de las principales razones para la retirada. Los factores de riesgo pueden guiar la atención para prevenir esta complicación.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a ocorrência de oclusões em cateteres venosos centrais de inserção periférica nos pacientes infantojuvenis em quimioterapia antineoplásica. Método Coorte retrospectivo, com 156 prontuários de pacientes de 0 a 19 anos que realizaram quimioterapia ambulatorialmente entre 2013 e 2017 por este cateter, em hospital do município do Rio de Janeiro. Aplicou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados Registraram-se 219 cateteres. A oclusão ocorreu em 141 (64,4%) cateteres; 63 (44,7%) foram retirados por causa da oclusão, seja isolada ou associada a outro fator. A oclusão total isoladamente foi motivo de retirada de 27 (12,3%) cateteres. A oclusão apresentou associação com: tempo de permanência do cateter, ciclofosfamida, neuroblastoma, metástase óssea e número de sessões de quimioterapia. Conclusão A oclusão é uma complicação importante, pois ocorreu em mais da metade dos cateteres e foi um dos principais motivos de retirada. Os fatores de risco identificados podem nortear o cuidado para prevenção desta complicação.