Thermal and mechanical performance assessment of composite (CPCM) for energy storage.

Phase change materials (PCMs) face obstacles in being widely used due to issues with heat transfer and maintaining their shape. In this research, instead of using binders, the Hexadecane (H) is melted in such a way that the capillary forces of the molten wax allow it to be impregnated into the low-density polyethylene (P) molecules and bind it together as a composite. It was found that the hot melt extrusion (HME) combines the two materials at the micro-scale, forming a phase change composite (CPCM) with various geometries that possesses superior latent heat and shape stability during phase transition. The structure can incorporate a higher percentage of PCM (60 %) using this method, which also results in lower costs. According to the thermal analysis, (H60P40) provides great thermal stability and can store a lot of energy per unit of weight. It has a high capacity of storing latent heat at 129.56 J/g and can also prevent Hexadecane leakage. Based on the mechanical properties results, hexadecane acts like plasticizer thus the addition of PCM decreases Young's modulus, stress in break, and stress at yield. This trend is observed as the PCM content increases. The high values of elongation at break also indicates the strong plasticizing properties of PCM. Based on the obtained results, the CPCMs as a potential candidate for an application in buildings for thermal regulation, reducing energy consumption, and reducing indoor temperature swing.

Composition and metabolic flexibility of hydrocarbon-degrading consortia in oil reservoirs.

Hydrocarbon-degrading consortia (HDC) play an important role in petroleum exploitation. However, the real composition and metabolic mechanism of HDC in the microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) process remain unclear. By combining 13C-DNA stable isotope probing microcosms with metagenomics, some newly reported phyla, including Chloroflexi, Synergistetes, Thermotogae, and Planctomycetes, dominated the HDC in the oil reservoirs. In the field trials, the HDC in the aerobic-facultative-anaerobic stage of oilfields jointly promoted the MEOR process, with monthly oil increments of up to 189 tons. Pseudomonas can improve oil recovery by producing rhamnolipid in the facultative condition. Roseovarius was the novel taxa potentially oxidizing alkane and producing acetate to improve oil porosity and permeability in the aerobic condition. Ca. Bacteroidia were the new members potentially degrading hydrocarbons by fumarate addition in the anaerobic environment. Comprehensive identification of the active HDC in oil reservoirs provides a novel theoretical basis for oilfield regulatory scheme.

Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and quality control of Peucedanum decursivum (Miq.) Maxim: A critical review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dried roots of Peucedanum decursivum, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has historically respiratory diseases such as cough, thick phlegm, headache, fever, and gynecological diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AIM OF THE STUDY: Made an endeavor to evaluate the research trajectory of P. decursivum, comprehensively discern its developmental status, and offer a guideline for future investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A meticulous search of literatures and books from 1955 to 2024 via databases like PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI was conducted, including topics and keywords of " P. decursivum" "Angelica decursivum" and "Zihua Qianhu". RESULTS: P. decursivum and its prescriptions have traditionally been used for treating phlegm-heat cough, wind-heat cough, gastrointestinal diseases, pain relief and so on. It contains 234 identified compounds, encompassing coumarins, terpenes, volatile oils, phenolic acids, fatty acids and derivatives. It exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer, and anti-cancer properties, primarily attributed to coumarins. Microscopic identification, HPLC fingerprinting, and bioinformatics identification are the primary methods currently used for the quality control. CONCLUSION: P. decursivum demonstrates anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, aligning with its traditional use. However, experimental validation of its efficacy against phlegm and viruses is needed. Additionally, analgesic effects mentioned in historical texts lack modern pharmacological studies. Numerous isolated compounds exhibit highly valuable medicinal properties. Future research can delve into exploring these substances further. Rigorous of heavy metal contamination, particularly Cd and Pb, is necessary. Simultaneously, investigating its pharmacokinetics and toxicity in humans is crucial for the safety.

Construction of yeast microbial consortia for petroleum hydrocarbons degradation.

Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons plays a vital role in mitigating petroleum contamination and heavy oil extraction. In this study, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of degrading hexadecane has been successfully engineered, achieving a maximum degradation rate of up to 20.42%. However, the degradation ability of this strain decreased under various pressure conditions such as high temperature, high osmotic pressure, and acidity conditions. Therefore, a S. cerevisiae with high tolerance to these conditions has been constructed. And then, we constructed an "anti-stress hydrocarbon-degrading" consortium comprising engineered yeast strain SAH03, which degrades hexadecane, and glutathione synthetic yeast YGSH10, which provides stress resistance. This consortium was able to restore the degradation ability of SAH03 under various pressure conditions, particularly exhibiting a significant increase in degradation rate from 5.04% to 17.04% under high osmotic pressure. This study offers a novel approach for improving microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.

Multi-omics association study of hexadecane degradation in haloarchaeal strain Halogranum rubrum RO2-11.

Haloarchaea with the capacity to degrade alkanes is promising to deal with petroleum pollution in hypersaline environments. However, only a limited number of haloarchaeal species are investigated, and their pathway and mechanism for alkane degradation remain unclear. In this study, Halogranum rubrum RO2-11, a haloarchaeal strain, verified the ability to degrade kerosene and hexadecane in 184 g/L NaCl, with 53% and 52% degradation rates after 9 and 4 days, respectively. Genome sequencing and gene annotation indicated that strain RO2-11 possesses a complete potential alkane-degrading pathway, of which alkane hydroxylases may include CYP450, AlmA, and LadA. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that the upregulation of related genes in TCA cycle, lysine biosynthesis, and acetylation may help improve hexadecane degradation. Additionally, an alternative degrading pathway of hexadecane based on dual-terminal ß-oxidation may occur in strain RO2-11. It is likely to be the first report of alkane degradation by the genus Halogranum, which may be helpful for applications of oil-pollution bioremediation under high-salt conditions.

Changing Template/Al2O3 Ratio in Reaction Gel-An Effective Way to Regulate Nature of Intermediate Phases and Properties of SAPO-11 Molecular Sieves during Crystallization.

A study has been conducted to investigate the formation of intermediate phases during the crystallization of SAPO-11 molecular sieves from reaction mixtures with a varying template (di-n-propylamine) DPA/Al2O3 ratio. It was found that changing the DPA/Al2O3 ratio from 1.0 to 1.8 in the initial reaction gels leads to the formation of different intermediate phases during crystallization into a SAPO-11 molecular sieve. It is shown that at the ratio template/Al2O3 = 1.0, an intermediate amorphous silicoaluminophosphate is formed; at 1.4, a mixture consisting of amorphous and layered phases forms; and at 1.8, a layered phase is present. A simple and innovative approach for controlling the morphology, size, and characteristics of primary crystals and the secondary porous structure in hierarchical SAPO-11 is proposed. The method is based on regulating the DPA/Al2O3 ratio in the reaction gel. The synthesized SAPO-11 molecular sieves with a hierarchical porous structure exhibited high selectivity in the hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane.

Spatial distribution characteristics and degradation mechanism of microorganisms in n-hexadecane contaminated vadose zone.

The damage caused by petroleum hydrocarbon pollution to soil and groundwater environment is becoming increasingly significant. The vadose zone is the only way for petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants to leak from surface into groundwater. The spatial distribution characteristics of indigenous microorganisms in vadose zone, considering presence of capillary zones, have rarely been reported. To explore the spatial distribution characteristics of indigenous microorganisms in vadose zone contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, a one-dimensional column migration experiment was conducted using n-hexadecane as characteristic pollutant. Soil samples were collected periodically from different heights during experiment. Corresponding environmental factors were monitored online. The microbial community structure and spatial distribution characteristics of the cumulative relative abundance were systematically analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. In addition, the microbial degradation mechanism of n-hexadecane was analyzed using metabolomics. The results showed that presence of capillary zone had a strong retarding effect on n-hexadecane infiltration. Leaked pollutants were mainly concentrated in areas with strong capillary action. Infiltration and displacement of NAPL-phase pollutants were major driving force for change in moisture content (θ) and electric conductivity (EC) in vadose zone. The degradation by microorganisms results in a downward trend in potential of hydrogen (pH) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Five petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial phyla and 11 degradable straight-chain alkane bacterial genera were detected. Microbial degradation was strong in the area near edge of capillary zone and locations of pollutant accumulation. Mainly Sphingomonas and Nocardioides bacteria were involved in microbial degradation of n-hexadecane. Single-end oxidation involved microbial degradation of n-hexadecane (C16H34). The oxygen consumed, hexadecanoic acid (C16H32O2) produced during this process, and release of hydrogen ions (H+) were the driving factors for reduction of ORP and pH. The vadose zone in this study considered presence of capillary zone, which was more in line with actual contaminated site conditions compared with previous studies. This study systematically elucidated vertical distribution characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants and spatiotemporal variation characteristics of indigenous microorganisms in vadose zone considered presence of capillary zone. In addition, the n-hexadecane degradation mechanism was elucidated using metabolomics. This study provides theoretical support for development of natural attenuation remediation measures for petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated soil and groundwater.

Exploring the use of hexadecane by Yarrowia lipolytica: Effect of dissolved oxygen and medium supplementation.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of medium composition and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) on Y. lipolytica growth and production of microbial lipids and enzymes from hexadecane. In the stirred tank bioreactor, increasing kLa from 11 h-1 to 132 h-1 improved the hexadecane assimilation rate, biomass concentration, and lipids synthesis (0.90 g·L-1). A cost-effective hexadecane-based medium supplemented with corn steep liquor and a low amount of ammonium sulfate boosted lipids production up to 2.1 g·L-1, composed of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids. The unsaturated/saturated fraction was dependent on the C/N ratio. Lipids of Y. lipolytica CBS 2075 are promising feedstock for animal feed, food additives, or the biodiesel industry. Simultaneous synthesis of extracellular lipase and protease from hexadecane was observed, which is a new feature that was not previously reported. The highest enzyme activity was obtained at the highest C/N ratio conditions. These results open new perspectives on the application of Y. lipolytica-based cultures for the biotransformation of hexadecane-polluted streams into valuable compounds, fulfilling an interesting strategy towards the circular economy concept.

The Extracellular Vesicles Containing Inorganic Polyphosphate of Candida Yeast upon Growth on Hexadecane.

The cell wall of Candida yeast grown on presence of hexadecane as a sole carbon source undergoes structural and functional changes including the formation of specific supramolecular complexes-canals. The canals contain specific polysaccharides and enzymes that provide primary oxidization of alkanes. In addition, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) was identified in Candida maltosa canals. The aim of the work was a comparative study of the features of cell walls and extracellular structures in yeast C. maltosa, C. albicans and C. tropicalis with special attention to inorganic polyphosphates as possible part of these structures when grown on the widely used xenobiotic hexadecane (diesel fuel). Fluorescence microscopy with DAPI has shown an unusual localization of polyP on the cell surface and in the exovesicles in the three yeast species, when growing on hexadecane. Electron-scanning microscopy showed that the exovesicles were associated with the cell wall and also presented in the external environment probably as biofilm components. Treatment of hexadecane-grown cells with purified Ppx1 polyphosphatase led to the release of phosphate into the incubation medium and the disappearance of polyP in vesicles and cell wall observed using microscopic methods. The results indicate the important role of polyP in the formation of extracellular structures in the Candida yeast when consuming hexadecane and are important for the design of xenobiotic destructors based on yeast or mixed cultures.

Proteomes reveal metabolic capabilities of Yarrowia lipolytica for biological upcycling of polyethylene into high-value chemicals.

IMPORTANCE: Sustainable processes for biological upcycling of plastic wastes in a circular bioeconomy are needed to promote decarbonization and reduce environmental pollution due to increased plastic consumption, incineration, and landfill storage. Strain characterization and proteomic analysis revealed the robust metabolic capabilities of Yarrowia lipolytica to upcycle polyethylene into high-value chemicals. Significant proteome reallocation toward energy and lipid metabolisms was required for robust growth on hydrocarbons with n-hexadecane as the preferential substrate. However, an apparent over-investment in these same categories to utilize complex depolymerized plastic (DP) oil came at the expense of protein biosynthesis, limiting cell growth. Taken together, this study elucidates how Y. lipolytica activates its metabolism to utilize DP oil and establishes Y. lipolytica as a promising host for the upcycling of plastic wastes.

Transport and retention of n-hexadecane in cadmium-/naphthalene-contaminated calcareous soil sampled in a karst area.

Studying the transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in cadmium-/naphthalene-contaminated calcareous soils is crucial to comprehensive assessment of environmental risks and developing appropriate strategies to remediate petroleum hydrocarbons pollution in karst areas. In this study, n-hexadecane was selected as a model petroleum hydrocarbon. Batch experiments were conducted to explore the adsorption behavior of n-hexadecane on cadmium-/naphthalene-contaminated calcareous soils at various pH, and column experiments were performed to investigate the transport and retention of n-hexadecane under various flow velocity. The results showed that Freundlich model better described the adsorption behavior of n-hexadecane in all cases (R2 > 0.9). Under the condition of pH = 5, it was advantageous for soil samples to adsorb more n-hexadecane, and the maximum adsorption content followed the order of: cadmium/naphthalene-contaminated > uncontaminated soils. The transport of n-hexadecane in cadmium/naphthalene-contaminated soils at various flow velocity was well described by two kinetic sites model of Hydrus-1D with R2 > 0.9. Due to the increased electrostatic repulsion between n-hexadecane and soil particles, n-hexadecane was more easily able to breakthrough cadmium/naphthalene-contaminated soils. Compared to low flow velocity (1 mL/min), a higher concentration of n-hexadecane was determined at high flow velocity, with 67, 63, and 45% n-hexadecane in effluent from cadmium-contaminated soils, naphthalene-contaminated soils, and uncontaminated soils, respectively. These findings have important implications for the government of groundwater in calcareous soils from karst areas.

Experimental Determination of Air/Water Partition Coefficients for 21 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Reveals Variable Performance of Property Prediction Models.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of chemicals of high environmental concern. However, reliable data for the air/water partition coefficients (Kaw), which are required for fate, exposure, and risk analysis, are available for only a few PFAS. In this study, Kaw values at 25 °C were determined for 21 neutral PFAS by using the hexadecane/air/water thermodynamic cycle. Hexadecane/water partition coefficients (KHxd/w) were measured with batch partition, shared-headspace, and/or modified variable phase ratio headspace methods and were divided by hexadecane/air partition coefficients (KHxd/air) to obtain Kaw values over 7 orders of magnitude (10-4.9 to 102.3). Comparison to predicted Kaw values by four models showed that the quantum chemically based COSMOtherm model stood out for accuracy with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.42 log units, as compared to HenryWin, OPERA, and the linear solvation energy relationship with predicted descriptors (RMSE, 1.28-2.23). The results indicate the advantage of a theoretical model over empirical models for a data-poor class like PFAS and the importance of experimentally filling data gaps in the chemical domain of environmental interest. Kaw values for 222 neutral (or neutral species of) PFAS were predicted using COSMOtherm as current best estimates for practical and regulatory use.

Microbial degradation of petroleum characteristic pollutants in hypersaline environment, emphasizing n-hexadecane and 2,4 di-tert-butylphenol.

In this paper, nine strains of salt-tolerant petroleum-degrading bacteria were applied to an biological aerated filter. Simulating the degradation of high-salinity petroleum wastewater with n-hexadecane and 2,4-ditert-butylphenol as the primary pollutants and analyzing the structure of the biofilm at various salt concentrations. According to the results, when the salinity was 4%, the COD removal efficiency reached 74.34%. Various halotolerant microorganisms have adapted to various salt concentrations. At a salinity of 3%, n-hexadecane exhibited the best degradation effect, with a rate of 83.21%. Shewanella, Acinetobacter, and Marinobacter were the predominant bacterial groups at the time. At 4% salinity, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were the predominant bacteria, and the average 2,4-ditert-butylphenol degradation rate was the highest at 63.02%. This study provided an experimental basis for further studying the biological treatment of high-salinity petroleum wastewater.

Computational Procedure for Analysis of Crystallites in Polycrystalline Solids of Quasilinear Molecules.

In the current work, a comprehensive procedure for structural analysis of quasilinear organic molecules arranged in a polycrystalline sample generated by molecular dynamics is developed. A linear alkane, hexadecane, is used as a test case because of its interesting behavior upon cooling. Instead of a direct transition from isotropic liquid to the solid crystalline phase, this compound forms first a short-lived intermediate state known as a "rotator phase". The rotator phase and the crystalline one are distinguished by a set of structural parameters. We propose a robust methodology to evaluate the type of ordered phase obtained after a liquid-to-solid phase transition in a polycrystalline assembly. The analysis starts with the identification and separation of the individual crystallites. Then, the eigenplane of each of them is fit and the tilt angle of the molecules relative to it is computed. The average area per molecule and the distance to the nearest neighbors are estimated by a 2D Voronoi tessellation. The orientation of the molecules with respect to each other is quantified by visualization of the second molecular principal axis. The suggested procedure may be applied to different quasilinear organic compounds in the solid state and to various data compiled in a trajectory.

Computational assessment of hexadecane freezing by equilibrium atomistic molecular dynamics simulations.

HYPOTHESIS: Upon cooling, alkanes can form intermediate phases between liquid and crystal. They are called "rotator" or "plastic" phases and have long-range positional order with rotational freedom around the long molecular axis which gives them non-trivial and useful visco-plastic properties. We expect that the formation and structure of rotator phases formed in freezing alkanes can be understood much deeper by tracking the process at molecular level with atomistic molecular dynamics. SIMULATIONS: We defined an appropriate CHARMM36-based computational protocol for simulating the freezing of hexadecane, which contained a sufficiently long (500 ns) equilibrium sampling of the frozen states. We employed it to simulate successfully the freezing of bulk and interface-contacting hexadecane and to provide a pioneering clarification of the effect of surfactant on the crystallization mechanism and on the type of intermolecular ordering in the crystallites. FINDINGS: The devised computational protocol was able to reproduce the experimentally observed polycrystalline structure formed upon cooling. However, different crystallization mechanisms were established for the two types of models. Crystallites nucleate at random locations in the bulk and start growing rapidly within tens of nanoseconds. In contrast, the surfactants freeze first during the fast cooling (<1 ns), followed by rapid hexadecane freezing, with nucleation starting along the entire surfactant adsorption layer. Thereby, the hexadecane molecules form rotator phases which transition into a more stable ordered phase. This collective transition is first-time visualized directly. The developed robust computational protocol creates a foundation for future in-depth modelling and analysis of solid-state alkane-containing, incl. lipid, structures.

Comparison of potent odorants in raw and cooked mildly salted large yellow croaker using odor-active value calculation and omission test: Understanding the role of cooking method.

Cooking improves food aroma, but few studies have explored how cooking affects food aromas. Here, aroma changes in mildly salted large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea, MSLYC) after steaming, baking, frying, and deep frying was investigated. The raw fish was dominated by fishy notes but after cooking, the aroma became dominated by fatty notes. Nine volatiles, including hexanal, nonanal, (E, Z)-2, 6-nonadienal, (E, E)-2, 4-decadienal, 1-octen-3-ol, linalool, ethyl hexanoate, acetic acid and anethole, were identified as key odor-active compounds using GC-MS, OAV, and omission tests analyses. Changes in the concentrations of key odor-active compounds were mainly due to evaporation, oxidation of linolenic acids, and thermal catalyzed reactions. Interestingly, anethole was the key odor-active compound, providing new insight into the underlying reactions of cooked fish aroma.

Preparation, Characterization, and Bio Evaluation of Fatty N- Hexadecanyl Chitosan Derivatives for Biomedical Applications.

The objective of this study was to improve the antibacterial activities of chitosan via N-alkyl substitution using 1-bromohexadecane. Mono and di substitution (Mono-NHD-Ch and Di-NHD-Ch) were prepared and characterized using FT-IR, HNMR, TGA, DSC, and SEM. Elemental analysis shows an increase in the C/N ratio from 5.45 for chitosan to 8.63 for Mono-NHD-Ch and 10.46 for Di-NHD-Ch. The antibacterial properties were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. In the examined microorganisms, the antibacterial properties of the novel alkyl derivatives increased substantially higher than chitosan. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Mono-NHD-Ch and Di-NHD-Ch was perceived at 50 µg/mL against tested microorganisms, except for B. cereus. The MTT test was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the produced materials, which proved their safety to fibroblast cells. The findings suggest that the new N-Alkyl chitosan derivatives might be used as antibacterial alternatives to pure chitosan in wound infection treatments.

Permeability of olmesartan medoxomil from lipid based and suspension formulations using an optimized HDM-PAMPA model.

Hexadecane membrane-parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (HDM-PAMPA) is based on an artificial HDM that separates the two compartments (donor and acceptor compartment). This model is used to predict the permeability of drugs in gastrointestinal tract and to simulate the passive absorption. In vivo behavior of the drugs can be estimated with these systems in drug development studies. In our study, we optimized HDM-PAMPA model to determine permeability of olmesartan medoxomil (OM) lipid based drug delivery system (OM-LBDDS). In order to prove that LBDDS formulation facilitates the weak permeability of OM, permeation rates were compared with the OM suspension formula (containing 0.25% v/w carboxymethylcellulose). The experiment was performed on a 96-well MultiScreen® PAMPA filter plate (MAIPN4510). The permeability of olmesartan formulations from the donor to acceptor compartment separated by a HDM membrane were determined by the previous validated HPLC method. We created positive control series without coating HDM to present the LBDDS and suspension formulation permeability from uncoated plates. The effective permeability constant (Pe) was calculated by the formula and improvement of permeability of OM-LBDDS formulation from HDM was confirmed. On the contrary there was no permeation of OM-Suspension in the hexadecane coated plates. As a result, the intestinal permeability of OM-LBDDS was calculated to be at least 100 times more than the suspension. OM-Suspension permeation was only observed in the hexadecane uncoated positive control plates. This was also manifestation of HDM-PAMPA mimicking permeability of intestines because of its lipidic construction.

Hydrocarbons Biodegradation by Rhodococcus: Assimilation of Hexadecane in Different Aggregate States.

The aim of our study was to reveal the peculiarities of the adaptation of rhodococci to hydrophobic hydrocarbon degradation at low temperatures when the substrate was in solid states. The ability of actinobacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis (strains X5 and S67) to degrade hexadecane at 10 °C (solid hydrophobic substrate) and 26 °C (liquid hydrophobic substrate) is described. Despite the solid state of the hydrophobic substrate at 10 °C, bacteria demonstrate a high level of its degradation (30-40%) within 18 days. For the first time, we show that specialized cellular structures are formed during the degradation of solid hexadecane by Rhodococcus at low temperatures: intracellular multimembrane structures and surface vesicles connected to the cell by fibers. The formation of specialized cellular structures when Rhodococcus bacteria are grown on solid hexadecane is an important adaptive trait, thereby contributing to the enlargement of a contact area between membrane-bound enzymes and a hydrophobic substrate.

Understanding the core-shell interactions in macrocapsules of organic phase change materials and polysaccharide shell.

The main objective of this work is to prepare completely biodegradable macrocapsules containing organic phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage applications. Three different PCMs hexadecane (paraffin), butyl stearate (ester) and caprylic acid (fatty acid) were encapsulated inside barium crosslinked pectin shell using ionic gelation method. Millimeter size(≤2 mm) pectin-PCM capsules were prepared with highest encapsulation efficiency of 83.66 wt% (H5), 83.21 wt% (B5) and 84.39 wt% (C5) containing hexadecane, butyl stearate and caprylic acid respectively as core, while corresponding melting enthalpies were 184.89 kJ kg-1 (H5), 116 kJ kg-1 (B5) and 118 kJ kg-1 (C5). Pectin encapsulation improved thermal stability of PCM-capsules by 70 °C-130 °C compared to core PCMs. 25 g of H5, B5 and C5 capsules provided thermal buffering of 62 min, 50 min and 51mins respectively during discharge experiments. Thus, the prepared biodegradable pectin-PCM capsules are effective for thermal energy storage.