Physiological and perceptual responses to sprint interval exercise using arm versus leg cycling ergometry.

Increases in power output and maximal oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O 2 max) occur in response to sprint interval exercise (SIE), but common use of "all-out" intensities presents a barrier for many adults. Furthermore, lower-body SIE is not feasible for all adults. We compared physiological and perceptual responses to supramaximal, but "non-all-out" SIE between leg and arm cycling exercise. Twenty-four active adults (mean â€‹± â€‹SD age: [25 â€‹± â€‹7] y; cycling V ˙ O 2 max: [39 â€‹± â€‹7] mL·kg-1·min-1) performed incremental exercise using leg (LCE) and arm cycle ergometry (ACE) to determine V ˙ O 2 max and maximal work capacity (Wmax). Subsequently, they performed four 20 â€‹s bouts of SIE at 130% Wmax on the LCE or ACE at cadence â€‹= â€‹120-130 â€‹rev/min, with 2 â€‹min recovery between intervals. Gas exchange data, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLa), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and affective valence were acquired. Data showed significantly lower (p â€‹< â€‹0.001) absolute mean ([1.24 â€‹± â€‹0.31] L·min-1 vs. [1.59 â€‹± â€‹0.34] L·min-1; d â€‹= â€‹1.08) and peak V ˙ O 2 ([1.79 â€‹± â€‹0.48] L·min-1 vs. [2.10 â€‹± â€‹0.44] L·min-1; d â€‹= â€‹0.70) with ACE versus LCE. However, ACE elicited significantly higher (p â€‹< â€‹0.001) relative mean ([62% â€‹± â€‹9%] V ˙ O 2 max vs. [57% â€‹± â€‹7%] V ˙ O 2 max, d â€‹= â€‹0.63) and peak V ˙ O 2 ([88% â€‹± â€‹10%] V ˙ O 2 max vs. [75% â€‹± â€‹10%] V ˙ O 2 max, d â€‹= â€‹1.33). Post-exercise BLa was significantly higher ([7.0 â€‹± â€‹1.7] mM vs. [5.7 â€‹± â€‹1.5] mM, p â€‹= â€‹0.024, d â€‹= â€‹0.83) for LCE versus ACE. There was no significant effect of modality on RPE or affective valence (p â€‹> â€‹0.42), and lowest affective valence recorded (2.0 â€‹± â€‹1.8) was considered "good to fairly good". Data show that non "all-out" ACE elicits lower absolute but higher relative HR and V ˙ O 2 compared to LCE. Less aversive perceptual responses could make this non-all-out modality feasible for inactive adults.

Effect of aerobic exercise program on neuropathic pain and quality of life in person with paraplegia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) often suffer from neuropathic pain which is often disabling and negatively affects function, participation, and quality of life (QoL). Pharmacological treatments lack efficacy in neuropathic pain reduction hence studying alternatives to drug treatment is necessary. Preclinical evidence of various aerobic exercises has shown positive effects on neuropathic pain but scientific studies investigating its effect in the SCI human population are limited. METHODOLOGY: This study is a double-blind, parallel, two-group, randomized controlled trial with an interventional study design that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of aerobic exercise program on neuropathic pain and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with chronic paraplegia. Thirty individuals with chronic paraplegia with the neurological level of injury from T2 to L2 will be recruited from the rehabilitation department at a super specialty hospital based on the inclusion criteria. Using a 1:1 allocation ratio, the participants will be randomly assigned to one of the two groups. The intervention group will perform high-intensity interval training (HIIT) aerobic exercise using an arm ergometer based on their peak heart rate, and the control group will perform free-hand arm aerobic exercise. In both groups, the intervention will be delivered as 30-min sessions, four times a week for 6 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES: International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Basic Data Set Version 3.0 will be used for diagnosing and assessing neuropathic pain and its interference with day-to-day activities, mood, and sleep. The International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) QoL basic data set will be used to assess QoL, and 6-min push test distance will be used to assess peak heart rate and aerobic capacity. DISCUSSION: The effectiveness of the aerobic exercise program will be assessed based on the changes in neuropathic pain score and its interference with day-to-day activities, mood, sleep, QoL, and aerobic capacity after 3 weeks mid-intervention and after 6 weeks post-intervention. The trial will provide new knowledge about the effectiveness of the aerobic exercise program in improving neuropathic pain and QoL in individuals with chronic paraplegia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registry-India CTRI/2023/08/056257. Registered on 8 August 2023.

The Release of Lipolytic Hormones during Various High-Intensity Interval and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Regimens and Their Effects on Fat Loss.

To investigate the release of lipolytic hormones during various high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and their effects on fat loss. 39 young women categorized as obese (with a body fat percentage (BFP) ≥30%) were randomly allocated to one of the following groups: all-out sprint interval training (SIT, n =10); supramaximal HIIT (HIIT120, 120%V̇O2peak, n = 10); HIIT (HIIT90, 90%V̇O2peak, n = 10), or MICT, (60%V̇O2peak, n = 9) for a twelve-week observation period consisting of 3 to 4 exercise sessions per week. Serum epinephrine (EPI) and growth hormone (GH) were measured during the 1st, 20th, and 44th training sessions. Body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), whole-body fat mass (FM) and BFP were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Following the 1st and 20th sessions, significant increases in EPI (p < 0.05) were observed post-exercise in HIIT120 and HIIT90, but not in SIT and MICT. In the 44th session, the increased EPI was found in SIT, HIIT120, and HIIT90, but not in MICT (p < 0.05). For the GH, a significant increase was observed post-exercise in all groups in the three sessions. The increased EPI and GH returned to baselines 3 hours post-exercise. After the 12-week intervention, significant reductions in FM and BFP were found in all groups, while reductions in BW and BMI were only found in the SIT and HIIT groups. Greater reductions in FM and BFP, in comparison to MICT, were observed in the SIT and HIIT groups (p < 0.05). 12-week SIT, HIIT120, and HIIT90, in comparison to MICT, were more efficacious in fat reduction in obese women, partly benefiting from the greater release of lipolytic hormones during training sessions.

Metabolic Predictors of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Responsiveness to Continuous Endurance and High-Intensity Interval Training Programs: The TIMES Study-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background/Objectives: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels significantly modulate the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, aging, and mortality. Nevertheless, there is a substantial interindividual variability in CRF responsiveness to a given standardized exercise dose despite the type of training. Predicting the responsiveness to regular exercise has the potential to contribute to personalized exercise medicine applications. This study aimed to identify predictive biomarkers for the classification of CRF responsiveness based on serum and intramuscular metabolic levels before continuous endurance training (ET) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs using a randomized controlled trial. Methods: Forty-three serum and seventy intramuscular (vastus lateralis) metabolites were characterized and quantified via proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and CRF levels (expressed in METs) were measured in 70 sedentary young men (age: 23.7 ± 3.0 years; BMI: 24.8 ± 2.5 kg·m-2), at baseline and post 8 weeks of the ET, HIIT, and control (CO) periods. A multivariate binary logistic regression model was used to classify individuals at baseline as Responders or Non-responders to CRF gains after the training programs. Results: CRF responses ranged from 0.9 to 3.9 METs for ET, 1.1 to 4.7 METs for HIIT, and -0.9 to 0.2 METs for CO. The frequency of Responder/Non-responder individuals between ET (76.7%/23.3%) and HIIT (90.0%/10.0%) programs was similar (p = 0.166). The model based on serum O-acetylcarnitine levels [OR (odds ratio) = 4.72, p = 0.012] classified Responder/Non-responders individuals to changes in CRF regardless of the training program with 78.0% accuracy (p = 0.006), while the intramuscular model based on creatinine levels (OR = 4.53, p = 0.0137) presented 72.3% accuracy (p = 0.028). Conclusions: These results highlight the potential value of serum and intramuscular metabolites as biomarkers for the classification of CRF responsiveness previous to different aerobic training programs.

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with ventricular assist devices: a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Ventricular assist devices represent a treatment option for patients with advanced heart failure, offering control over various haemodynamic variables. Similarly, the prescription of exercise within a cardiac rehabilitation programme for heart failure patients is recommended to reduce symptoms, and hospitalisations, improve cardiorespiratory fitness, and increase exercise tolerance. Therefore, exercise prescription can impact those with ventricular assist devices. Given the limited evidence on exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes for this population, this review aims to describe the most commonly used strategies and their health benefits when physical exercise is included in a cardiac rehabilitation programme for patients with ventricular assist devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An exploratory review was conducted through searches in the databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, PeDro, and ScienceDirect. The search was limited to studies published between 2013 and 2023. Filters were applied independently by title, abstract, and full text. The included articles were analysed based on the description of the types of cardiac rehabilitation strategies used in patients with ventricular assist devices. RESULTS: Seven articles were included. Each programme employed a cardiopulmonary exercise test before prescribing physical exercise. The most commonly used strategy was aerobic exercise, predominantly high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with intensities close to 90% of peak VO2, followed by continuous moderate-intensity exercise. Limb strength exercises were included in three programmes. CONCLUSIONS: The analysed literature suggests that cardiac rehabilitation in patients with ventricular assist devices is safe and can provide benefits in cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise tolerance. High-intensity interval training is identified as an appropriate strategy for achieving results, offering short-term improvements.

HIT4HYPOS Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Analysis: The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Hypoglycemia in People With Type 1 Diabetes and Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia.

AIMS: To assess the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on hypoglycemia frequency and duration in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH). METHODS: Post hoc analysis of four weeks of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data from HIT4HYPOS; a parallel-group study comparing HIIT + CGM versus no exercise + CGM in 18 participants with T1D and IAH. RESULTS: When compared with those participating individuals not exercising, HIIT did not increase total hypoglycemia frequency, THypo(L1) 1.44 [1.00-2.77]% versus 2.53 [1.46-4.23]%; P = .335, THypo(L2) 0.25 [0.09-0.37]% versus 0.45 [0.20-0.78]%; P = .146, HIIT + CGM versus CGM, respectively, rate (EventPerWeekHypo 5.30 [3.35-8.27] #/week vs 7.45 [3.54-10.81] #/week, P = .340) or duration (DurationHypo 33.33 [27.60-39.10] minutes vs 39.56 [31.00-48.38] minutes; P = .219, HIIT + CGM vs CGM, respectively). There was a reduction in nocturnal hypoglycemia in those who carried out HIIT, THypo(L1) 0.50 [0.13-0.97]% versus 2.45 [0.77-4.74]%; P = .076; THypo(L2) 0.00 [0.00-0.03]% versus 0.49 [0.13-0.74]%; P = .006, HIIT + CGM versus CGM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Based on CGM data collected from a real-world study of four weeks of HIIT versus no exercise in individuals with T1D and IAH, we conclude that HIIT does not increase hypoglycemia, and in fact reduces exposure to nocturnal hypoglycemia.

Sex-dependent responses to acute sodium bicarbonate different dose treatment: A randomized double-blind crossover study.

OBJECTIVES: This study quantified blood bicarbonate (HCO3-) kinetics and gastrointestinal upset to determine the gender-related ergogenic potential of sodium bicarbonate (0.15-, 0.25- and 0.35 gSB·kgFat-free mass (FFM)-1) in high intensity functional training. DESIGN: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover. METHODS: Thirty female and male athletes performed two bouts of the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnTPRE-HIFT and WAnTPOST-HIFT) interspaced with two 3-min bouts of Wall Balls and Burpees 120min after ingestion of three sodium bicarbonate doses. Blood HCO3- was determined pre-ingestion, after supplementation and before/post exercise. Gastrointestinal upset was evaluated 120min post-ingestion. Control (CTRL) measurements were performed. RESULTS: There were significant gender×treatment interactions for: changes in blood HCO3- at 60min post-ingestion (p=0.014; η2p=0.104; at 0.15gSB·kgFFM-1 males experienced higher increase than females); peak power (p=0.015; η2p=0.103) and average power (p=0.005; η2p=0.124) during WAnTPOST-HIFT, and changes in peak power between the Wingate Anaerobic Test bouts (p=0.049; η2p=0.081). Sodium bicarbonate compared to PLA had no significant impact on Wall Balls and Burpees performance. The dose of 0.35gSB·kgFFM-1 resulted in higher less severe gastrointestinal symptoms compared to CTRL and 0.15gSB·kgFFM-1 (p=0.001; W=0.178); and higher total gastrointestinal upset compared to CTRL, PLA and 0.15gSB·kgFFM-1 (p<0.001; W=0.323). CONCLUSIONS: There were dose- and gender-related differences in extracellular buffering capacity and ergogenic potential of sodium bicarbonate. The study suggested a detrimental impact of gastrointestinal upset on performance.

Exercise as a modality to improve heart transplantation-related functional impairments: An article review.

Heart transplantation (HT), the treatment choice of advanced heart failure patients, is proven effective in increasing the survival and functional status of the recipients. However, compared to normal controls, functional status is lower in HT recipients. Exercise given in cardiac rehabilitation has been shown to improve exercise capacity as measured with peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) and muscle strength after completion of the program and cessation of exercise results in loss of exercise benefits. Several factors related to cardiac denervation and the use of immunosuppressive agents in HT recipients result in functional impairments including cardiovascular, pulmonary, exercise capacity, psychological, and quality of life (QoL) problems. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is the most common type of exercise used in HT recipients and given as a hospital-based program. Improvement of functional impairments was found to have occurred due to primarily musculoskeletal adaptations through improvement of muscle structure and aerobic capacity and cardiovascular adaptations. In general, exercise given after transplantation improved VO2 peak significantly and improvement was better in the HIIT group compared to moderate intensity continuous training or no-exercise groups. Improvement of QoL was ascribed to improvement of exercise capacity, symptoms, pulmonary function, physical capacity improvement, anxiety, and depression.

Interleukin-15 and high-intensity exercise: relationship with inflammation, body composition and fitness in cancer survivors.

Pre-clinical murine and in vitro models have demonstrated that exercise suppresses tumour and cancer cell growth. These anti-oncogenic effects of exercise were associated with the exercise-mediated release of myokines such as interleukin (IL)-15. However, no study has quantified the acute IL-15 response in human cancer survivors, and whether physiological adaptations to exercise training (i.e. body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness) influence this response. In the present study breast, prostate and colorectal cancer survivors (n = 14) completed a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) [4×4 min at 85-95% heart rate (HR) peak, 3 min at 50-70% HR peak] before and after 7 months of three times weekly high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on a cycle ergometer. At each time point venous blood was sampled before and immediately after HIIE to assess the acute myokine (IL-15, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra) responses. Markers of inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness and measures of body composition were obtained at baseline and 7 months. An acute bout of HIIE resulted in a significant increase in IL-15 concentrations (pre-intervention: 113%; P = 0.013, post-intervention: 102%; P = 0.005). Post-exercise IL-15 concentrations were associated with all other post-exercise myokine concentrations, lean mass (P = 0.031), visceral adipose tissue (P = 0.039) and absolute V ̇ O 2 ${{\dot{V}}_{{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ peak (P = 0.032). There was no significant effect of 7 months of HIIT on pre- or post-HIIE IL-15 concentrations (P > 0.05). This study demonstrates HIIE is a sufficient stimulus to increase circulating IL-15 and other myokines including IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1ra which may be clinically relevant in the anti-oncogenic effect of exercise and repetitive exposure to these effects may contribute to the positive relationship between exercise and cancer recurrence. KEY POINTS: Exercise has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. Pre-clinical murine and in vitro models have demonstrated that exercise suppresses tumour and cancer cell growth, mediated by exercise-induced myokines (IL-6 and IL-15). High-intensity interval exercise significantly increased myokines associated with the anti-oncogenic effect of exercise and the magnitude of response was associated with lean mass, but training did not appear to influence this response. Given IL-15 has been implicated in the anti-oncogenic effect of exercise and is being explored as an immunotherapy agent, high-intensity interval exercise may improve outcomes for people living beyond cancer through IL-15-mediated pathways. Interventions that increase lean mass may also enhance this response.

Elevated meteorin-like protein from high-intensity interval training improves heart function via AMPK/HDAC4 pathway.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been found to be more effective in relieving heart failure (HF) symptoms, than moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT). Additionally, higher meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) levels are seen after HIIT versus MICT. We investigated whether Metrnl contributed to post-HF cardiac functional improvements, and the signaling pathways involved. 50 HF patients underwent MICT, and another 50, HIIT, which was followed by cardiac function and serum Metrnl measurements. Metrnl was also measured in both blood and skeletal muscle samples of mice with transverse aortic constriction-induced HF after undergoing HIIT. Afterward, shRNA-containing adenovectors were injected into mice, yielding five groups: control, HF, HF + HIIT + scrambled shRNA, HF + HIIT + shMetrnl, and HF + Metrnl (HF + exogenous Metrnl). Mass spectrometry identified specific signaling pathways associated with increased Metrnl, which was confirmed with biochemical analyses. Glucose metabolism and mitochondrial functioning were evaluated in cardiomyocytes from the five groups. Both HF patients and mice had higher circulating Metrnl levels post-HIIT. Metrnl activated AMPK in cardiomyocytes, subsequently increasing histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) phosphorylation, leading to its cytosolic sequestration and inactivation via binding with chaperone protein 14-3-3. HDAC4 inactivation removed its repression on glucose transporter type 4, which, along with increased mitochondrial complex I-V expression, yielded improved aerobic glucose respiration and alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction. All these changes ultimately result in improved post-HF cardiac functioning. HIIT increased skeletal muscle Metrnl production, which then operated on HF hearts to alleviate their functional defects, via increasing aerobic glucose metabolism through AMPK-HDAC4 signaling.

High-Intensity Interval Training and Vitamin D3 Supplementation Decrease CCL-5 and CCR5 Expression In White Adipose Tissue of Diabetic Rats Fed with A High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and vitamin D3 supplementation on Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 5 (CCL-5) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of male rats with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experimental study involved 40 male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups (n=8). These groups were healthy control (HC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic+HIIT (DHIIT), diabetic+vitamin D3 (DD3), and diabetic+HIIT+vitamin D3 (DHIITD3). The rats completed 8 weeks of HIIT, consisting of 12 sessions lasting 1 minute each at an intensity of 90-95% of their maximum running speed. Additionally, the rats were administered a weekly dose of 10,000 IU/kg of vitamin D3 for 8 weeks. RESULTS: The levels of CCL-5 (P<0.001) and CCR5 (P=0.003) were found to be higher in the DC group as compared to the HC group. However, when HIIT training and vitamin D3 were administered together, there was a decrease in CCL-5 (P=0.001) and CCR5 (P<0.001) in the DHIITD3 group (P=0.001). Similarly, vitamin D3 alone reduced CCR5 levels in the DD3 group (P< 0.001). Also, the decrease of CCR5 in the DD3 group was higher than in the DHIIT group (P=0.022), and the DHIITD3 group was higher than in the DHIIT group (P<0.001), but there was no difference between the DD3 and DHIITD3 groups (P≥0.05). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that combining HIIT training with vitamin D3 has a greater effect on reducing the expression of CCL-5 and CCR5 in the white adipose tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and a high-fat diet (HFD), compared to the effects of each one alone. It is recommended that the study be conducted by measuring the variables involved in the mechanisms and the changes in CCL-5 and CCR5.

High-Intensity Interval Training Mitigates Sarcopenia and Suppresses the Myoblast Senescence Regulator EEF1E1.

BACKGROUND: The optimal exercise regimen for alleviating sarcopenia remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) over moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in ameliorating sarcopenia. METHODS: We conducted a randomized crossover trial to evaluate plasma proteomic reactions to acute HIIT (four 4-min high-intensity intervals at 70% maximal capacity alternating with 4 min at 30%) versus MICT (constant 50% maximal capacity) in inactive adults. We explored the relationship between a HIIT-specific protein relative to MICT, identified via comparative proteomic analysis, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon 1 (EEF1E1) and sarcopenia in a paired case-control study of elderly individuals (aged over 65). Young (3 months old) and aged (20 months old) mice were randomized to sedentary, HIIT and MICT groups (five sessions/week for 4 weeks; n = 8 for each group). Measurements included skeletal muscle index, hand grip strength, expression of atrophic markers Atrogin1 and MuRF1 and differentiation markers MyoD, myogenin and MyHC-II via western blotting. We examined the impact of EEF1E1 siRNA and recombinant protein on D-galactose-induced myoblast senescence, measuring senescence-associated ß-galactosidase and markers like p21 and p53. RESULTS: The crossover trial, including 10 sedentary adults (32 years old, IQR 31-32) demonstrated significant alterations in the abundance of 21 plasma proteins after HIIT compared with MICT. In the paired case-control study of 84 older adults (84 years old, IQR 69-81; 52% female), EEF1E1 was significantly increased in those with sarcopenia compared to those without (14.68 [95%CI, 2.02-27.34] pg/mL, p = 0.03) and was associated with skeletal muscle index (R2 = 0.51, p < 0.001) and hand grip strength (R2 = 0.54, p < 0.001). In the preclinical study, aged mice exhibited higher EEF1E1 mRNA and protein levels in skeletal muscle compared to young mice, accompanied by a lower muscle mass and strength, increased cellular senescence and protein degradation markers and reduced muscle differentiation efficiency (all p < 0.05). HIIT reduced EEF1E1 expression and mitigated age-related muscle decline and atrophy in aged mice more effectively than MICT. Notably, EEF1E1 downregulation via siRNA significantly counteracted D-galactose-induced myoblast senescence as evidenced by reduced markers of muscle protein degradation and improved muscle differentiation efficiency (all p < 0.05). Conversely, treatments that increased EEF1E1 levels accelerated the senescence process (p < 0.05). Further exploration indicated that the decrease in EEF1E1 was associated with increased SIRT1 level and enhanced autophagy. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the potential of HIIT as a promising approach to prevent and treat sarcopenia while also highlighting EEF1E1 as a potential intervention target.

A comprehensive review of training methods for physical demands in adolescent tennis players: a systematic review.

Background: Adolescent tennis players encounter critical physical demands, but the lack of comprehensive analysis of training types hampers the selection of optimal training programs. This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review to analyze the effectiveness and limitations of various training types on the physical demands of adolescent tennis players, summarizing the optimal training methods to enhance these physical qualities. Methods: From March 2024, a comprehensive search was conducted across four electronic databases: SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), and Web of Science. Additionally, Google Scholar and other sources of gray literature were referenced. Original research articles with an experimental design were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, and the overall scientific evidence was determined through the best evidence synthesis (BES). Results: Eighteen articles on exercise training met all inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. These studies maintained a high standard of quality, making their findings relatively credible. Among them, five studies investigated plyometric training, five focused on neuromuscular training, three explored functional training, two examined traditional strength training, and three assessed High-Intensity Interval Training. Conclusion: To enhance speed, strength, power, agility, and dynamic balance, it is recommended to prioritize plyometric training, neuromuscular training, and functional training over traditional tennis training. Functional training is particularly effective for improving flexibility and balance, while plyometric training is more suited for increasing power and speed. Neuromuscular training, when performed before routine workouts, is beneficial for enhancing speed, flexibility, and strength. Hard surface training is ideal for boosting power, whereas sand training excels in improving strength, speed, and balance. Combining HIIT with strength training is especially advantageous for enhancing short-distance sprinting, repeated sprint ability, and power. By appropriately combining and utilizing these training methods, the physical capabilities and sports performance of adolescent tennis players can be comprehensively optimized. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42024578147.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Benefits of High-Intensity Interval Training After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Limited evidence supports the effects of short-interval high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak) after stroke. We aimed to compare the effects of 12 weeks of short-interval HIIT versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on V̇O2peak, cardiovascular risk factors, and mobility outcomes among individuals ≥6 months poststroke. METHODS: This study was a multi-site, 12-week randomized controlled trial (NCT03614585) with an 8-week follow-up. Participants were randomized into 3 d/wk of HIIT (10×1 minute 80%-100% heart rate reserve interspersed with 1 minute 30% heart rate reserve [19 minutes]) or MICT (20-30 minutes 40%-60% heart rate reserve). Secondary outcomes of the trial, including V̇O2peak, cardiovascular risk factors (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, blood pressure, and waist-hip ratio), and mobility (6-minute walk test, 10 m gait speed), were reported. Linear mixed model analyses with a group×study time point interaction evaluated between-group differences. RESULTS: Of the 305 potential participants, 82 consented (mean [SD] age 64.9 [9.3] years, 32 females [39%], 1.8 [1.2] years poststroke) and were randomized to HIIT (n=42, mean [SD] baseline V̇O2peak 17.3 [5.9] mL/kg·min) or MICT (n=40, mean [SD] baseline V̇O2peak 17.2 [6.0] mL/kg·min). Participants attended 82% of visits (n=2417/2952). No adverse events occurred during the study period. A significant group×study time point interaction was found (χ2=8.46; P=0.015) for V̇O2peak at 12 weeks (mean difference, 1.81 [95% CI, 0.58-3.04]; P=0.004) whereby the HIIT group had greater gains in V̇O2peak (∆3.52 mL/kg·min [95% CI, 2.47-4.57]; P<0.001) compared with the MICT group (∆1.71 mL/kg·min [95% CI, 0.55-2.86]; P=0.001). There was no between-group difference in V̇O2peak (mean difference, 1.08 [95% CI, -0.26 to 2.42]; P=0.11) at 8-week follow-up. No group×study time point interactions were found for cardiovascular risk factors or mobility outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Short-interval HIIT may be an effective alternative to MICT for improving V̇O2peak at 12 weeks postintervention. REGISTRATION: URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03614585.

Exercise induced hypoalgesia after a high intensity functional training: a randomized controlled crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Acute physical activity often induces an acute reduction in pain sensitivity known as exercise induced hypoalgesia (EIH). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a high intensity functional training (HIFT) on EIH compared to a control session. METHODS: 50 (age: 26.0 ± 2.7; 23 female) participants successfully conducted this study consisting of a pre-experimental test as well as a 12-minute HIFT (body-weight exercises) and a 12-minute control (supervised breathing) session in a randomized crossover design. Pre and post, pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were measured at the ankles, knees, elbows, and forehead. RESULTS: The HIFT resulted in a relative maximum and average heart rate of 96.2% (± 3.6%) and 91.1% (± 4.2%), respectively, and maximum and average RPE values of 19.1 (± 1.2) and 16.2 (± 1.4), respectively. Results reveal a significant 'Intervention' × 'Time point' interaction (p < 0.001) for PPT (pooled for one average value) with hypoalgesia observed following the HIFT (p < 0.001; pre: 56.0 ± 16.8, post: 61.6 ± 19.0 [Newton]) and no change following the control (p = 0.067; pre: 56.6 ± 18.4, post: 55.3 ± 18.9 [Newton]). Further, a significant 'Time' × 'Intervention' × 'Landmark' interaction effect (p = 0.024) is observed and all landmarks showed significant hypoalgesia following HIFT (p < 0.01), except for the right elbow and forehead. Following control, no hypoalgesia was observed at any landmark. Analysing male and female participants separately, it was observed that EIH occured only in men. CONCLUSION: A HIFT using bodyweight exercises reduces pain sensitivity. Hence, combining strength and aerobically demanding exercises in a short but high intensity manner, as done in HIFT, can be seen as a usable tool to induce hypoalgesia. Yet, these results were observed only in male participants, necessitating future sex-specific research. TRIAL REGISTRATION: DRKS00034391, retrospectively registered on the 4th of June 2024.

The Impact of Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training (LV-HIIT) on Fatty Liver Index (FLI) and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

BACKGROUND: Prevention and reduction of liver fat accumulation and maintenance of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) have been proposed as important therapeutic goals in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training (LV-HIIT) on fatty liver index (FLI) and GFR estimation in patients with T2DM. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial included 80 patients with T2DM and a sedentary lifestyle, randomly divided into HIIT (n=40) and a control group (n=40). Patients with a history of T2DM for at least one year and HbA1C levels between 6.4% and 10% were selected. The intervention group underwent a 4-week LV-HIIT course, comprising 3 sessions per week, while the control group did not receive any intervention. FLI, eGFR, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory variables were assessed in all participants before and after the intervention. RESULTS: FLI (62.0 at baseline, 53.0 at follow-up) significantly decreased in the LV-HIIT group after the intervention, while eGFR (71.0 at baseline, 73.6 at follow-up) significantly increased (P<0.001). However, the control group showed a significant reduction only in Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) (P<0.05). After the intervention, the LV-HIIT group had significantly lower FBS (129.0 at baseline, 121.0 at follow-up), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) (24.0 at baseline, 18.0 at follow-up), and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) (22.0 at baseline, 19.0 at follow-up), as well as higher eGFR, compared to the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LV-HIIT exercise appears to be a promising and effective training method for improving FLI and eGFR in patients diagnosed with T2DM.

Effects of high-intensity interval training on sleep disturbances associated with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Sleep disturbances are common in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. Exercise interventions are a promising approach in the treatment of sleep disorders, but little is known about the efficacy of exercise interventions for sleep disturbances associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. A total of 40 individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder were randomized to six sessions of either high-intensity interval training or low-to-moderate-intensity training, administered within 12 days. Sleep quality was assessed over 24 days from baseline to post with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, a sleep log, and a waist-worn actigraphy. Analyses revealed that, regardless of group allocation, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score improved significantly by 2.28 points for high-intensity interval training and 1.70 points for low-to-moderate-intensity training (d = 0.56 for high-intensity interval training; 0.49 for low-to-moderate-intensity training) over time, while there were no significant changes in any sleep log or actigraphy measure. Analysis of a subsample of those affected by clinically significant sleep disturbances (n = 24) revealed a significant time effect with no difference between exercise interventions: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index improved significantly by 2.65 points for high-intensity interval training and 2.89 points for low-to-moderate-intensity training (d = 0.53 for high-intensity interval training; 0.88 for low-to-moderate-intensity training), and actigraphy measure of wake after sleep onset was reduced significantly by 14.39 minutes for high-intensity interval training and 6.96 minutes for low-to-moderate-intensity training (d = 0.47 for high-intensity interval training; 0.11 for low-to-moderate-intensity training) from baseline to post. In our pilot study, we found an improvement in sleep quality from pre- to post-assessment. There were no significant differences between exercise groups. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the found time effects reflect the exercise intervention or unrelated factors.

The acute effect of time-restricted feeding (12 & 16 h) and varying exercise intensities on fat-oxidation rate in inactive young adults - a randomized control trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a dietary pattern that alternates between periods of fasting and feeding, which has gained significant attention in recent years. The 16/8 approach consists of fasting for 16 h and feeding for an 8-h window, while the 12/12 method consists of fasting for 12 h and a 12-h feeding window. Limited research exists comparing the effects of these methods coupled with physical activity (PA). The aim of this investigation was to examine the acute effects between conditions of varying TRF durations (12 and 16 h) and PA intensities on the fat oxidation rate (FOR). It was hypothesized that i) the TRF16 conditions would exhibit higher FORmax and that PA would enhance these effects, and ii) High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) would result in greater effects on FORmax compared to Low-Moderate Intensity Steady State Continuous Training (MICT) PA. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighteen young adults (age: 23 ± 2.0 yrs., body mass index: 23.5 ± 2.8 kg·m-2) were recruited and participated in the supervised intervention. The discrete component open circuit spirometry system was used to measure oxygen consumption (VO2), and Frayne's equation was used to determine the FOR plus FORmax. ANOVA was used to determine pre/post-intervention differences in FORmax. The FORmax for the TRF16 + HIIT intervention was significantly higher than the TRF12 (mean difference = 0.099 g·min-1, p = 0.011, 95% CI 0.017 to 0.180) and TRF16 fast alone (mean difference = 0.093 g·min-1, p = 0.002, 95% CI 0.027 to 0.159). The FORmax for TRF12 + HIIT intervention was significantly higher than the TRF12 fast alone (mean difference = 0.070 g·min-1, p = 0.023, 95% CI 0.007 to 0.134). The TRF16 + HIIT intervention was also significantly higher than the TRF12 fast alone (mean difference = 0.099 g·min-1, p = 0.011, 95% CI 0.017 to 0.180). CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the ever-growing body of literature on the acute effects of TRF and PA on young adult males and females. The findings suggest that the TRF16 + HIIT PA intervention results in the highest FORmax. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospective Registration ISRCTN # 10076373 (October 6, 2023).

Effects of different exercise interventions on cardiopulmonary function in male tobacco-dependent college students.

This study investigated the effects of different exercise interventions on cardiopulmonary function in male tobacco-dependent college students. Forty-five male tobacco-dependent college students were recruited as the tobacco-dependent (TB) group, and 45 non-tobacco-dependent college students were recruited as the control group. The TB group was randomly assigned to three subgroups: non-exercise (NE), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). The HIIT and MICT groups underwent a 10-week exercise training, while the NE group received no intervention. Cardiac parameters, including maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), heart rate max (HRmax), and heart rate reserve (HRR), and pulmonary indicators, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), vital capacity (VC), maximum ventilation volume (MVV), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were investigated. The results showed that the TB group had significantly lower cardiopulmonary function than the control group. The degree of tobacco dependence was negatively correlated with VO2max, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and MVV. Furthermore, both HIIT and MICT training improved cardiopulmonary function. HIIT training exhibited superior efficacy compared to MICT in improving HRmax, HRR, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEF. In conclusion, tobacco dependence adversely affects cardiopulmonary function in male college students. Both HIIT and MICT effectively improved cardiopulmonary function, with HIIT showing superior efficacy.