The association between methimazole tapering and intractable Graves' disease in children.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to find predictive factors for intractable Graves' disease (GD). METHODS: Ninety-three GD patients who visited two pediatric endocrinology clinics from March 2009 to August 2019 were involved in this study. Data were collected on the methimazole (MZ) dosages prescribed from their first visits to their fifth visits. The amount of tapered dosage was presented as a "tapering velocity" (dosage difference (mg/m2)/follow-up interval (months)). The relationship between the tapering velocity and the remission rate of GD was analyzed. Remission of GD was defined as having a total period of MZ treatment less than 5 years with no relapse after MZ withdrawal for at least more than a year. RESULTS: Of 93 patients diagnosed with GD, 26 patients (28.0%) were classified as the "remission group" and 67 (72.0%) were classified as the "intractable group." The frequency of goiter was significantly higher in the intractable group (p = 0.031). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that the tapering velocity change from the first to the fifth visit significantly influenced the risk of intractable GD: odds ratio (OR) = 0.598, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.413-0.865, p = 0.006. An accompanying goiter at the time of diagnosis (OR = 4.706 95% CI 1.315-16.847, p = 0.017) and thyroid stimulation hormone receptor antibody titer (OR = 1.032 95% CI 1.002-1.062, p = 0.034) were also found to be independent factors associated with intractable progress in GD. CONCLUSION: Difficulty in tapering the MZ dosage in the first 4 months of treatment was an independent predicting factor for intractable GD.

Approach to the Patient Considering Long-term Antithyroid Drug Therapy for Graves' Disease.

Antithyroid drugs (ATD) are the treatment of choice for the majority of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism worldwide. However, relapse of hyperthyroidism after withdrawal of arbitrarily chosen conventional 12 to 18 months of therapy is very common. In the last 2 decades, many studies have shown that treatment with long-term ATD (LT-ATD) is effective and safe in the maintenance of euthyroidism. In addition, it has been reported that serum TSH receptor antibody may not decrease permanently before 5 to 6 years of ATD treatment, and clinical trials have shown that ≥5 years of ATD treatment is accompanied by remission in the majority of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. The objective of this article is to discuss the optimal time to withdraw of conventional ATD therapy, to illustrate the decision-making of the management of recurrent hyperthyroidism, to review the proper management of LT-ATD, and to generate suggestions for lifelong ATD treatment by discussing 4 scenarios of decision-making in patients with Graves' disease.

Block-and-replace regimen versus titration of antithyroid drugs: a recent meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Drug therapy for Graves' disease (GD) is the first-line treatment in Europe. The use of a specific regimen for the administration of anti-thyroid drugs (ATDs) is still controversial. The objective was to compare block-and-replace therapy (BRT) with a titration (T) regimen in terms of incidence of overt hypothyroidism and development of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) over 18 months of treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library) and reference lists were searched. Prospective and retrospective observational cohort studies were included. Data collection and analysis were performed independently by 2 authors. RESULTS: Two studies with 716 GD patients (40.36% treated with BRT, 59.64% with T regimen) were included. No statistically significant differences were observed between the ATDs regimens used in terms of incidence of overt hypothyroidism during 18 months of treatment [Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) odds ratio (OR): 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75-3.16, p-value = 0.24]. GD patients who followed BRT were less likely to achieve control of thyroid function than patients on T regimen (M-H OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.34-0.88, p = 0.01). One study reported fewer thyroid function tests (TFT) during BRT than during the T regimen. The other study included patients without GO at baseline and reported a lower incidence of GO during BRT than in the T regimen (9.1% versus 17.8%), with no statistical difference between the 2 regimens (M-H OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.19-1.14, p = 0.10). CONCLUSION: BRT may be more useful than the T regimen for patients with complicated GD or for those who required fewer TFTs.

Lipid Profile Evolution in Graves' Disease Treated with Titration Regimen of Anti-Thyroid Drugs Versus Block and Replace Regimen.

The aim was to compare the lipid profile of patients with GD treated with anti-thyroid drugs (ATDs) using a titration regimen versus a block and replace regimen. This is an 18-month prospective observational study. In this study were included 149 medically treated GD patients, aged+>+18 years. Pregnant women and patients treated with radioactive iodine therapy or partial/total thyroidectomy were excluded. Patients were divided into 2 subgroups: titration (A) and block and replace (B) therapy, according to the ATD regimen used. Thyroid and metabolic profile was measured at baseline and at least one visit during medical treatment. The whole group included 122 (81.87%) females (F) and 27 (18.12%) males (M), ratio F:M=4.5:1. As expected, at the time of diagnosis, thyrotoxic patients were with normal lipid profile. During medical treatment, in patients who achieved euthyroidism, the cholesterol levels increased as follows: in subgroup A: by 52.9 mg/dl (95% CI: 26.4-79.3), p<0.001 for total cholesterol (T-C), by 33.3 mg/dl (95% CI: 10.3-56.3), p=0.007 for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and by 11.44 mg/dl (95% CI: 3.08-19.79), p=0.009 for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); in subgroup B T-C increased by 45.1 mg/dl (95% CI: 22.2-68), p<0.001 and for LDL-C by 33.57 mg/dl (95% CI: 12.72-54.42), p=0.003. No statistically significant increase in triglyceride levels was determined. Medical treatment of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease increased cholesterol levels regardless of the ATD regimen used.

The effects of levothyroxine combined with methimazole on the clinical efficacy of hyperthyroidism treatment.

To investigate the effects of levothyroxine combined with methimazole on the clinical efficacy of hyperthyroidism treatment. A total of 102 patients with hyperthyroidism admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to June 2020 were selected and randomly assigned into the combination group (levothyroxine combined with methimazole) and the control group (methimazole treatment alone). 3 months after treatment, the two groups were compared with regard to clinical efficacy, changes in ultrasound findings, the thyroid hormones, and serum indexes and the adverse reactions rate. The combination group (98.04%) outperformed the control group (86.27%) in total effective rate, and the overall efficacy garnered the similar result. After treatment, the combination group showed advantages in thyroid hormone level, serum index level, thyroid volume, superior thyroid artery diameter, and maximum blood flow rate when compared with those of the control group (P<0.05). As for the adverse reactions rate, the combination group was superior to the control group (3.92%vs15.69%) (P<0.05). Levothyroxine combined with methimazole promotes the clinical efficacy of hyperthyroidism treating, reduces thyroid volume and the diameter of superior thyroid artery, enhances the patient's thyroid function and serum index, with higher safety profile.

Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum supplied with methimazole improved the thyroid function of Graves' disease patients through the gut-thyroid axis.

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder that frequently results in hyperthyroidism and other symptoms. Here, we designed a 6-month study with patients divided into three treatment groups, namely, methimazole (MI, n = 8), MI + black bean (n = 9) and MI + probiotic Bifidobacterium longum (n = 9), to evaluate the curative effects of probiotics supplied with MI on thyroid function of patients with GD through clinical index determination and intestinal microbiota metagenomic sequencing. Unsurprisingly, MI intake significantly improved several thyroid indexes but not the most important thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb), which is an indicator of the GD recurrence rate. Furthermore, we observed a dramatic response of indigenous microbiota to MI intake, which was reflected in the ecological and evolutionary scale of the intestinal microbiota. In contrast, we did not observe any significant changes in the microbiome in the MI + black bean group. Similarly, the clinical thyroid indexes of patients with GD in the probiotic supplied with MI treatment group continued to improve. Dramatically, the concentration of TRAb recovered to the healthy level. Further mechanistic exploration implied that the consumed probiotic regulated the intestinal microbiota and metabolites. These metabolites impacted neurotransmitter and blood trace elements through the gut-brain axis and gut-thyroid axis, which finally improved the host's thyroid function.

Association of an empty sella and grave´s disease in a patient with acromegaly: a case report.

Acromegaly is, in most cases, caused by growth hormone secreting pituitary adenomas. Those patients often develop different pathologies of the thyroid gland, however, the occurrence of Grave´s disease is quite a rare situation. We report a case of a 64-year-old female patient who presented with signs of hyperthyroidism and imbalance of her diabetes mellitus. On physical examination, she had facial features of acromegaly. Biochemical testing confirmed the suspicion of acromegaly and Grave´s disease, with an elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 and a suppressed thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) with positive TSH-receptor antibodies. A pituitary Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed, revealing a macro-adenoma and an empty sella. The patient successfully underwent a transsphenoidal surgery and obtained a remission of her hyperthyroidism under anti-thyroid drugs.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor might exacerbate Graves' disease: A multicenter observational case-control study.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), namely CD26, is expressed on the surface of immune cells, suggesting that inhibition of DPP-4 might affect the immune system. The current multicenter observational case-control study was carried out to investigate the effects of DPP-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) administration on Graves' disease (GD) activity. This study comprised patients with GD and type 2 diabetes, who were administered an oral hypoglycemic agent including DPP-4i. Exacerbation of GD was defined as an increase of antithyroid drug dose by 6 months after oral hypoglycemic agent administration. A total of 80 patients were enrolled and divided into an exacerbation group or a non-exacerbation group. The frequency of DPP-4i administration was significantly higher in the exacerbation group (88%) than that in the non-exacerbation group (31%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, there was a significant association between DPP-4i administration and GD exacerbation (odds ratio 7.39). The current study suggests that DPP-4i administration is associated with GD exacerbation.

Breathing-driven prefrontal oscillations regulate maintenance of conditioned-fear evoked freezing independently of initiation.

Brain-body interactions are thought to be essential in emotions but their physiological basis remains poorly understood. In mice, regular 4 Hz breathing appears during freezing after cue-fear conditioning. Here we show that the olfactory bulb (OB) transmits this rhythm to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) where it organizes neural activity. Reduction of the respiratory-related 4 Hz oscillation, via bulbectomy or optogenetic perturbation of the OB, reduces freezing. Behavioural modelling shows that this is due to a specific reduction in freezing maintenance without impacting its initiation, thus dissociating these two phenomena. dmPFC LFP and firing patterns support the region's specific function in freezing maintenance. In particular, population analysis reveals that network activity tracks 4 Hz power dynamics during freezing and reaches a stable state at 4 Hz peak that lasts until freezing termination. These results provide a potential mechanism and a functional role for bodily feedback in emotions and therefore shed light on the historical James-Cannon debate.

Preoperative plasmapheresis in patients with Graves' disease intolerant to antithyroid drugs.

Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) are the mainstay of treatment for Graves' disease with possible detrimental adverse effects. Surgery or radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation is the second choice among the treatment options in cases of non-remission. Normalization of serum thyroid hormone levels as much as possible is required before surgery or RAI to prevent thyrotoxic crisis in patients with uncontrolled Graves' disease. In recent decades, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been used in the treatment of thyroid storm, drug-induced hepatotoxicity and agranulocytosis, or patients with hyperthyroidism scheduled for emergency surgery. TPE is an effective method to reduce serum FT3, FT4, and TRAB levels in severe hyperthyroid conditions. Although TPE-related complications are rare, the risk of bleeding needs to be taken into consideration in patients who were scheduled for surgery within 24 h after TPE. In terms of reducing intraoperative bleeding, patients can be referred to surgery 24-48 h after TPE, or fresh frozen plasma transfusion can be the preferred treatment for emergency cases.

Estimation of the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Catalonia through two different registries: Pharmaceutical dispensing and diagnostic registration.

Background: Population studies on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions are costly. The pharmacy dispensing (PDR) and diagnosis (DR) registers allow us to study the epidemiology of these pathologies in a simpler way. Our aims: 1/Estimate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Catalonia based on data from the PDR and the DR, 2/to evaluate the concordance of the results obtained by both strategies. Methods: The population studied was the one registered with the public health system in Catalonia(Catsalut). In the PDR analysis, the information obtained through the Pharmaceutical Provision file (during 2012, 2013, 2014) was used regarding the number of patients under treatment (NPT) (levothyroxine and antithyroid medication). The DR analysis (2014) was performed by ICD-9 codes (hyperthyroidism 242 and hypothyroidism 243, 244). Results: According to the NPT in the PDR analysis, the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased over 3 years: 2.81%(2012), 2.92%(2013) and 3.07%(2014) (P < .00001). The prevalence of hyperthyroidism in treatment was 0.14%(2012), 0.13%(2013) and 0.14%(2014). According to the DR analysis in 2014, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 2.54% and 0.35% for hyperthyroidism. The PDR analysis estimated a higher hypothyroidism prevalence compared to that estimated by the DR (P < .0001) and vice versa in the case of hyperthyroidism. Conclusion: Both PDR and DR prevalence estimations of thyroid dysfunction show some degree of discordance probably due to undercoding bias in the case of DR and the absence of subclinical pathology in the case of PDR. However, both approaches are valid and complementary for estimating the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction.

Influence of Short-Term Dietary and Therapeutic Iodine Restriction on the Therapeutic Effects of Radioactive Iodine Therapy in Patients with Graves' Disease.

Background: Several studies have investigated the factors affecting the effects of radioactive iodine (131I) treatment (RAIT) in patients with Graves' disease. However, the influence of dietary or therapeutic iodine on the effect of RAIT has not been fully elucidated yet. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary or therapeutic iodine before RAIT influences the therapeutic effects of RAIT with a fixed-dose regimen and a short-term restriction of iodine intake in an iodine-sufficient area. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 81 Japanese patients with Graves' disease treated with the following RAIT regimen: dietary iodine restriction for 7 days as well as discontinuation of antithyroid drugs (ATDs), potassium iodine (KI), or both for 5 days before RAIT. On the day of RAIT, we measured urinary iodine content to estimate daily iodine intake. After RAIT, we adjusted the dose of ATDs, KI, or both according to serum thyroid hormone levels every 1-2 months. Using the data from these patients, we investigated the effect of dietary and therapeutic iodine on the therapeutic effects of RAIT. The therapeutic effects at 1 year after RAIT were evaluated based on the necessity of ATDs, KI, or both. Results: Dietary iodine intake was weakly correlated with 131I uptake (RAIU), but the dose of therapeutic iodine was not correlated with RAIU. The therapeutic effects of RAIT were strongly negatively associated with estimated thyroid volume before RAIT. Neither dietary iodine intake nor therapeutic iodine before RAIT affected this association. Conclusion: This study did not find an association between short-term dietary or therapeutic iodine restriction before RAIT and the therapeutic effects of RAIT in an iodine-sufficient area.

Antithyroid drugs in Graves' hyperthyroidism: differences between "block and replace" and "titration" regimes in frequency of euthyroidism and Graves' orbitopathy during treatment.

PURPOSE: Whereas antithyroid drugs (ATD) are the preferred treatment modality for Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH), there is still controversy about the optimal regimen for delivering ATD. To evaluate whether 'Block and Replace' (B + R) and 'Titration' (T) regimes are equivalent in terms of frequency of euthyroidism and Graves' Orbitopathy (GO) during ATD therapy. METHODS: A prospective multicentre observational cohort study of 344 patients with GH but no GO at baseline. Patients were treated with ATD for 18 months according to B + R or T regimen in line with their institution's policy. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. In the treatment period between 6 and 18 months thyrotropin (TSH) slightly increased in both groups, but TSH was on average 0.59 mU/L (95% CI 0.27-0.85) lower in the B + R group at all time points (p = 0.026). Serum free thyroxine (FT4) remained stable during the same interval, with a tendency to higher values in the B + R group. The point-prevalence of euthyroidism (TSH and FT4 within their reference ranges) increased with longer duration of ATD in both groups; it was always higher in the T group than in the B + R group: 48 and 24%, respectively, at 6 months, 81 and 58% at 12 months, and 87 and 63% at 18 months (p < 0.002). There were no significant differences between the B + R and T regimens with respect to the fall in thyrotropin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII) or thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab). GO developed in 15.9% of all patients: 9.1 and 17.8% in B + R group and T group, respectively, (p = 0.096). GO was mild in 13% and moderate-to-severe in 2%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of biochemical euthyroidism during treatment with antithyroid drugs is higher during T compared to B + R regimen. De novo development of GO did not differ significantly between the two regimens, although it tended to be higher in the T group. Whether one regimen is clinically more advantageous than the other remains unclear.

Onset of Marine-Lenhart syndrome and Graves' ophthalmopathy in a female patient treated with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint blockade therapy may lead to thyroid dysfunction in 3-7% of treated patients. Alemtuzumab is a CD52 inhibitor leading to thyroid dysfunction in approximately 40% of patients. A female patient was affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) and subclinical hyperthyroidism due to an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (AFTN). After alemtuzumab treatment, she developed aggressive clinical hyperthyroidism consistent with Marine-Lenhart syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: A 36-year-old woman presented in July 2019 with symptoms of hyperthyroidism and eye complaints. Three years earlier, she was diagnosed with MS. Subclinical hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in April 2017. Thyroid scintigraphy showed an intranodular distribution of 99mTc-pertechnatate consisting of an AFTN in the right lobe of the thyroid. In June 2018, because of the MS, she was treated with alemtuzumab. In November 2018, she was started on methimazole treatment because of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. In December 2018, thyroid function was normal under methimazole treatment. In June 2019, the patient received a second round of alemtuzumab administration. One month later, she developed symptoms of hyperthyroidism. These symptoms were accompanied by diplopia. Blood tests showed severe hyperthyroidism. Thyroid scintigraphy showed a diffuse distribution of 99mTc-pertechnatate and the presence of a "cool" area in the right lobe of the thyroid, confirmed by ultrasonography. The nodule was diagnosed as a low-risk indeterminate lesion. CONCLUSION: We present a case of Graves' disease with active, moderate-to-severe Graves' ophthalmopathy in a patient with pre-existing AFTN presenting with a coexisting, rare case of Marine-Lenhart syndrome associated with immune reconstitution after alemtuzumab treatment.

Effect of large dosage of Prunella on Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

INTRODUCTION: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) is one of the common autoimmune diseases, which can lead to thyroid reduction, increase the risk of tumor, and seriously affect women's reproductive health. Many other autoimmune diseases are easy to occur, seriously harming people's health.large dose herb Prunella or compound prescription contain large dose Prunella for treatment of HT has already been confirmed. However, due to the lack of evidence, there is no specific method or suggestion, it is necessary to carry out a systematic evaluation on Prunella and provide effective evidence for further research. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The following databases will be searched from their inception to October 2020: Electronic database includes PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Nature, Science online, Chinese Biomedical Database WangFang, VIP medicine information, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. MAIN RESULTS: serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroid globulin antibody (TGAb), other results: serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), serum free thyroid hormone (FT4). Data will be extracted by 2 researchers independently, risk of bias of the meta-analysis will be evaluated based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews (SR)of Interventions. All data analysis will be conducted by data statistics software Review Manager V.5.3. and Stata V.12.0. RESULTS: The results of this study will systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of large dose prunella salicorrhizae in the intervention of people with HT. CONCLUSION: The systematic review of this study will summarize the current published evidence of large dose prunella for the treatment of HT, which can further guide the promotion and application of it. ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION: This study is a systematic review, the outcomes are based on the published evidence, so examination and agreement by the ethics committee are not required in this study. We intend to publish the study results in a journal or conference presentations.Open Science Fra mework (OSF) registration number:October 21, 2020.osf.io/fcyqp. (https://osf.io/fcyqp).

Randomised trial of block and replace vs dose titration thionamide in young people with thyrotoxicosis.

OBJECTIVE: First-line treatment of thyrotoxicosis in young people is thionamide anti-thyroid drug (ATD) in a blocking dose with levothyroxine replacement (block and replace, BR) or in a smaller dose tailored to render the patient euthyroid (dose titration, DT). Our objective was to determine which regimen provides more stable biochemical control. DESIGN: A multi-centre phase III, open-label randomised trial comparing BR with DT in patients aged 2-17 years with newly diagnosed thyrotoxicosis at 15 UK centres. METHODS: Patients were randomised shortly after diagnosis and treated for 3 years. The primary outcome was the percentage of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the reference range between 6 months and 3 years. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of Free thyroxine (FT4) levels in the reference range, adverse event frequency and 4 years outcome (remission/relapse). RESULTS: Eighty-two patients were randomised, with details on clinical course in 81 (62 Female); 40 were allocated to BR (41 DT). Three withdrew with one ineligible. The mean percentage of serum TSH within reference range was 60.2% in BR and 63.8% in DT patients; adjusted difference 4.3%, 95% CI (-7.8 to 16.4); P = 0.48. Proportions for FT4 were 79.2% in BR and 85.7% in DT patients; adjusted difference 6.8%, (-0.2 to 15.6); P = 0.13. Three patients developed neutropenia - all on BR. 6 BR and 10 DT patients were in remission at 4y. CONCLUSION: This randomised trial has shown no evidence to suggest that BR, when managing the young patient with thyrotoxicosis, is associated with improved biochemical stability when compared to DT.

Cross-sectional investigation of serum creatine kinase concentration in Graves disease patients treated with oral antithyroid drugs.

Elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) concentration was reported in some Graves disease patients during the treatment with oral antithyroid drugs (ATD). The pathogenesis of this abnormal biochemical value was considered to be related to the therapeutic drug. However, the relevant epidemiological investigation was absent.Overall, 416 patients with Graves disease treated with oral ATDs were recruited from December 2017 to October 2019. Clinical characteristics such as the patient's medical history and therapeutic regimen were collected. Serum CK concentration and thyroid function were measured. Statistical analysis was adopted to clarify the relationship between serum CK level and these clinical parameters.Elevation of serum CK concentration was emerged in 13.5% patients who were treated with oral ATDs. The proportion was significantly higher among men than among women (19.5% vs 10.8%). There was no correlation between increased serum CK concentration and age. More than 60% of serum CK elevations occurred within 6 months after taking oral ATDs. Free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine are negatively correlated with serum CK concentration. The correlation coefficients are respectively -0.222 (P < .05) and -0.234 (P < .05). There is positive correlation between thyroid stimulating hormone and serum CK concentration. The correlation coefficient is 0.405 (P < .05). There was no statistical correlation between drug dosage and increased serum CK level.Increased serum CK level is a common adverse reaction of oral ATDs. It generally develops early after starting treatment. The cause of this adverse reaction is not clear. It is speculated that elevation of serum CK level is related to the fluctuation of thyroid function.

Is There Such a Thing as "Anti-Nutrients"? A Narrative Review of Perceived Problematic Plant Compounds.

Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of lifestyle-induced chronic diseases. The thousands of phytochemicals they contain are implicated in cellular-based mechanisms to promote antioxidant defense and reduce inflammation. While recommendations encourage the intake of fruits and vegetables, most people fall short of their target daily intake. Despite the need to increase plant-food consumption, there have been some concerns raised about whether they are beneficial because of the various 'anti-nutrient' compounds they contain. Some of these anti-nutrients that have been called into question included lectins, oxalates, goitrogens, phytoestrogens, phytates, and tannins. As a result, there may be select individuals with specific health conditions who elect to decrease their plant food intake despite potential benefits. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the science of these 'anti-nutrients' and weigh the evidence of whether these compounds pose an actual health threat.