Reproductive, productive and financial consequences of chronic Trypanosoma vivax infection in a dairy cattle herd in a region without a cyclic vector.

This study evaluated the reproductive, productive and financial consequences of chronic Trypanosoma vivax infection in a dairy cattle herd located in a region without the cyclic vector during two years. Animals were categorized as either positive (chronically infected) or negative for T. vivax antibodies using a commercial rapid test. Additionally, serum samples from cows were analyzed for the presence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed through rectal palpation and ultrasonography after 30, 60 and every 21 days until the 144th day of pregnancy. If an abortion occurred in the final trimester, serology and cPCR were performed on calves for T. vivax and N. caninum. The breeding period, calving interval and pregnancy losses were recorded. The milk production of each animal during the 305 days of lactation was measured, and the annual financial impact of milk production was calculated using a revenue minus feed cost (RMFC) indicator. Out of 177 cows, 71.75 % were chronically infected, and 13.50 % were T. vivax-negative. No correlation (p = 0.8854) of co-infection between T. vivax and N. caninum was observed. Negative cows required fewer (p≤0.05) artificial inseminations than chronically infected ones. T. vivax was not significantly associated (p = 0.7893) with pregnancy loss up to 81 days of pregnancy. Cows chronically infected by T. vivax had 4-fold greater chance (p = 0.0280) of experiencing pregnancy loss between 82 and 144 days of gestation. Eighteen cows aborted, two were positive for T. vivax antibodies, and one for N. caninum antibodies. The calves were negative for T. vivax and N. caninum. Chronically infected cows and negative cows for T. vivax that experienced pregnancy loss (82-144 days of pregnancy) had a longer (p≤0.05) breeding period to become pregnant, and consequently a longer calving interval compared to cows that maintained pregnancy. The difference (p≤0.05) in milk production was evident when pregnancy loss occurred between 82 and 144 days of gestation in cows chronically infected by T. vivax. The RMFC indicated a negative impact of 38.2 % on the farm's annual milk revenue due to the presence of chronically infected cows.

Cholelithiasis in a goat associated with chronic fascioliosis in Bangladesh: A case report and review of literatures.

The objective of the present study was to describe a very rare case of gallstone (cholelithiasis) in a goat associated with chronic fasciolosis. During a routine slaughterhouse-based survey, a two-and-half-year-old female Black Bengal Goat was found to be affected with severe chronic fascioliosis characterized by the massive damage in the liver. Through systemic dissection of liver, we isolated 94 adult Fasciola spp., and by PCR, we confirmed the fluke as Fasciola gigantica. The gallbladder of the goat was oedematous. On opening the gallbladder, we recovered 255 stones of variable sizes. Stones were whitish in colour and friable, and some of the fragile stones were attached to the wall of the gallbladder. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the cholelithiasis in a goat associated with F. gigantica.

The effect of feeding on serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, trypsin-like immunoreactivity, and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in dogs with signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown if serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI), and canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity (cTLI) obtained postprandially are equivalent to measurements obtained after withholding food in dogs with suspected gastrointestinal disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Measurements of serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, cPLI, and cTLI postprandially will be equivalent to measurements after 12 hours of withholding food in dogs with signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease. Changes observed will not alter clinical interpretation. ANIMALS: 51 client-owned dogs with signs of gastrointestinal disease. METHODS: Prospective single arm clinical trial. Serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, cPLI and cTLI 2, 4, and 8 hours postprandially were compared by equivalence testing to values after withholding food for 12 hours (baseline). RESULTS: Mean serum cobalamin concentrations 2 hours (498.1 ± 213.1 ng/L; P = 0.024) and 4 hours (501.9 ± 207.4 ng/L; P = 0.008) postprandial were equivalent to baseline (517.3 ± 211.5 ng/L). Mean serum cTLI 2 hours (31.3 ± 14 µg/L; P < 0.001) and 4 hours (29.6 ± 13.1 µg/L; P = 0.027) postprandial were equivalent to baseline (31.1 ± 15 µg/L). Mean serum folate concentration 2 hours postprandial (15 ± 7.7 µg/L) was equivalent to baseline (13.7 ± 8.3 µg/L; P < 0.001). Equivalence could not be assessed for cPLI due to results below the lower limit of quantification. Feeding altered the clinical interpretation in 27% (cobalamin), 35% (folate), 20% (cTLI), and 12% (cPLI) of dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The clinical interpretation for a substantial number of samples changed after feeding, therefore withholding food before sample collection is prudent.

Peripheral and intestinal T lymphocyte subsets in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy.

BACKGROUND: Dysregulated T lymphocyte response is thought to play a key role in chronic intestinal inflammation (CIE). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the presence of changes in peripheral and intestinal T lymphocyte subsets and to describe potential immune and inflammatory biomarkers in dogs with CIE. ANIMALS: Sixteen healthy dogs and 26 dogs were diagnosed with CIE. METHODS: Prospective case-control study evaluating peripheral and intestinal T lymphocytes using flow cytometry and inflammatory markers obtained from complete blood cell counts. RESULTS: Dogs with CIE had higher peripheral activated T helper (Th) lymphocytes (87/µL [18-273] CIE, 44/µL [16-162] healthy control (HC, P = .013) and regulatory T cells (Treg; 108/µL [2-257] CIE, 34/µL [1-114] HC, P = .004). In the intestinal epithelium, CIE dogs presented lower percentages of Th (4.55% [1.75-18.67] CIE, 8.77% [3.79-25.03] HC, P = .002), activated Th cells (0.16% [0.02-0.83] CIE, 0.33% [0.05-0.57] HC, P = .03) and CD4/CD8 ratio (0.08 [0.02-0.39] CIE, 0.21 [0.07-0.85] HC, P = .003). Conversely, higher percentage of activated T cytotoxic cells (20.24% [3.12-77.12] CIE, 12.32% [1.21-39.22] HC, P = .04) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing T lymphocytes (7.36% [0.63-55.83] CIE, 1.44% [0.00-10.56] HC, P = .01) within the epithelium was observed. In the lamina propria the percentage of Treg lymphocytes was higher (6.02% [1.00-21.48] CIE, 3.52% [0.18-10.52] HC, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Systemic and intestinal immune alterations occur in dogs with CIE suggesting that blood IFN-γ producing T lymphocytes and the systemic immune-inflamation index (SII) could potentially serve as biomarkers for the disease.

Fluoroscopically measured bronchial collapse in healthy dogs during cough exceeds 25%, and a cutoff of 60% bronchial collapse can be used to distinguish healthy from chronically coughing dogs.

Bronchomalacia, the weakening of bronchial cartilage, is a common cause of cough in dogs. The gold standard for diagnosis of bronchomalacia is bronchoscopy; however, fluoroscopy is often used as a preliminary diagnostic test due to its noninvasiveness. The normal amount of bronchial collapse in healthy dogs using fluoroscopy has not been previously established, with some authors citing <25%. The aims of this prospective and retrospective analytical observational study were to determine the normal amount of airway collapse in healthy animals, the amount of airway collapse in dogs with chronic cough and presumed bronchomalacia, and cut-off values of airway collapse during expiration and cough to distinguish between the two groups. Thoracic fluoroscopy was performed in right and left lateral recumbency during inspiration, expiration, and cough to evaluate the percentage collapse of the trachea and lobar bronchi in 45 healthy and 76 chronically coughing dogs. The bronchi of chronically coughing dogs exhibited a significantly greater amount of collapse during both expiration and cough compared with healthy dogs. Chronically coughing dogs exhibited up to 31.7 ± 26.6% collapse in expiration and 87.5 ± 23.7% collapse during cough, whereas healthy dogs exhibited 14.9 ± 6.1% collapse in expiration and 35.0 ± 13.7% collapse during cough. Based on ROC curves, the authors suggest using cut-off values of 30% during expiration and 60% during cough to distinguish between healthy dogs and those with presumed bronchomalacia. Findings suggest that though healthy dogs can exhibit a greater degree of airway collapse than previously thought, fluoroscopy can be used to distinguish between healthy and presumed bronchomalacic dogs.

Evaluation of plasma canine C-reactive protein concentrations in dogs with otitis media, healthy dogs and dogs with chronic otitis externa.

BACKGROUND: Otitis is characterised by inflammation of one or more of the structures of the ear. At present, to confirm or exclude otitis media (OM), it is most often necessary to perform a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging. Inflammation is an immune defence response found in many conditions that can be detected and tracked by measuring biological markers of inflammation as the Canine C-reactive protein (CRP). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine whether CRP measurement is useful as an adjunctive diagnostic tool in dogs with otitis and whether elevated concentrations correlated with disease severity/presence of OM. ANIMALS: Twenty-four client-owned dogs were recruited over 1 year. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dogs were divided into three groups: chronic or recurrent otitis externa (CO), otitis media (OM) and H (healthy). The dogs with otitis underwent a CT scan of the head, measurement of the plasma CRP concentration and evaluation of a 0-3 Otitis Index Score 3 (OTIS3 score). RESULTS: No dog (0%) in group H had an increased CRP value, compared to 20% in the CO group (one of five dogs) and 23% in the OM group (3 of 13 dogs). Plasma CRP concentrations show a statistically significant positive relationship with the OTIS3 score (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Plasma CRP concentration is not reliable as a discriminatory tool in cases of otitis, although there is a trend for elevation in cases with more severe disease. However, a larger study may provide a statistically more reliable correlation between the severity of OM and CRP concentrations.

Expression of cytokines in dairy cattle mammary gland parenchyma during chronic staphylococcal infection.

The study aim was to determine the expression of genes potentially related to chronic mastitis at the mRNA and protein levels, viz. chemokine C-C motif receptor 1 (CCR1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 18 (IL-18), in bovine mammary gland parenchyma. The study examines the differences in expression of selected genes between cows with chronic mastitis caused by coagulase-positive (CoPS) or coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and those with healthy udders (H). Samples were collected from the udder quarters from 40 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows; 54 of these samples were chosen for analysis based on microbiological analysis of milk taken two days before slaughter. They were categorized into three groups: CoPS (N = 27), CoNS (N = 14) and H (N = 13). The RNA expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR and protein concentration by ELISA. No differences in the mRNA levels of seven genes (TNFα, IL-18, CCR1, IL-1ß, CCL2, IL-8, IL-6) and four proteins (TNFα, IL-18, CCR1, IL-1ß) were identified between the CoPS and H groups. Higher transcript levels of CXCL5 (p ≤ 0.05) gene were noted in CoPS than in H. Compared to H, higher concentrations of IL-8 and CXCL5 (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in CoPS (0.05 < p < 0.1) and CCL2 (0.05 < p < 0.1) in CoNS, while lower levels of Il-6 were found in CoPS. This may suggest that during chronic mastitis the organism stops producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, probably to protect the host tissues against their damage during prolonged infection.

Milk metabolites, proteins and oxidative stress markers in dairy cows suffering from Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis with or without spontaneous cure.

Our objective was to evaluate relationships between milk components (acute phase proteins, enzymes, metabolic parameters and oxidative indices) and the spontaneous cure outcome of Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. The values of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), electrolytes (Cl and K), total protein, albumin, α-lactalbumin, ß-lactoglobulin, and immunoglobulin were measured in milk samples of S. aureus subclinical mastitis cows with spontaneous cure (n = 23), S. aureus subclinical mastitis cows without spontaneous cure (n = 29) and healthy cows (n = 23). The comparison of measured parameters revealed that subclinical mastitis cows with spontaneous cure had lower ALP and haptoglobin concentrations both at diagnosis and after cure (P < 0.05). In contrast, total antioxidant capacity and MDA concentration in subclinical mastitis cows without spontaneous cure significantly increased with time (P < 0.05). We can suggest that elevated haptoglobin concentration and higher ALP activity indicative of enhanced oxidative stress could potentially serve as early diagnostic indicators of chronic disease and the persistence of S. aureus subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.

The equine navicular apparatus as a premier enthesis organ: Functional implications.

Navicular syndrome has been traditionally characterized by progressive lameness with chronic degeneration of the navicular bone. Advances in imaging techniques have revealed that its associated soft tissue structures are also affected. This distribution of lesions is explained by conceptualizing the equine navicular apparatus as an enthesis organ that facilitates the dissemination of mechanical stress throughout the tissues of the foot. The navicular apparatus has the same structural adaptations to mechanical stress as the human Achilles tendon complex. These adaptations efficiently dissipate mechanical force away from the tendon's bony attachment site, thereby protecting it from failure. The comparison of these two anatomically distinct structural systems demonstrates their similar adaptations to mechanical forces, and illustrates that important functional insights can be gained from studying anatomic convergences and cross-species comparisons of function. Such a functional conceptualization of the equine navicular apparatus resolves confusion about the diagnosis of navicular syndrome and offers insights for the development of mechanically based therapies. Through comparison with the human Achilles complex, this review (1) re-conceptualizes the equine navicular apparatus as an enthesis organ in which mechanical forces are distributed throughout the structures of the organ; (2) describes the relationship between failure of the navicular enthesis organ and lesions of navicular syndrome; (3) considers the therapeutic implications of navicular enthesis organ degeneration as a form of chronic osteoarthritis; and based upon these implications (4) proposes a focus on whole body posture/motion for the development of prehabilitative and rehabilitative therapies similar to those that have already proven effective in humans.

Glaucoma-associated pain results in mechanical sensitivity changes in dogs: A pilot study.

PURPOSE: To explore the effects of chronic, uncontrolled glaucoma on pressure sensitivity in dogs before and after enucleation of the painful globe. METHODS: Client-owned dogs undergoing enucleation for chronic glaucoma with no other sources of pain were enrolled. Normal dogs of similar breeds and skull morphology were enrolled as controls. Craniofacial ratio (CFR) and relative palpebral fissure width (RPFW) were assessed in all patients. Serial mechanical quantitative sensory testing (QST) was performed the day before surgery, and 14, 30, 60, and 120 days after surgery. QST consisted of electronic Von Frey (eVF), and blunt algometry (BA) performed above and below the nonglaucomatous eye, the metacarpus, and metatarsus. Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry (CB) was also performed on the remaining eye. RESULTS: Twelve dogs (6 per group) were included. Compared to baseline values, sensitivity tended to decrease over time (increased thresholds) in treatment dogs while it stayed constant or increased slightly in control dogs. The difference in change from baseline sensitivity between control and treatment groups was significant at day 120 using BA at supraorbital (P = .0153), infraorbital (P = .0209), and metacarpal sites (P = .007) and overall (P = .0470). This divergence was also significant using CB (P = .0470) on the opposite cornea. As patient CFR and RPFWV increased, both eVF (P = .005-.023) and BA (P = .004-.041) increased. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity to mechanical stimuli decreased both locally and at remote sites in dogs following enucleation for painful chronic glaucoma. Cranial conformation is associated with differences in sensitivity.

From Bench Top to Clinics: How New Tests Can Be Helpful in Diagnosis and Management of Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies.

In this article, we review different tests that have been researched in dogs with chronic enteropathy. The usefulness of these tests either to assess etiology, to differentiate between treatment response, or to monitor treatment response is discussed. The tests are divided in those that are commercially available and those that hold promises for further development.

Radiography and ct features of atherosclerosis in two miniature schnauzer dogs.

Two miniature Schnauzer dogs with chronic pancreatitis were investigated. Both dogs showed systemic hypertension and increased concentrations of triglycerides and C-reactive protein. Abdominal radiography revealed cylindrical calcification in the retroperitoneum, and computed tomography (CT) showed extensive calcification of the abdominal and peripheral arteries in both dogs. Metastases and other dystrophic conditions that can cause arterial calcification were excluded based on the laboratory tests, and the dogs were diagnosed with atherosclerosis ante mortem. Atherosclerosis should be considered when extensive arterial calcification is observed on abdominal radiography or CT in miniature Schnauzers.

Age over 25 years, but not plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone con-cen-tration above the seasonally adjusted reference range is predictive for radio-graphically assessed changes of chronic laminitis in elderly horses.

INTRODUCTION: Endocrinopathic laminitis occurs as a consequence of hormonal derangements like pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). The objective of the present study was to assess the occurrence of radiographic changes associated with chronic laminitis in elderly, clinically sound horses. Fifty-one horses were included in the study. Horses were assigned to different age groups, in groups according to their BCS and CNS as well as to groups with different ACTH concentrations in order to assess their risk of chronic laminitis (reported as odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI)). Horses assigned to an older age group (26-32 years) were significantly more likely to have radiographically assessed changes of chronic laminitis than horses in a younger age group (15-25 years) (OR 3.33; CI 1.05-10.59). The other variables (body condition score, cresty neck score, ACTH concentration) were not associated with an increased risk of having laminitic changes in these horses.

INTRODUCTION: La fourbure endocrinopathique survient à la suite de troubles hormonaux tels que le dysfonctionnement de la pars intermedia de l'hypophyse (DPIH). L'objectif de la présente étude était d'évaluer les changements radiographiques associés à la fourbure subclinique chez les chevaux âgés cliniquement sains. Cinquante et un chevaux ont été inclus dans l'étude. Les chevaux ont été assignés à différents groupes d'âge, en groupes en fonction de leur Body Condition Score (BCS) et de leur Cresty Neck Score (CNS) ainsi que des groupes avec différentes concentrations d'ACTH afin d'évaluer leur risque de fourbure chronique (rapportés sous forme de rapports de cotes (Odds-Ratio, OR) et d'intervalles de confiance (IC)). Les chevaux faisant partie d'un groupe d'âge plus avancé (26 à 32 ans) étaient significativement plus susceptibles de présenter des signes radiographiques de fourbure chronique que les chevaux d'un groupe d'âge plus jeune (15 à 25 ans) (OR 3,33; IC 1,05­10,59). Les autres variables (BCS, CNS, concentration d'ACTH) n'étaient pas associées à un risque accru de modifications de type fourbure chez ces chevaux.

Presence of the house dust mite allergen in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs with chronic enteropathy: A potential inducer of interleukin-1ß.

House dust mite (HDM) is an environmental allergen ubiquitously present indoors, causing allergic inflammation in dogs. However, it is unclear whether HDM allergens can be detected in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of dogs. In addition, although expression of interleukin (IL)-1ß is increased in the intestinal mucosa of dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE), the role of HDM allergens in the production of IL-1ß has not been evaluated. The objectives of this study were to determine the presence of HDM allergens in the GI tract of dogs and to elucidate the effect of HDM on IL-1ß expression in canine macrophages. HDM allergen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) 1, was quantified in the gastric and duodenal fluids and the duodenal and colonic mucosae of dogs with CE and healthy laboratory dogs, and faeces of dogs with CE, healthy laboratory dogs and healthy client-owned dogs. Gene expression and protein levels of IL-1ß were measured in HDM-stimulated canine peripheral macrophages from healthy laboratory dogs. Der p 1 was detected in the gastric and duodenal fluids of dogs with CE and healthy laboratory dogs, and faeces of all dogs examined. Der p 1 levels in the duodenal and colonic mucosae were significantly higher in dogs with CE than in healthy laboratory dogs. HDM increased both gene expression and protein levels of IL-1ß in canine macrophages. These findings demonstrate the presence of HDM allergens in the GI tract of dogs and the possible involvement of HDM allergens in the pathogenesis of CE by promoting IL-1ß expression in macrophages.

Cotton-tip debridement, scalpel blade debridement, and superficial grid keratotomy for treatment of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED): A retrospective evaluation of 308 cases.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical course and outcome of canine SCCEDs treated with a combination of cotton-tip debridement (CTD), scalpel blade debridement (SBD), and superficial grid keratotomy (SGK). METHODS: Medical records of dogs diagnosed with SCCED and treated by the same diplomate (FJO) from 2011 to 2019 were reviewed. Age, breed, sex, affected eye, time of onset before treatment, previous procedures performed, time to healing, need for a second treatment, and complications were reported. RESULTS: A total of 308 eyes (291 dogs) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. All dogs received the same treatment (CTD + SBD + SGK) and the same topical medication (tobramycin 0.3% solution and sodium chloride 5% ointment). All eyes healed. Mean age at presentation was 9 years and 6 months (114.4 ± SD 28.0 months), and Boxer was the most common breed (93/308; 30.2%). Mean corneal healing time was 11.5 days (±SD 6.6). Complications occurred in 15/308 (4.9%) eyes. The three main complications observed were infected epithelial ulcer, infected stromal ulcer, and melting corneal ulcer, and 7/15 (46.7%) of the complications were diagnosed in Boston Terrier. Healing occurred after one treatment in 299/308 (97.1%) eyes, and the remaining cases needed a second treatment. CONCLUSIONS: CTD + SBD + SGK is an inexpensive and efficient treatment for SCCED in dogs. Boston Terrier may be at higher risk of developing complications following this procedure.

A pilot study to evaluate the serum Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein response in cats suffering from feline chronic gingivostomatitis.

BACKGROUND: Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a multifactorial immune-mediated disease that can lead to chronic pain, anorexia, and weight loss and has substantial health and welfare effects. Currently, the recommended treatment includes dental extractions to decrease the inflammatory stimulation associated with dental plaque. However, complete remission is observed in less than half of the cases, and the majority need comprehensive medical management. This study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of the acute phase protein alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) in cats with FCGS and to examine whether dental extractions contribute to a significant decrease in the systemic inflammatory response at two postoperative time points. RESULTS: AGP serum concentrations in the cats with FCGS were significantly higher at all time points than that in the control groups and were significantly correlated with the global caudal stomatitis score at day 0 but not at day 30 or 60. A significant improvement of some clinical scores, such as perceived comfort and global caudal stomatitis, was observed 60 days after the dental extraction. However, the levels of AGP did not significantly change over time. CONCLUSIONS: Cats with FCGS were more likely to have a systemic inflammatory response compared with age- and dental disease-matched controls. Dental extractions, in most cases, did not contribute to a significant decrease of AGP both at 30 and 60 days. Therefore, this study reinforces the need to pursue comprehensive medical management after dental extractions to attenuate the systemic inflammatory response as a result of this disease.

Case report: characterization of a persistent, treatment-resistant, novel Staphylococcus aureus infection causing chronic mastitis in a Holstein dairy cow.

BACKGROUND: Mastitis is the most common health concern plaguing the modern dairy cow and costs dairy producers estimates of two billion dollars annually. Staphylococcus aureus infections are prevalent, displaying varied disease presentation and markedly low cure rates. Neutrophils are considered the first line of defense against mastitis causing bacteria and are frequently targeted in the development of treatment and prevention technologies. We describe a case of naturally occurring, chronic mastitis in a Holstein cow (1428), caused by a novel strain of S. aureus that was not able to be cleared by antibiotic treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: The infection was identified in a single quarter, 2 months into the cow's first lactation. The infection persisted for the following 20 months, including through dry off, and a second calving and lactation. This case of mastitis was associated with a consistently high somatic cell count, however presented with no other clinical signs. This cow was unsuccessfully treated with antibiotics commonly used to treat mastitis, consisting of two rounds of treatment during lactation and an additional round at the beginning of dry off. The chronic infection was also unchanged through an experimental mid-lactation treatment with pegylated granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (PEG-gCSF) and an additional periparturient treatment with PEG-gCSF. We isolated milk neutrophils from 1428 and compared them to two cows challenged with experimental S. aureus, strain Newbould 305. Neutrophils from 1428's milk had higher surface expression of myeloperoxidase compared to experimental Newbould challenged animals, as well as increased presence of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. This suggests a heightened activation state of neutrophils sourced from 1428's naturally occurring infection. Upon postmortem examination, the affected quarter revealed multifocal abscesses separated by fibrous connective tissues. Abscesses were most common in the gland cistern and collecting duct region. Microscopically, the inflammatory reaction was pyogranulomatous to granulomatous and consistent with botryomycosis. Colonies of Gram-positive cocci were found within the eosinophilic matrix of the Splendore-Hoeppli reaction within granulomas and intracellularly within the acinar epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, we describe a unique case of chronic mastitis, the characterization of which provides valuable insight into the mechanics of S. aureus treatment resistance and immune escape.

Efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury.

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is relatively common in dogs and is a devastating condition involving loss of sensory neurons and motor neurons. However, the main clinical protocol for the management of SCI is surgery to decompress and stabilize the vertebra. Cell transplantation therapy is a very promising strategy for the treatment of chronic SCI, but extensive preclinical and clinical research work remains. Aim: The aim of this study is to confirm the effect of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) transplantation for chronic SCI in dogs. Methods: We tested the treatment efficiency of chronic SCI in 12 dogs using BM-MNC transplantation. Neurological evaluation used the Texas Spinal Cord Injury Scale (TSCIS). Concurrently, we characterized the transplanted cells by evaluation using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Result: All dogs had a pre-transplantation TSCIS score of 0. Two animals did not show any improvement in their final TSCIS scores. The remaining 10 dogs (83.4%) achieved improvement in the final TSCIS scores. Five of them (41.7%) regained ambulatory function with a TSCIS score greater than 10. We determined that canine BM-MNCs expressed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNA at higher levels than other cytokines, with significant increases in HGF levels in cerebrospinal fluid within 48 hours after autologous BM-MNC transplantation into the subarachnoid space of the spinal dura matter in dogs. Conclusions: BM-MNC transplantation may be effective for at least some cases of chronic SCI.

Pathogen effects on milk yield and composition in chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic subclinical mastitis (CSM) on milk production and component yields in dairy cows. A total of six herds located in the Midwest area of São Paulo State, Brazil were selected. Herds were visited once every 2 weeks to measure milk yield and to collect milk samples from lactating Holstein cows. Milk samples were collected at two stages (1 and 2), and each stage comprised three milk samplings. In stage 1, a total of 117 of 647 cows were diagnosed with CSM based on at least two of three repeated somatic cell counts (SCC) > 2000,000 cells/mL and positive bacterial milk culture results (BC). Cows with CSM were selected for the second stage. In stage 2, selected cows had quarter sampling aseptically collected for BC analyses prior to milking, and quarter milk yield was measured. Milk components (total protein, fat, lactose, and total solids) were measured using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Mammary quarters were considered healthy if all three repeated SCC results were ≤ 200,000 cells/mL and no bacterial growth was detected on BC. All quarters with positive bacterial growth were classified as having (non-chronic) subclinical mastitis when only one of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL, and CSM when at least two of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL. The effects of CSM by type of pathogen on milk and components yield were assessed using a linear mixed model. Mammary quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens had milk loss of 1.1 kg/quarter milking in comparison to healthy quarters. Milk losses were 0.8 and 1.3 kg/quarter milking when CSM was caused by Staphylococcus aureus or environmental streptococci, respectively. In addition, healthy quarters produced more milk components than quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens. Minor pathogens causing CSM (non-aureus staphylococci and Corynebacterium spp.) had no effect on milk yield. Quarters with CSM had lower milk and component yields when compared with healthy quarters. Milk losses varied according to the type of pathogen and were higher when associated with major pathogens such as S. aureus and environmental streptococci compared with healthy quarters.