Vigilancia de Hepatitis virales y de etiología desconocida / Surveillance of viral hepatitis and unknown etiology

Se presenta brevemente la situación mundial y regional de hepatitis virales y de hepatitis de etiología desconocida, con su correspondiente análisis de los casos residentes en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires durante el período 2020-2021. Describe la cobertura de vacunación en los años 2018-2021.

Viral hepatitis in haemophilia: historical perspective and current management.

The introduction of clotting factor concentrates has substantially improved the lives of people with clotting factor deficiencies. Unfortunately, the transmission of blood-borne viral infections through these plasma-derived products led to a huge epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in people with haemophilia (PWH). In a significant proportion of PWH exposed to these viruses, the ensuing decades-long chronic infection resulted in excess morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, developments in the safety of blood products, as well as vaccination and highly effective antiviral treatments have improved the prospects of PWH. The present article reviews the background of the viral hepatitis epidemic in PWH, the natural history of hepatitis B and C infections and their long-term management.

High prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infections and coinfection with hepatitis virus in riverside villages in northeast China.

In China, the prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) infections is only evaluated at the provincial level by national sampling surveys, and data from villages and counties are still lacking. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 10 villages located along the Lalin River in northeast China. Clonorchiasis was diagnosed using a modified Kato-Katz method that detects the C. sinensis egg in stools. A total of 3,068 persons were screened and 2,911 were recruited for the study. Overall, the prevalence of C. sinensis infection was 29.3%. Among 175 participants who were cured after antiparasitic treatment, 54 (30.86%) were re-infected in this survey. After calibration of potential confounders, male gender, occupation as a farmer, smoking, and occasionally or frequently eating raw fish were independent risk factors for C. sinensis infection. The results of laboratory examinations in the C. sinensis/hepatitis B or C virus co-infection group were similar to those in the hepatitis B or C virus mono-infection groups. In conclusion, C. sinensis is highly endemic in villages along the Lalin River, and the primary route of infection is the consumption of raw freshwater fish. Co-infection with C. sinensis did't aggravate the clinical manifestations of viral hepatitis in this cross-sectional study.

A Retrospective Survey of Rodent-borne Viruses in Rural Populations of Brazilian Amazon.

INTRODUCTION: The Amazon tropical rainforest has the most dense and diverse ecosystem worldwide. A few studies have addressed rodent-borne diseases as potential hazards to humans in this region. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting mammarenavirus and orthohantavirus antibodies in 206 samples collected from rural settlers of the Brazilian Western Amazonian region. RESULTS: Six (2.91%) individuals in the age group of 16 to 36 years were found to possess antibodies against mammarenavirus. CONCLUSION: Evidence of previous exposure to mammarenavirus in the rural population points to its silent circulation in this region.

Needlestick injuries: a density-equalizing mapping and socioeconomic analysis of the global research.

BACKGROUND: Needlestick injuries have caused a deleterious effect on the physical and mental health of millions of health-care workers over the past decades, being responsible for occupational infections with viruses such as HIV or hepatis C. Despite this heavy burden of disease, no concise studies have been published on the global research landscape so far. METHODS: We used the New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science platform to analyze global NSI research (n = 2987 articles) over the past 115 years using the Web of Science and parameters such as global versus country-specific research activities, semi-qualitative issues, and socioeconomic figures. RESULTS: Density-equalizing mapping showed that although a total of n = 106 countries participated in NSI research, large parts of Africa and South America were almost invisible regarding global participation in NSI research. Average citation rate (cr) analysis indicated a high rate for Switzerland (cr = 25.1), Italy (cr = 23.5), and Japan (cr = 19.2). Socioeconomic analysis revealed that the UK had the highest quotient QGDP of 0.13 NSI-specific publications per bill. US-$ gross domestic product (GDP), followed by South Africa (QGDP = 0.12). Temporal analysis of HIV versus hepatitis research indicated that NSI-HIV research culminated in the early 1990s, whereas NSI-hepatitis research increased over the observed period from the 1980s until the last decade. CONCLUSION: Albeit NSI research activity is generally increasing, the growth is asymmetrical from a global viewpoint. International strategies should be followed that put a focus on NSI in non-industrialized areas of the world.

Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus Infections of the Liver.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are common and are associated with a variety of liver manifestations. EBV and CMV infections, in immunocompetent hosts, commonly manifest as acute hepatitis, with severity varying from asymptomatic, self-limited icteric hepatitis to acute liver failure. Atypical manifestations, such as cholestasis, chronic hepatitis, precipitation of acute-on-chronic liver failure, and autoimmune hepatitis, are reported with EBV infection, whereas cholestasis, portal vein thrombosis, and Budd-Chiari syndrome are reported with CMV infection. In the setting of liver transplantation, CMV is the most common infectious complication and carries significant morbidity; EBV is the major cause of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.

Are migration routes disease transmission routes? Understanding Hepatitis and HIV transmission amongst undocumented Pakistani migrants and asylum seekers in a Parisian suburb.

Drawing on hospital-based interviews and fieldwork in a deprived Parisian suburb, this paper analyses the spatio-temporal dynamics of risk, exposure, and mobilities in individual stories of undocumented Pakistani male migrants, and asylum seekers-receiving treatment for single and combined diagnoses of HIV, and Hepatitis C and B. Inviting alignments with the 'sexual' turn in mobility studies, it prioritises the interface of all-male undocumented migration, mobility, sexuality, and homosociality in circumscribing disease transmission geneaologies. It questions the extent to which illegal migration routes are transmission routes, and risk environments assume different levels of intensity in everyday life in Pakistan, during the journey, and in France. It emphasises inadequately addressed epidemics of HIV and hepatitis in Pakistan, the significance of unequal routes to migrant healthcare in France, and the transnational adaptation of homosocial and sexual behaviours, including MSM. These factors interplay with intensified vulnerabilities relating to childhood sexual abuse, family traumas, sexual risks related to illegal migration and undocumented status in France, chronic stresses leading to depleted mental and physical health, and restrictions on heterosexual sex facing marginalised migrants. Further, temporal vulnerabilities relate to the colonial criminalisation of homosexuality in Pakistan, widespread sexual violence-and forms of contemporary exclusion and hostility regarding Muslim migrants in Europe. Particularly, we emphasise the paradox, and need to sensitively address, a complex confluence of hidden risks that are deeply embedded in ethnic communities of solidarity and support. The findings trouble the tendency to partition global hepatitis and HIV prevalence rates by 'developed' and 'developing' country variation.

Infectious Hepatitis in Pregnancy.

Infectious hepatitis in pregnancy is clinically significant in both the acute and chronic phases. Here, we review the perinatal implications of chronic hepatitis B and C and acute hepatitis A and E. Familiarity with screening, transmission, diagnosis, and management of infectious hepatitis is of ongoing importance during obstetric care, as these diseases are endemic in much of the world. Pregnancy and interpregnancy care provide opportunities to prevent infection and transmission of hepatitis.

[Hepatobiliary complications following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: Recommendations of the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow transplantation and cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. / Complications hépatobiliaires dans le contexte de l'allogreffe de cellules hématopoïétiques : recommandations de la Société francophone de greffe de moelle et de thérapie cellulaire (SFGM-TC).

Hepatobiliary complications are frequent in the context of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) and contribute largely to the morbidity and mortality after transplantation. Within the framework of the ninth workshops of practice harmonization of the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC) held in Lille in September 2018, diagnostic approaches and treatments of hepatobiliary dysfunctions prior to and following transplantation were reviewed according to the analysis of published studies.

A Retrospective Survey of Rodent-borne Viruses in Rural Populations of Brazilian Amazon

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Amazon tropical rainforest has the most dense and diverse ecosystem worldwide. A few studies have addressed rodent-borne diseases as potential hazards to humans in this region. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting mammarenavirus and orthohantavirus antibodies in 206 samples collected from rural settlers of the Brazilian Western Amazonian region. RESULTS: Six (2.91%) individuals in the age group of 16 to 36 years were found to possess antibodies against mammarenavirus. CONCLUSION: Evidence of previous exposure to mammarenavirus in the rural population points to its silent circulation in this region.

Donor derived HSV hepatitis in a kidney transplant recipient leading to liver fibrosis and portal hypertension.

The unexpected transmission of donor-derived infection through organ transplantation is a rare event with current donor screening practices. In this case report we describe a probable donor-derived transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-2 via deceased donor kidney transplantation resulting in HSV hepatitis in the recipient. This manifested as acute liver failure which resolved with appropriate anti-viral therapy. Following recovery from the acute liver insult, the patient developed fibrotic liver morphology and portal hypertension, an unusual departure from the typical course.

Epidemiologia das hepatites virais por classificação etiológica / Epidemiology of viral hepatitis by etiological classification

OBJETIVO: Descrever e analisar a epidemiologia das hepatites virais. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo realizado por meio da análise de dados obtidos do banco de dados da plataforma do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde relativos ao Estado de Minas Gerais, com as variáveis número de casos, hepatite viral CID 10 (B15 a B19), faixa etária, forma de transmissão, sexo e etnia no período de 2010 a 2017. RESULTADOS: Somaram-se 14.308 casos de hepatite A, B e C entre 2010 e 2017 em Minas Gerais. A hepatite C foi a mais prevalente com 50%, seguido da hepatite B com 39% e da hepatite A com 11%. O sexo masculino (70,2%) contrastou com o feminino (50,8%) no panorama geral. Quanto à etnia, foram obtidos 38% na parda e 37,5% na branca, em contraste com 0,4% na indígena. A faixa etária mais acometida foi de 40 a 59 anos com 54% dos casos. Surpreendeu a manutenção do número de casos registrados de vírus C transmitidos via transfusão sanguínea, provavelmente antes do reconhecimento do vírus, nos anos 1990 (1.002 casos), além da existência de casos de vírus A transmitidos via sexual (30 casos). CONCLUSÃO: Em Minas Gerais, a epidemiologia das hepatites virais seguiu a tendência global em faixa etária e número de casos. Todavia tornase imprescindível considerar novas abordagens de prevenção e controle com foco em educação sexual em saúde independente, principalmente nas faixas etárias jovens e avançadas. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the epidemiology of viral hepatitis. METHODS: This is a descriptive epidemiological study based on the analysis of data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System in the state of Minas Gerais, with the following variables: viral hepatitis ICD 10 (B15-B19), age range, way of transmission, gender, and ethnicity, from 2010 to 2017. RESULTS: There were 14,308 cases of hepatitis A, B, and C from 2010 to 2017 in the state of Minas Gerais. Hepatitis C vírus was the most prevalent with 50%, followed by hepatitis B virus with 39%, and hepatitis A virus with 11%. The male gender (70.2%) contrasted with the female (50.8%) in the general panorama. As for ethnicity, 38% were in the brown people, and 37.5% in the white people, compared to 0,4% in the indigenous people. The most affected age group was 40-59 years, with 54% of the cases. Surprisingly, the number of registered cases of C virus transmitted by blood transfusion was steady, probably before the virus was recognized in the 1990s (1002 cases), and there were cases of virus A transmitted via sexual intercourse (30 cases). CONCLUSION: In Minas Gerais, the epidemiology of viral hepatitis follows the global trend in terms of age range and number of cases; however, it is imperative to consider new approaches in prevention and control, focusing on sexually independent health education, mainly in the young and advanced age groups. (AU)