Salmonellosis prevalence and risk factors in chicken breeding farms in and around Arba Minch town, Gamo Zone, Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION: Salmonellosis is one of the diseases affecting chicken breeding farms in research locations. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella, its risk factors, and the distribution of antibiotic resistance in chicken breeding farms in and around Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY: A total of 390 samples were obtained from the chicks selected using stratified random selection from the breeding farms. Each chick's rectum was sampled for cloacal swabs and fecal samples, which were later analyzed for Salmonella using microbial culture and serological methods. Drug sensitivity testing was done using disk diffusion techniques. RESULTS: Salmonella isolates were found in 7/285 (2.45%) of fecal dropping and 14/105 (13.33%) of cloacal swabs. S. Anatum 6/21 (28.57%), S. Saintpaul 5/21 (23.8%), S. Typhimurium 4/21 (19.04%), S. Kentucky 4/21(19.04%), and S. Haifa 2/21 (9.52%) were the identified serotypes with a prevalence of 21/390 (5.38%) (95% CI = 2.2-8). According to a multivariate logistic regression analysis of the risk factors, the source of feed, contact with other farms, chick breed, and management were statistically significant influences on the presence of Salmonella in chicks (p < 0.05). The 8 antimicrobials tested were found to be ineffective against 90.47% of the isolates. These antimicrobials are used in both human and animal medicine. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirmed that risk factors such as feed source, breed, contact with other farms, and management had a significant effect on the occurrence of salmonellosis in chicks, and disease control in the study area requires special attention.

Fluorothiazinon, a small-molecular inhibitor of T3SS, suppresses salmonella oral infection in mice.

Therapeutic strategies that target bacterial virulence have received considerable attention. The type III secretion system (T3SS) is important for bacterial virulence and represents an attractive therapeutic target. Recently, we developed a new small-molecule inhibitor belonging to a class 2,4-disubstituted-4H-[1,3,4]-thiadiazine-5-ones, Fluorothiazinon (FT-previously called CL-55). FT effectively suppressed T3SS of Chlamydia spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella without affecting bacterial growth in vitro. FT was previously characterized by low toxicity, stability, and therapeutic efficacy in animal models. Salmonella T3SS inhibition by FT was studied using in vitro assays for effector proteins detection and estimation of salmonella replication in peritoneal macrophages. The antibacterial effect of FT in vivo was investigated in murine models of salmonella chronic systemic and acute infection. Oral administration of the virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to mice-induced chronic systemic infection with the pathogen persistence in different lymphoid organs such as spleens, Peyer's plaques, and mesenteric lymph nodes. We found that FT suppressed orally induced salmonella infection both with therapeutic and prophylactic administration. Treatment by FT at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 4 days starting from day 7 post-infection (therapy) as well as for 4 days before infection (prevention) led to practically complete eradication of salmonella in mice. FT shows a strong potential for antibacterial therapy and could be used as a substance in the design of antibacterial drugs for pharmaceutical intervention including therapy of antibiotic-resistant infections.

Authentication, phytochemical characterization and anti-bacterial activity of twoArtemisiaspecies.

Artemisia species are aromatic herbs used as food and/or ethnomedicine worldwide; however, the use of these plants is often impeded by misidentification. Here, molecular and chemotaxonomic approaches were combined to assist in the morphology-based authentication of Artemisia species, and Artemisia indica and Artemisia argyi were identified. The plant extracts and compounds obtained from these species, 1,8-cineole, carveol, α-elemene, α-farnesene, methyl linolenate, diisooctyl phthalate inhibited the growth of food-borne harmful bacteria. Mechanistic studies showed that the extract and active compounds of A. indica killed Gram-negative and -positive bacteria via destruction of the bacterial membrane. Finally, in vivo data demonstrated that A. indica protected against bacterial infection in mice as evidenced by survival rate, bacterial load in organs, gut pathology, diarrhea, body weight, food consumption, stool weight, and pathology score. A. indica and its active compounds have potential for use as food supplements for food-borne bacterial diseases and thus improve human health.

Highly antimicrobial-resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella from retail meats and clinical impact in children, Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) resistant to ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone and its impact on patients' clinical course are rarely reported. METHODS: Children with culture-proven salmonellosis treated in a medical center in northern Taiwan in 2017 were enrolled. To trace the source of Salmonella, Salmonella isolated from food samples were collected from markets. Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes were determined. RESULTS: Among the 453 isolates, 122 (26.9%) were highly antimicrobial-resistant, as defined by resistance to ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone or both. The most prevalent highly resistant serotype was S. Anatum (66, 54.1%). Salmonella was detected in 94.1%, 66.7%, and 8.6% of examined pork, chicken, and vegetables examined, respectively. S. Anatum (6, 21.4%) and S. Derby (6, 21.4%) were the major serotypes isolated. Majority of the S. Anatum (5, 83.3%) were highly antimicrobial-resistant. More patients infected by highly resistant Salmonella required carbapenem treatment (OR = 23.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8-192.7, P < 0.001). Patients with ceftriaxone-resistant NTS infections had a significantly longer hospital stay than others (P < 0.001). Totally, 34 (7.5%) presented with invasive diseases (31 bacteremia, 1 intestinal perforation, 1 toxic megacolon and 1 septic arthritis). Risk factors for invasive disease included prolonged fever for ≧5 days and infection occurring in warmer season from May to October. The rise of ambient temperature in northern Taiwan was associated with increasing Salmonella infections. CONCLUSIONS: Retail meats were the main source of highly antimicrobial-resistant NTS in northern Taiwan. Highly antimicrobial resistance significantly impacted the clinical course and treatment of children with NTS infection.

Outbreak of Salmonella Newport Infections with Decreased Susceptibility to Azithromycin Linked to Beef Obtained in the United States and Soft Cheese Obtained in Mexico - United States, 2018-2019.

In September 2018, CDC identified Salmonella enterica serotype Newport (Newport) infections that were multidrug resistant (MDR), with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin, a recommended oral treatment agent. Until 2017, decreased susceptibility to azithromycin had occurred in fewer than 0.5% of Salmonella isolates from U.S. residents. This report summarizes the investigation of a multistate MDR Salmonella outbreak conducted by CDC, state and local health departments, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service. During June 2018-March 2019, 255 cases of infection with the outbreak strain were identified in 32 states; 43% of patients (89 of 206 with information on travel) reported recent travel to Mexico. Infections were linked to consumption of soft cheese obtained in Mexico and beef obtained in the United States. Consumers should avoid eating soft cheese that could be made from unpasteurized milk, regardless of the source of the cheese. When preparing beef, a food thermometer should be used to ensure that appropriate cooking temperatures are reached. When antibiotic treatment is needed for a patient, clinicians should choose antibiotics based on susceptibility testing wherever possible.

Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase producing Salmonella Lindenberg gastroenteritis.

INTRODUCTION: Increasing antimicrobial resistance among non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major public health issue especially in developing countries and is partly due to the use of antimicrobials in animal feeds as growth promoters. NTS are often associated with self-limiting acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Nevertheless, fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins are currently used in the treatment of severe diarrhoeal infections. METHODOLOGY: We report the case of a 30-year-old male who presented with clinical symptoms of moderate gastroenteritis. Stool culture and antibiotic susceptibility was performed as per standard microbiological methods. Molecular detection of bla genes was carried out by PCR. RESULTS: The isolate was confirmed as S. Lindenberg by serotyping. The isolate exhibited dual resistance to fluoroquinolone and third generation cephalosporins. The isolate was an ESBL producer and harboured blaSHV. Based on the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, the patient was successfully treated with ceftriaxone-tazobactam. CONCLUSION: Presently, there are no Indian reports on the blaSHV positive ESBL producing S. Lindenberg gastroenteritis. We report on the successful management of the first case of acute gastroenteritis caused by S. Lindenberg that exhibited dual resistance to fluoroquinolone and third generation cephalosporins. Continued surveillance of the antibiotic resistance pattern of the Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars circulating in the geographical region is warranted.

Invasive Infections with Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections in Africa cause an enormous burden of illness. These infections are often devastating, with mortality estimated at 20%, even with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Two major groups-young children and HIV-infected adults-suffer the great majority of these infections. In children, younger age itself, as well as malaria, malnutrition, and HIV infection, are prominent risk factors. In adults, HIV infection is by far the most important risk factor. The most common serotypes in invasive infections are Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis. In recent years, a specific strain of Salmonella Typhimurium, multilocus sequence type 313, has caused epidemics of invasive disease. Little is known about risk factors for exposure to NTS, making the design of rational interventions to decrease exposure difficult. Antimicrobial therapy is critically important for treatment of invasive NTS infections. Thus, the emergence and spread of resistance to agents commonly used for treatment of invasive NTS infection, now including third-generation cephalosporins, is an ominous development. Already, many invasive NTS infections are essentially untreatable in many health care facilities in sub-Saharan Africa. Several candidate vaccines are in early development and, if safe and effective, could be promising. Interventions to prevent exposure to NTS (e.g., improved sanitation), to prevent the occurrence of disease if exposure does occur (e.g., vaccination, malaria control), and to prevent severe disease and death in those who become ill (e.g., preserving antimicrobial effectiveness) are all important in reducing the toll of invasive NTS disease in sub-Saharan Africa.

Outbreak of Salmonella infantis gastroenteritis among people who had eaten at a hash house in southern Italy.

OBJECTIVES: To describe an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in people who had eaten at a hash house in southern Italy. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: A clinical case of gastroenteritis was defined as a person who had eaten at the hash house from 29 August to 4 September 2011 and who experienced defined gastrointestinal symptoms within 72 hours, or a person with a laboratory-confirmed salmonella infection without symptoms. A convenience sample was enrolled as the control group. Environmental and human samples were collected, and Salmonella infantis was identified by polymerase chain reaction. Univariate analysis was performed for each food type, and multivariate analysis was performed for each food type and demographic variable (gender, age). RESULTS: Twenty-three cases of gastroenteritis were notified between 1 and 4 September 2011, two of which were admitted to the local hospital. Multivariate analysis showed that porchetta [odds ratio (OR) 22.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-152.6, z = 3.13, P = 0.002] and roasted meat (OR 14.4, 95% CI 1.7-122.0, z = 2.45, P = 0.014) were associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Environmental and human isolates exhibited the same sequence type (ST 32). CONCLUSIONS: This experience highlighted that, in the control of a foodborne outbreak, integrated epidemiological and laboratory surveillance enables rapid identification of the source of infection, thus reducing the risk of an epidemic.

Clinical outcomes of nalidixic acid, ceftriaxone, and multidrug-resistant nontyphoidal salmonella infections compared with pansusceptible infections in FoodNet sites, 2006-2008.

BACKGROUND: Nontyphoidal Salmonella causes an estimated 1.2 million infections, 23,000 hospitalizations, and 450 deaths annually in the United States. Most illnesses are self-limited; however, treatment with antimicrobial agents can be life-saving for invasive infections. METHODS: The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network and the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System collaborated on a prospective cohort study of patients with nontyphoidal Salmonella bloodstream and gastrointestinal infections to determine differences in the clinical outcomes of resistant compared with pansusceptible infections. Interviews were conducted within 85 days of specimen collection date. RESULTS: Of 875 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates, 705 (81%) were pansusceptible, 165 (19%) were resistant to at least 1 agent, and 5 (0.6%) had only intermediate resistance. The most common pattern, found in 51 (31%) of resistant isolates, was resistance to at least ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline (ACSSuT); 88% of isolates with this pattern were serotype Typhimurium or Newport. Fourteen (52%) of the 27 ceftriaxone-resistant isolates were also ACSSuT resistant. Adjusted for age and serotype, bloodstream infection was significantly more common among patients infected with strains resistant to only two, only three, or only five antimicrobial classes, to ACSSuT with or without other agents, to ACSSuT only, or to nalidixic acid with or without other agents than among patients with pansusceptible isolates. Adjusted for age, serotype, and bloodstream infection, hospitalization was significantly more common among patients infected with strains resistant to only three agents or to ceftriaxone (all ceftriaxone-resistant isolates were resistant to other agents) than among patients with pansusceptible isolates. CONCLUSION: This study extends evidence that patients with antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella infections have more severe outcomes. Prevention efforts are needed to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use in patient care settings and in food animals to help prevent the emergence of resistance and infections with resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella.

Associations between host characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella typhimurium.

A collection of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates obtained from sporadic salmonellosis cases in humans from Lower Saxony, Germany between June 2008 and May 2010 was used to perform an exploratory risk-factor analysis on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using comprehensive host information on sociodemographic attributes, medical history, food habits and animal contact. Multivariate resistance profiles of minimum inhibitory concentrations for 13 antimicrobial agents were analysed using a non-parametric approach with multifactorial models adjusted for phage types. Statistically significant associations were observed for consumption of antimicrobial agents, region type and three factors on egg-purchasing behaviour, indicating that besides antimicrobial use the proximity to other community members, health consciousness and other lifestyle-related attributes may play a role in the dissemination of resistances. Furthermore, a statistically significant increase in AMR from the first study year to the second year was observed.

[A nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enteritidis outbreak in Popayán, Cauca, 2011]. / Brote de Salmonella Enteritidis resistente a ácido nalidíxico en Popayán, Cauca, 2011.

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella Enteritidis is recognized worldwide as one of the main agents of human gastrointestinal infection. Several reports indicate the presence of isolates with decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin that can lead to a delayed response or the development of resistance during treatment. OBJECTIVE: To describe and characterize isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis associated to an outbreak of food-borne diseases in Popayán, Cauca. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from nine patients and one food sample (chicken sandwich) were analyzed by biochemical tests, serotyping and antimicrobial sensitivity. The minimum inhibitory concentration to ciprofloxacin was determined by E-test and the genetic profile of the isolates was tested by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI and Blnl enzymes. RESULTS: Salmonella Enteritidis was identified in all isolates. They were resistant to nalidixic acid and had a decreased sensitivity to ciprofloxaxin between 0.25 and 0.5 µg/ml; all isolates were sensitive to all the other antimicrobials we tested. Ten isolates were grouped by PFGE with the XbaI enzyme in the COIN11.JEG.X01.0038 pattern, and seven isolates were confirmed with the BlnI enzyme using the COIN11.JEG.A26.0009 pattern. CONCLUSION: We report for the first time an outbreak of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in Colombia and confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic analysis the association between the isolates from patients and the chicken sandwich as the source of infection.

First detection of oqxAB in Salmonella spp. isolated from food.

Food-borne salmonellosis is an important public health problem worldwide and the second leading cause of food-borne illnesses in Hong Kong. In this study, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in meat products in Hong Kong were determined. Interestingly, a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene combination, oqxAB, which mediates resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, and olaquindox, was for the first time detectable on the chromosomes of two Salmonella enterica serovar Derby isolates. Further surveillance of oqxAB in Salmonella will be needed.

Salmonella enteritidis induced myocarditis in a 16-year-old girl.

Myocarditis typically presents with non-specific clinical symptoms, and can easily be missed in the absence of a high index of clinical suspicion. Myocarditis caused by bacterial pathogens is rare in immunocompetent individuals, more commonly seen following viral infection. Although more classically associated with typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, Salmonella species are a rare cause of myocarditis. We report a case of Salmonella enteritidis-induced myocarditis after gastrointestinal infection in a 16 year-old girl, and discuss the diagnostic tools currently utilised to ascertain the diagnosis.

Composition of Herba Pogostemonis water extract and protection of infected mice against Salmonella Typhimurium-induced liver damage and mortality by stimulation of innate immune cells.

GC-MS analysis of a hot water extract of Herba Pogostemonis (HP) revealed the presence of 131 compounds. HP slightly inhibited Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria in culture and stimulated uptake of the bacteria into RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells as indicated by both increased fluorescence from internalized FITC-dextran and increased colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of the lysed macrophages. Postinfection, the HP-treated cells showed lower bacterial counts than the control. HP elicited altered morphology, elevated inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophage cells. Salmonella induced increased expression of iNOS mRNA, cognate polypeptides, and NO. Histology of mice infected with a sublethal dose (1 × 10(4) CFU) of Salmonella showed that intraperitoneally administered HP protected against necrosis of the liver, a biomarker of in vivo salmonellosis. The lifespan of mice infected with a lethal dose (1 × 10(5) CFU) was significantly extended. These results suggest that the activity of HP against bacterial infection in mice occurs through the activation of innate immune macrophage cells. The relationship of composition of HP to bioactivity is discussed.

Effect of farm type on within-herd Salmonella prevalence, serovar distribution, and antimicrobial resistance.

Salmonella represents a major challenge to the pig industry, as pork presents a risk for human salmonellosis. In this study, we have examined the effect of farm type on the prevalence of fattening pigs shedding Salmonella on 12 farms at risk for harboring Salmonella. On six open (grow-to-finish) and six closed (farrow-to-finish) farms, the prevalence of pigs shedding Salmonella was determined on two occasions approximately 2 months apart. The serovar, phage type, and antimicrobial resistance of the obtained Salmonella isolates were determined. On all farms, pigs shedding Salmonella were detected on at least one of the two sampling days. The mean within-herd prevalence was 7.8%. Closed farms were two times less likely to have pigs shedding Salmonella than open farms. On open farms, the odds of finding Salmonella shedding in pigs were 1.9 times higher when sampling was performed at slaughter age than when samples were taken halfway through the fattening period. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was the most predominant serotype, with a prevalence of 62 to 63% on both farm types. Of all the Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, 65% had the tetraresistant profile ASSuT (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline) with or without additional resistance to trimethoprim-sulfonamide. Phage type DT120 seemed to be especially associated with this antimicrobial-resistant profile. The prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates showing resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, trimethoprim-sulfonamide, and lincomycin hydrochloride and spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate was significantly higher on open farms than on closed farms.

Salmonella gastroenteritis in children (clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility): comparison of the years 1995-2001 and 2002-2008.

We document herein the prevalence and serotype distribution among Salmonella enterica strains isolated from children treated for diarrhea over two seven-year periods spanning 14 years. Four hundred and eight (1.38%) S. enterica cases were isolated among 29,601 diarrheal admissions. Among the Salmonella isolates, 63.7% were serogroup D and 29.9% were serogroup B. Overall, 21.7% of cases were under one year of age, with 2.1% being younger than three months. Bloody diarrhea was found in 18.8% of the cases. The resistance rates were 25.8%, 18.2%, 7.0%, 4.7%, and 0.3%, to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. In conclusion, our study has revealed that the predominance of Salmonella serogroup D continues. The clinical features of our patients were mostly mild, with no deaths or severe complications. While resistance to antimicrobial agents changes constantly, it is important to keep these strains under surveillance in order to formulate policies for the rational use of antimicrobial agents.

Reactive arthritis and other musculoskeletal sequelae following an outbreak of Salmonella hadar in Castellon, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: In 2005 a large outbreak of Salmonella hadar occurred in Spain following the consumption of commercial precooked roast chicken. We estimated the incidence and risk factors for reactive arthritis (ReA) and other musculoskeletal sequelae in the patients of this outbreak in 2 health departments of Castellon province. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of the patients and their families was carried out. Clinical infection with Salmonella was considered as the exposure factor. The cohort was studied for ReA symptoms using a telephone questionnaire. Telephone interviews or medical examinations of subjects with musculoskeletal symptoms were conducted by a rheumatologist. Robust Poisson regression models were used in the analysis. RESULTS: From the cohort of 262 people, 248 (94.7%) participated in the telephone survey, 155 with clinical salmonellosis (infected), 78 noninfected, and 15 with some symptoms but not clinical salmonellosis. One hundred one infected patients (65%) reported musculoskeletal symptoms, compared to 19 noninfected (24%) (adjusted relative risk = 2.60, 95% CI 1.73-3.90). Of the infected group, 16 ReA (incidence 10%, 95% CI 6.0-16.2), 7 enthesopathies, and 2 arthralgias were detected, and zero in the noninfected group. The risk factors for ReA were age, weight loss, and duration of diarrhea. Antibiotic treatment for the infection protected against symptoms of peripheral or axial arthritis (adjusted relative risk = 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.98). CONCLUSION: The incidence of ReA and musculoskeletal symptoms after the infection was high. The use of antibiotics for S. hadar infection offered some protection against musculoskeletal symptoms.

Incidence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. in ground turkey meat.

1. The objectives of this study were to isolate Salmonella spp. by conventional culture technique from ground turkey samples, to determine the seasonal distribution of Salmonella spp., to verify the isolates by PCR using primers based on oriC gene sequence, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates. A total of 240 packaged fresh ground turkey samples marketed in Ankara were analysed between July 2004 and June 2005. 2. One hundred and ten out of 240 (458%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp. and confirmed by PCR. The distribution of Salmonella spp. was determined as 483, 550, 633 and 166%, during spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference for the prevalence of Salmonella spp. between winter and the other seasons. 3. Of the isolates, 54 out of 110 (490%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics tested. The highest resistance was observed to nalidixic acid (254%), followed by streptomycin (172%) and tetracycline (154%). 4. In conclusion, this is a disturbing finding, both for the high prevalence of Salmonella and the extent of antibiotic resistance. Ground turkey should be produced under suitable hygienic and technological conditions and the use of antimicrobials must be controlled by governmental agencies to protect public health from salmonellosis and from the consequences of increased resistance to the antibiotics.