A Worldwide Overview of Regulatory Frameworks for Tissue-Based Products.

Over the past decades, a wide range of tissue-based products (TBPs) have emerged as new therapeutic alternatives to conventional approaches, giving an opportunity to treat pathologies that have not been cured yet. TBPs are constituted by living/nonliving and genetically/nongenetically modified cells or tissues, which might be combined with materials that support their structure, molecules that favor the cellular environment, and even medical devices to create functional substitutes. These medicinal products are used for the repair, replacement, restoration, or regeneration of a damaged tissue in the patient. The clinical translation of these innovative products has led to the establishment of new and comprehensive regulatory schemes by regulatory bodies. The knowledge and adaptation to these regulatory shifts is essential for the pharmaceutical industries and academia, as it promotes the development of TBPs and their approval and marketing. TBPs follow different regulatory approaches depending on the jurisdiction in which the product is intended to be marked. The European Union and United States of America have developed a clear and specific regulatory pathway for TBPs. However, in other jurisdictions, the oversight of these products remains still challenging. This review describes and updates the main legal considerations, which must be implemented throughout the marketing authorization application process of a TBP, defining the regulatory framework of the main health agencies and outlining the major differences between them. Impact statement Tissue-based products (TBPs) are complex to regulate since many jurisdictions do not have an adapted legislation for these. Thus, researches may not consider crucial regulatory aspects during the development of these products, leading to failure for their marketing approval by regulatory bodies. This review describes how a TBP is overseen under several key jurisdictions and offers an overview of the steps that sponsors should follow until the product launch onto the market. Thus, this study provides guidance for nonexperts in regulatory affairs, boosting the understanding of the regulations governing these products, fasting, and easing the development of the same.

Banking feces: a new frontier for public blood banks?

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection and is potentially beneficial in other microbiota-related disorders. The provision of FMT in routine clinical practice requires an extensive infrastructure that is reliant on voluntary donors. Alongside an increasing demand for FMT, the logistic barriers of a large-scale donor-dependent operation and the difficulties among health authorities to regulate FMT limit the dissemination of sustainable FMT services. Blood centers are large organizations that handle a multitude of donor-dependent operations on a daily basis. Blood and feces share many of the same dependencies, and feces may present a new opportunity for the blood services to handle. In this paper, we describe how an FMT service may be established and embedded within the blood service infrastructure, and we explain the benefits of using blood donors as feces donors. We further explore the current indications of FMT, the challenges related to the lack of legislation, and the future perspectives for blood banks to meet a new and increasing demand.

Rethinking Brain Death as a Legal Fiction: Is the Terminology the Problem?

Brain death, or the determination of death by neurological criteria, has been described as a legal fiction. Legal fictions are devices by which the law treats two analogous things (in this case, biological death and brain death) in the same way so that the law developed for one can also cover the other. Some scholars argue that brain death should be understood as a fiction for two reasons: the way brain death is determined does not actually satisfy legal criteria requiring the permanent cessation of all brain function, and brain death is not consistent with the biological conception of death as involving the irreversible cessation of the functioning of an organism as a whole. Critics counter that the idea that brain death is a legal fiction is deceptive and undemocratic. I will argue that diagnosing brain death as a hidden legal fiction is a helpful way to understand its historical development and current status. For the legal-fictions approach to be ethically justifiable, however, the fact that brain death is a legal fiction not aligned with the standard biological conception of death must be acknowledged and made transparent.

[Endocrine disrupters: Towards an unsatisfying regulation]. / Perturbateurs endocriniens : vers une régulation insatisfaisante.

Endocrine disruptors commonly make the headlines of newscasts and magazines, which is not without generating questions, even anxieties, with the general public. In a recent survey, 90% of French people considered it desirable to set up regulations concerning endocrine disruptors. However, under pressure from the lobbies of the chemical industry, and also due to scientific conflicts, the European Union is slow to legislate and has even been condemned before the European Court for failing to fulfill its obligations. This article does not intend to be exhaustive on the issue of endocrine disrupters, but rather to give the reader a certain number of keys enabling him to understand why national or European regulators are slow to establish specific regulation.

[LEGAL REGULATION OF TRANSPLANTOLOGY AT THE PRESENT STAGE: UKRAINIAN ISSUE AND EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN STATES].

The objective of the research is to analyze the legal regulation in the transplantology field at the present stage in Ukraine. To address identified challenges, the author investigates the foreign countries experience and suggests ways of improving certain mechanism for legal regulation in the field of organ transplantation and anatomical materials. The empiric material of the study included a wide range of legal instruments regulating this sphere of legal relationships, information regarding the problems of their application, statistics, expert analysis of Ukrainian and foreign researchers. Methodological mechanism of current research includes such methods: systematic, logical and formal, structural-functional, comparative. The research found that the most world's successful model for the organization of transplantation is in Spain. Additionally, the criteria for the reception of such a model are singled out as well as certain aspects of their application in Ukraine are analyzed. Particularly, the most important criteria are: universal and general territorial proliferation of national health systems; relevant economic resources (special attention is paid to the fact that transplantation is not a medicine of luxury, and an adequate compensation to hospitals for transplantation operations should serve as a main economic aspect); an adequate and necessary number of doctors and nurses; the availability of advanced technical options for medical mechanical ventilation (air conditioning of dead bodies). The research led to the following overall findings. Due to the rapid development of medical and biological sciences, there is an urgent need on further investigation of legal, moral and ethical, general medical aspects of transplantation with subsequent proposals for improving legislation in the field of human organs transplantation and other anatomical materials. At the same time, development of appropriate legislation by complex groups of cross-disciplinary specialists and experts (in medicine, biology, law and bioethics) is the key to legal regulation effectiveness.

European regulation for therapeutic use of stem cells.

The regulation for the use of stem cells has evolved during the past decade with the aim of ensuring a high standard of quality and safety for human derived products throughout Europe to comply with the provision of the Lisbon treaty. To this end, new regulations have been issued and the regulatory status of stem cells has been revised. Indeed, stem cells used for therapeutic purposes can now be classified as a cell preparation, or as advanced therapy medicinal products depending on the clinical indication and on the procedure of cell preparation. Furthermore, exemptions to the European regulation are applicable for stem cells prepared and used within the hospital. The aim of this review is to give the non-specialized reader a broad overview of this particular regulatory landscape.

From sanctioning culture to safety culture: Let's stop making errors on error.

The punitive culture continues to prevail in health care organizations that rely primarily on functional systems hierarchies based on conformity. This type of culture is recognized as a major source of an unacceptable number of medical errors. The safety culture has emerged as an imperative to improve the quality and safety of patient care, but also as a shield against the judgments targeted towards the caregivers (doctor and / or nurse) involved in an undesirable event. The safety culture allows a broader view of the error by analyzing both system failures and staff incompetence. Therefore, it places caregivers in their workplace with mutual interactions and protects them from "second victim" status. It is imperative to have a reflection on the safety culture that constitutes a proof of transparency and openness towards society about the mistake that remains taboo. This attitude will avoid the risk of "judicialization of health".

Does "supported decision-making" in India's Mental Health Care Bill, 2013, measure up to the CRPD's standards?

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) requires States to replace their mental health laws based on substitute decision-making for persons with mental health issues with laws based on the supported decision-making paradigm. However, the exact scope of the CRPD's mandates is currently under debate, especially in the case of persons with very high support needs. The Mental Health Care Bill, 2013, introduces supported decision-making in India in the form of advance directives and nominated representatives. This article discusses how far the Bill measures up to the CRPD's standards and highlights some of the difficulties when the support needs of the person are very high.

The EU Clinical Trials Regulation: key priorities, purposes and aims and the implications for public health.

The replacement of the European Union (EU) Clinical Trials Directive by the new Clinical Trials Regulation (CTR), which entered into force on 16 June 2014 but will not apply before 28 May 2016, provides an opportunity to review the legal and political context within which this important aspect of research law and policy sits and to reflect on the implications for public health. My aim in this article is to relate the context to the key purposes and aims of EU law and policy on clinical trials in order to explain and clarify its orientation. On that basis, I argue that the CTR and the changes it introduces to the law on clinical trials are part of the EU's continued focus on market optimisation. It is this focus that orients and directs the wider pharmaceutical development pipeline, but that undermines the achievement of key public health objectives.

An Evidence-Based Objection to Retributive Justice.

Advancements in neuroscience and related fields are beginning to show, with increasing clarity, that certain human behaviors stem from uncontrolled, mechanistic causes. These discoveries beg the question: If a given behavior results from some combination of biological predispositions, neurological circumstances, and environmental influences, is that action unwilled and therefore absolved of all attributions of credit, blame, and responsibility? A number of scholars in law and neuroscience who answer "yes" have considered how the absence of free will should impact criminal law's willingness to justify punishments on the basis of retribution, with some arguing that criminal law ought to dispense with retributive justice because the concept of blameworthiness is out of touch with scientific reality. This Note posits a more practical reason for reform by reviewing available empirics on the way people perceive human agency. The research suggests that as the science of human agency becomes increasingly vivid and reductionistic, laypeople will become proportionally less willing to attribute blame, and these shifting societal intuitions will ultimately diminish criminal law's moral credibility. The practical effects of low moral credibility might include diminished compliance, cooperation, and acquiescence with criminal laws, as well as increased general deviance. Importantly, this Note observes that these effects will likely manifest even if people retain a belief in free will. Further, ontological reality plays no part in this Note's argument; whether we in fact have free will is irrelevant. This Note instead contributes to the discourse by highlighting the implications of oncoming shifts in lay conceptions of both particular behaviors and the natural world writ large.

The Double Helix: Applying an Ethic of Care to the Duty to Warn Genetic Relatives of Genetic Information.

Genetic testing reveals information about a patient's health status and predictions about the patient's future wellness, while also potentially disclosing health information relevant to other family members. With the increasing availability and affordability of genetic testing and the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine, the importance of clarifying the scope of confidentiality and the rules regarding disclosure of genetic findings to genetic relatives is prime. The United Nations International Declaration on Human Genetic Data urges an appreciation for principles of equality, justice, solidarity and responsibility in the context of genetic testing, including a commitment to honoring the privacy and security of the person tested. Considering this global mandate and recent professional statements in the context of a legal amendment to patient privacy policies in Australia, a fresh scrutiny of the legal history of a physician's duty to warn is warranted. This article inquiries whether there may be anything ethically or socially amiss with a potential future recommendation for health professionals or patients to universally disclose particular cancer predisposition genetic diagnosis to genetic family members. While much of the discussion remains applicable to all genetic diagnosis, the article focuses on the practice of disclosure within the context of BRCA1/2 diagnosis. An 'ethic of care' interpretation of legal tradition and current practice will serve to reconcile law and medical policy on the issue of physician disclosure of genetic results to family members without patient consent.