Radioligand and computational insight in structure - Activity relationship of saccharin derivatives being ipsapirone and revospirone analogues.

Schizophrenia and depression are diseases that significantly impede human functioning in society. Current antidepressant drugs are not fully effective. According to literature data, the effect on D2R or 5-HT1AR can effectively reduce the symptoms of depression or schizophrenia. Recent research hypothetized that the synergism of both of these receptors can improve the effectiveness of therapy. Ipsapirone, a representative of long-chain arylpiperazines, is a known 5-HT1AR ligand that has antidepressant effect. This compound has no affinity for the D2R. Bearing in mind, we decided to design ligands with improved affinity to D2R and confirmed that in some cases elongation of the carbon linker or arylpiperazine exchange may have beneficial influence on the binding to D2R and 5-HT1AR. Four groups of ligands being ipsapirone analogues with butyl, pentyl, hexyl and stiffened xylene chains were designed. All compounds were obtained in solvent-free reactions supported by a microwave irradiation with an efficiency mainly above 60%. All ligands containing 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine exhibited high affinity to 5-HT1AR. In this case, chemical modifications within the chain did not affect the affinity to D2R. In the case of ligands containing 1-phenylpiperazine, 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine, 1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine, and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine, elongation of carbon linker increases of affinity to D2R. For ligands containing 1- (2-pyridyl) piperazine, and 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine, we observed an opposite effect. For ligands containing 1-phenylpiperazine, 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine and 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine, chain elongation had no effect on 5-HT1AR binding. In turn of ligands containing 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine and 1- (2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine, we observed that elongation of carbon linker has a positive influence to 5-HT1AR. Molecular modelling was used to support the SAR study.

Novel insights on saccharin- and acesulfame-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: design, synthesis, modelling investigations and biological activity evaluation.

A large library of saccharin and acesulfame derivatives has been synthesised and evaluated against four isoforms of human carbonic anhydrase, the two off-targets hCA I/II and the tumour related isoforms hCA IX/XII. Different strategies of scaffold modification have been attempted on both saccharin as well as acesulfame core leading to the obtainment of 60 compounds. Some of them exhibited inhibitory activity in the nanomolar range, albeit some of the performed changes led to either micromolar activity or to its absence, against hCA IX/XII. Molecular modelling studies focused the attention on the binding mode of these compounds to the enzyme. The proposed inhibition mechanism is the anchoring to zinc-bound water molecule. Docking studies along with molecular dynamics also underlined the importance of the compounds flexibility (e.g. achieved through the insertion of methylene group) which favoured potent and selective hCA inhibition.

1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition, HPLC Enantioseparation, and Docking Studies of Saccharin/Isoxazole and Saccharin/Isoxazoline Derivatives as Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII Inhibitors.

Two series of saccharin/isoxazole and saccharin/isoxazoline hybrids were synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The new compounds showed to be endowed with potent and selective inhibitory activity against the cancer-related human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) IX and XII isoforms in the nanomolar range, while no affinity was encountered for off-targets, such as hCA I and II. Successive enantioseparation on a milligram scale of the most representative compounds led to the discovery that (S)-isomers were more potent than their corresponding (R)-enantiomers. Lastly, molecular modeling studies were conducted to define those structural requirements that were responsible for the discrimination among selected human isoforms of carbonic anhydrases. Two nanomolar hCA IX and XII inhibitors were also screened for their selective toxicity against non tumoral primary cells (fibroblasts) and against a breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF7) in hypoxic environment. The efficacious combination of these compounds with doxorubicin on MCF7 cells was demonstrated after 72 h of treatment.

Integrating Allyl Electrophiles into Nickel-Catalyzed Conjunctive Cross-Coupling.

Allylation and conjunctive cross-coupling represent two useful, yet largely distinct, reactivity paradigms in catalysis. The union of these two processes would offer exciting possibilities in organic synthesis but remains largely unknown. Herein, we report the use of allyl electrophiles in nickel-catalyzed conjunctive cross-coupling with a non-conjugated alkene and dimethylzinc. The transformation is enabled by weakly coordinating, monodentate aza-heterocycle directing groups that are useful building blocks in synthesis, including saccharin, pyridones, pyrazoles, and triazoles. The reaction occurs under mild conditions and is compatible with a wide range of allyl electrophiles. High chemoselectivity through substrate directivity is demonstrated by the facile reactivity of the ß-γ alkene of the starting material, whereas the ϵ-ζ alkene of the product is preserved. The generality of this approach is further illustrated through the development of an analogous method with alkyne substrates. Mechanistic studies reveal the importance of the dissociation of the weakly coordinating directing group to allow the allyl moiety to bind and facilitate C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) reductive elimination.

"A Sweet Combination": Developing Saccharin and Acesulfame K Structures for Selectively Targeting the Tumor-Associated Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII.

The sweeteners saccharin (SAC) and acesulfame K (ACE) recently entered the topic of anticancer human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors, as they showed to selectively inhibit the tumor-associated CAs IX/XII over ubiquitous CAs. A drug design strategy is here reported, which took SAC and ACE as leads and produced a series of 2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazin-3(4H)-one-1,1-dioxides (BTD). Many derivatives showed greater potency (KIs-CA IX 19.1-408.5 nM) and selectivity (II/IX SI 2-76) than the leads (KIs-CA IX 103, 2400 nM; II/IX-SI 56, >4) against CA IX/XII over off-target isoforms. A thorough X-ray crystallographic study depicted their binding mode to both CA II and IX-mimic. The most representative BTDs were characterized in vitro for their antitumor activity against A549, PC-3, and HCT-116 cancer cell lines both in normoxia and hypoxia. The two most effective compounds were assayed for their effect on several apoptosis markers, identifying promising leads for the development of new anticancer drugs.

Synthesis, hepatotoxic evaluation and antipyretic activity of nitrate ester analogs of the acetaminophen derivative SCP-1.

A series of nitrate ester analogues of the acetaminophen derivative SCP-1 were prepared by triflic acid catalyzed O-acylation of SCP-1 with chloroalkanoyl chlorides followed by nitration with silver nitrate. The chloroesters and corresponding nitrate esters were obtained in high yields. Preliminary hepatotoxicity studies revealed nitrate esters 5b (MD-38) and 5c (MD-39) to be well tolerated by human hepatocytes and had little effect on the three cytochrome P450 enzymes tested (CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP2D6). In addition, the nitrate ester 5c (MD-39) exhibited antipyretic activity similar to acetaminophen.

Structure and electrical properties of a one-dimensional polymeric silver thiosaccharinate complex with argentophilic interactions.

Among the potential applications of coordination polymers, electrical conductivity ranks high in technological interest. We report the synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic analysis of an AgI-thiosaccharinate one-dimensional coordination polymer {systematic name: catena-poly[[[aquatetrakis(µ3-1,1-dioxo-1,2-benzisothiazole-3-thiolato-κ3N:S3:S3)tetrasilver(I)]-µ2-4,4'-(propane-1,3-diyl)dipyridine-κ2N:N'] dimethyl sulfoxide hemisolvate]}, {[Ag4(C7H4NO2S2)4(C13H14N2)(H2O)]·0.5C2H6OS}n, with the 4,4'-(propane-1,3-diyl)dipyridine ligand acting as a spacer. A relevant feature of the structure is the presence of an unusually short Ag...Ag distance of 2.8306 (9) Å, well within the range of argentophilic interactions, confirmed experimentally as such by a Raman study on the low-frequency spectrum, and corroborated theoretically by an Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analysis of the calculated electron density. Electrical conductivity measurements show that this complex can act as a semiconductor with moderate conductivity.

Synthesis, Structure, and Cytotoxicity of a New Sulphanyl-Bridged Thiadiazolyl-Saccharinate Conjugate: The Relevance of S⋠⋠⋠N Interaction.

Reports showing that the copper concentration is considerably higher in neoplasms than in normal tissues prompted the need to develop selective copper chelators. We disclosed recently that some N-linked tetrazole-saccharinates bind selectively to copper, forming complexes that are highly cytotoxic towards cancer cells. Because tetrazole-saccharinates are photolabile, due to the photoreactivity of tetrazoles, we proposed thiadiazolyl-saccharinates as an alternative. Herein we describe the synthesis, structure, and monomeric photochemistry of a sulphanyl-bridged thiadiazolyl-saccharinate, 3-[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulphanyl]-1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide (MTSB). The monomeric structure, charge density analysis, and characteristic infrared spectrum of MTSB were investigated theoretically, using quantum chemical calculations, and also experimentally, using matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopy. The crystal structure was investigated by combining X-ray crystallography with infrared and Raman spectroscopies. Results show that the structure of isolated MTSB is similar to that found in the crystal, with an S⋅⋅⋅N interaction clearly contributing to the structure of the molecule and of the crystal. Matrix irradiation revealed a high photostability of MTSB, compared to parent tetrazole-saccharinates and to the 5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole building block, emphasizing the photostabilizing effect of the saccharyl system. Finally, in vitro toxicity assays of MTSB showed a copper concentration-dependent toxicity against cancer cells, without affecting normal cells. In particular, MTSB was most effective towards the hepatic (HepG2), neuroblastoma (SH-SY5), and lymphoma cell lines (U937). Thus, MTSB represents a promising lead for cancer chemotherapy based on chelating agents.

Molecular structures of 3-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]- and 3-[(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium saccharinates.

The salts 3-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium saccharinate, C9H10F4NO+·C7H4NO3S-, (1), and 3-[(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxy)methyl]pyridinium saccharinate, C9H9F5NO+·C7H4NO3S-, (2), i.e. saccharinate (or 1,1-dioxo-1λ6,2-benzothiazol-3-olate) salts of pyridinium with -CH2OCH2CF2CF2H and -CH2OCH2CF2CF3 meta substituents, respectively, were investigated crystallographically in order to compare their fluorine-related weak interactions in the solid state. Both salts demonstrate a stable synthon formed by the pyridinium cation and the saccharinate anion, in which a seven-membered ring reveals a double hydrogen-bonding pattern. The twist between the pyridinium plane and the saccharinate plane in (2) is 21.26 (8)° and that in (1) is 8.03 (6)°. Both salts also show stacks of alternating cation-anion π-interactions. The layer distances, calculated from the centroid of the saccharinate plane to the neighbouring pyridinium planes, above and below, are 3.406 (2) and 3.517 (2) Šin (1), and 3.409 (3) and 3.458 (3) Šin (2).

N-Substituted and ring opened saccharin derivatives selectively inhibit transmembrane, tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases IX and XII.

A series of N-substituted saccharins incorporating aryl, alkyl and alkynyl moieties, as well as some ring opened derivatives were prepared and investigated as inhibitors of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). The widespread cytosolic isoforms CA I and II were not inhibited by these sulfonamides whereas transmembrane, tumor-associated ones were effectively inhibited, with KIs in the range of 22.1-481nM for CA IX and of 3.9-245nM for hCA XII. Although the inhibition mechanism of these tertiary/secondary sulfonamides is unknown for the moment, the good efficacy and especially selectivity for the inhibition of the tumor-associated over the cytosolic, widespread isoforms, make these derivatives of considerable interest as enzyme inhibitors with various pharmacologic applications.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new phthalimide and saccharin derivatives with alicyclic amines targeting cholinesterases, beta-secretase and amyloid beta aggregation.

The complexity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) calls for search of multifunctional compounds as potential candidates for effective therapy. A series of phthalimide and saccharin derivatives linked by different alicyclic fragments (piperazine, hexahydropyrimidine, 3-aminopyrrolidine or 3-aminopiperidine) with phenylalkyl moieties attached have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated as multifunctional anti-AD agents with cholinesterase, ß-secretase and ß-amyloid inhibitory activities. In vitro studies showed that the majority of saccharin derivatives with piperazine moiety and one phthalimide derivative with 3-aminopiperidine fragment exhibited inhibitory potency toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with EeAChE IC50 values ranging from 0.83 µM to 19.18 µM. The target compounds displayed inhibition of human ß-secretase-1 (hBACE1) ranging from 26.71% to 61.42% at 50 µM concentration. Among these compounds, two multifunctional agents (26, [2-(2-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide] and 52, 2-(2-(3-(3,5-difluorobenzylamino)piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione) have been identified. Compound 26 exhibited the highest inhibitory potency against EeAChE (IC50 = 0.83 µM) and inhibitory activity against hBACE1 (33.61% at 50 µM). Compound 52 is a selective AChE inhibitor (IC50 AChE = 6.47 µM) with BACE1 inhibitory activity (26.3% at 50 µM) and it displays the most significant Aß anti-aggregating properties among all the obtained compounds (39% at 10 µM). Kinetic and molecular modeling studies indicate that 26 may act as non-competitive AChE inhibitor able to interact with both catalytic and peripheral active site of the enzyme.

Rhodium-catalyzed C-H functionalization with N-acylsaccharins.

A rhodium-catalyzed C-H functionalization with activated amides by decarbonylation has been developed. Notably, this is the first C-H arylation employing N-acylsaccharins as coupling partners to give biaryls in good to excellent yields. The highlight of the work is the high tolerance of functional groups such as formyl, ester, and vinyl and the use of a removable directing group.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of saccharin-based N-hydroxybenzamides as histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors.

We report the development of a novel series of saccharin-based N-hydroxybenzamides as histone deacetylases inhibitors. Among them, 6 j exhibited potent HDACs inhibitory activity against Hela nuclear extract. Further biological evaluation found 6 i showed similar antiproliferative activities in vitro compared with the approved SAHA.

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Saccharin-Substituted ß-Lactams via in Situ Generation of a Heterosubstituted Ketene and a Zwitterionic Intermediate as Potential Antibacterial Agents.

Highly stereoselective synthesis of saccharin derivatives containing functionalized 2-azetidinone moiety was achieved starting from saccharin as an available precursor. The approach to these valuable heterocyclic scaffolds involves a formal [2π + 2π] cycloaddition between Schiff bases and the saccharinylketene as a novel ketene which was generated in situ and an electrocyclic reaction of a zwitterionic intermediate. The identification of the ketene was confirmed by reaction with the stable free radical TEMPO (TO•). Also, the antimicrobial activities of some new substituted saccharin against nine standard bacteria, four bacteria which were isolated from clinical samples and one yeast, were evaluated.

Multiple Ligands Targeting Cholinesterases and ß-Amyloid: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation of Heterodimeric Compounds with Benzylamine Pharmacophore.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal and complex neurodegenerative disorder for which effective treatment remains the unmet challenge. Using donepezil as a starting point, we aimed to develop novel potential anti-AD agents with a multidirectional biological profile. We designed the target compounds as dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, where the N-benzylamine pharmacophore is responsible for interactions with the catalytic anionic site of the enzyme. The heteroaromatic fragment responsible for interactions with the peripheral anionic site was modified and three different heterocycles were introduced: isoindoline, isoindolin-1-one, and saccharine. Based on the results of the pharmacological evaluation, we identified compound 8b with a saccharine moiety as the most potent and selective human acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (IC50 = 33 nM) and beta amyloid aggregation inhibitor. It acts as a non-competitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and is able to cross the blood-brain barrier in vitro. We believe that compound 8b represents an important lead compound for further development as potential anti-AD agent.

Synthesis and crystal structure of new heterocyles derived from saccharin and uracil carrying 1,2,4-oxadiazolylmethyl group.

Saccharin, uracil, and 1,2,4-oxadiazole heterocyles are important in terms of exhibiting various biological acitivities. In this work, four series of 1,2,4-oxadiazolylmethyl-substituted saccharin, and uracil derivatives are synthesized and their structures are identified by means of spectral/physical characteristics. The first series are oxadiazolylmethyl-substituted saccharins. The second one is oxadiazole-substituted uracils which are obtained as a separable mixture of both mono- and bis-substituted end products. Third series is obtained from 5-amino uracil and chloromethyl oxadiazoles. The fourth group is oxadiazolyl methyl-substituted imino uracils. The structures of some title compounds are also confirmed by X-ray diffraction data.

Combining anti-cancer drugs with artificial sweeteners: synthesis and anti-cancer activity of saccharinate (sac) and thiosaccharinate (tsac) complexes cis-[Pt(sac)2(NH3)2] and cis-[Pt(tsac)2(NH3)2].

The new platinum(II) complexes cis-[Pt(sac)2(NH3)2] (sac=saccharinate) and cis-[Pt(tsac)2(NH3)2] (tsac=thiosaccharinate) have been prepared, the X-ray crystal structure of cis-[Pt(sac)2(NH3)2] x H2O reveals that both saccharinate anions are N-bound in a cis-arrangement being inequivalent in both the solid-state and in solution at room temperature. Preliminary anti-cancer activity has been assessed against A549 human alveolar type-II like cell lines with the thiosaccharinate complex showing good activity.

N-trifluoromethylthiosaccharin: an easily accessible, shelf-stable, broadly applicable trifluoromethylthiolating reagent.

A new, electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent, N-trifluoromethylthiosaccharin, was developed and can be synthesized in two steps from saccharin within 30 minutes. N-trifluoromethylthiosaccharin is a powerful trifluoromethylthiolating reagent and allows the trifluoromethylthiolation of a variety of nucleophiles such as alcohols, amines, thiols, electron-rich arenes, aldehydes, ketones, acyclic ß-ketoesters, and alkynes under mild reaction conditions.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of N-substituted saccharin derivatives as selective inhibitors of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII.

A series of N-alkylated saccharin derivatives were synthesized and tested for the inhibition of four different isoforms of human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4. 2.1.1): the transmembrane tumor-associated CA IX and XII, and the cytosolic CA I and II. Most of the reported derivatives inhibited CA XII in the nanomolar/low micromolar range, hCA IX with KIs ranging between 11 and 390 nM, whereas they were inactive against both CA I (KIs >50 µM) and II (K(I)s ranging between 39.1 nM and 50 µM). Since CA I and II are off-targets of antitumor carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs), the obtained results represent an encouraging achievement for the development of new anticancer candidates without the common side effects of non-selective CAIs. Moreover, the lack of an explicit zinc binding function on these inhibitors opens the way towards the exploration of novel mechanisms of inhibition that could explain the high selectivity of these compounds for the inhibition of the transmembrane, tumor-associated isoforms over the cytosolic ones.

New saccharin derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors.

A newly series of 6-(phenylurenyl/thiourenyl) saccharin (6a-y) derivatives were synthesized and their inhibitory effects on the diphenolase activity of banana tyrosinase were evaluated. A 70-fold purification of the enzyme with 6.85% yield was achieved by using a Sepharose 4B-l-tyrosine-p-amino benzoic acid affinity column. The result showed that all the synthesized compounds inhibited the tyrosinase enzyme activity. Among the compounds synthesized, 6-(3-iodophenylthiourenyl) saccharin (6s) was found to be most active one (K(i)=3.95 µM) and the inhibition kinetics analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots revealed that compound 6s was a competitive inhibitor. Structure-activity relationships study showed that generally, most of the 6-(phenylthiourenyl) saccharin derivatives (6m-y) exhibited higher inhibitory activity than 6-(phenylurenyl) saccharin derivatives (6a-l). An electron-withdrawing group at 3-position of phenylurenyl-ring increased in activity and the halogen series at 3-position of phenylthiourenyl-ring showed a qualitative relationship for higher inhibitory activity with increasing size and polarizability. We also calculated HOMO-LUMO energy levels and dipole moments of some selected the synthesized compounds (6a, 6h, 6m and 6s) using Gaussian software.