William Macpherson Fisher, Sidney Spokes, the School Dentists' Society (1898-1921) and early school dentistry.

Before the nineteenth century, there was little dentistry for anyone, let alone children. By the middle of that century, people such as William Macpherson Fisher and Sidney Spokes began to make a difference. Fisher campaigned for children's dental services. Spokes realised the need for similar-minded dentists to congregate, so formed the School Dentists' Society. Both led to vast improvements in dental care for children and conditions of working for school dentists.

[Introduction and interpretation of The European Society of Endodontology S3-level clinical practice guideline for treatment of pulpal and apical disease].

The European Society of Endodontology published the S3-level clinical practice guideline for the treatment of pulpal and apical disease in October 2023, which provides best current therapeutic strategies supported by scientific evidences. The guideline was divided into four parts: the diagnosis and treatment of pulpitis, diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of apical periodontitis, surgical treatment of apical periodontitis, and regenerative treatment. This article aims to introduce and interpret the guideline, and to better manage patients with pulpitis and apical periodontitis for preserving teeth over a patient's lifetime in China.