Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Neuro-ophthalmology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article discusses the varied types of paraneoplastic syndromes that commonly have neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations. Diagnostic considerations and therapeutic options for individual diseases are also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS: Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect the afferent and efferent visual systems. Paraneoplastic syndromes may result in reduced visual acuity from retinal degeneration, alterations in melanocyte proliferation and uveal thickening, or acquired nystagmus. Ocular motor abnormalities related to paraneoplastic syndromes may present with symptoms from opsoclonus or from neuromuscular junction disease. Diagnosis remains challenging, but serologic identification of some specific antibodies may be helpful or confirmatory. Treatment, in addition to directed therapies against the underlying cancer, often requires systemic corticosteroids, plasma exchange, or immunosuppression, but some specific syndromes improve with use of targeted pharmacologic therapy. SUMMARY: Diagnosis and therapy of paraneoplastic syndromes presenting with neuro-ophthalmic symptoms remain a challenge, but strategies are evolving and new approaches are on the horizon.