Long-term Administration of 3-Di-O-Tolylguanidine Modulates Spatial Learning and Memory in Rats and Causes Transition in the Concentration of Neurotransmitters in the Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum.

ABSTRACT

The sigma-1 and sigma-2 (σ1 and σ2) receptors are found in high concentrations in the brain, and their altered expression leads to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. 3-di-tolylguanidine (DTG) stimulates the activity of both of these receptors. We assessed the effects of administering DTG to adult male Sprague Dawley rats on learning and memory consolidation processes and on the levels of neurotransmitters in selected brain structures. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated in the water maze test. The DTG was administered orally at daily doses of 3 mg/kg (DTG3), 10 mg/kg (DTG10) or 30 mg/kg (DTG30) for 10 weeks before and during the water-maze test. After completion of the experiment, the concentration of monoamines and their metabolites as well as amino acids in structures involved in cognitive performance - the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum - were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The DTG10 group showed an improvement in memory processes related to the "new" platform location, whereas the DTG30 group was worse at finding the "old" platform location. Since the administration of DTG led to differences in dopaminergic transmission, it was assumed to influence memory processes in this way. Changes in histidine, serine, alanine, taurine, and glutamic acid levels in selected structures of the brains of rats with memory impairment were also observed. We conclude that long-term administration of DTG modulates spatial learning and memory in rats and changes the concentrations of neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum..