In vitro Activity of Cefepime/Avibactam Against Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Integrative Metabolomics-Proteomics Approach for Resistance Mechanism: A Single-Center Study.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effects of combination of cefepime/avibactam against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (CRKP) and explore the resistance mechanism of FEP/AVI. Patients and Methods: This study explored the in vitro antibacterial activities of ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) and cefepime/avibactam (FEP/AVI) against 40 and 76 CRKP clinical isolates. Proteomics and metabolomics were employed to investigate the resistance mechanisms of CRKP to FEP/AVI. Results: FEP/AVI (MIC50/MIC90 0.5/4-64/4 µg/mL, resistance rate 17.1%) showed better antibacterial activity against CRKP than CAZ/AVI (MIC50/MIC90 4/4-128/4 µg/mL, resistance rate 20%) in vitro. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were enriched in alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and ribosome. Remarkably, transcriptional and translational activity-related pathways were inhibited in FEP/AVI resistant CRKP. Overlap analysis suggested that H-NS might play an important role in resistance to FEP/AVI in CRKP. The mRNA levels of DEPs-related genes (adhE, gltB, purA, ftsI and hns) showed the same trends as DEPs in FEP/AVI susceptible and resistant strains. FEP/AVI resistant isolates demonstrated stronger biofilm formation capacity than susceptible isolates. Metabolomics results showed that disturbed metabolites were mainly lipids, and adenine was decreased in FEP/AVI resistant CRKP. Conclusion: These results indicated that H-NS, GltB and SpoT may directly or indirectly promote biofilm formation of CRKP and led to FEP/AVI resistance, but inhibited ribosomal function. Our study provides a mechanistic insight into the acquisition of resistance to FEP/AVI in Klebsiella pneumoniae.