Relationship between problematic smartphone use and sleep problems: The roles of sleep-related compensatory health beliefs and bedtime procrastination.

ABSTRACT

Objective: Concerns regarding sleep problems in emerging adults and their antecedents, such as problematic smartphone use (PSU), have been growing. This study tested the association between PSU and sleep problems and further investigated the mechanisms of this relationship based on the theory of compensatory health beliefs (CHBs). Methods: This study included 999 participants (74.87% female) in China, aged 17 to 25 years (M = 21.16; standard deviation = 1.60), who voluntarily filled in an anonymous survey. Results: The findings showed positive correlations between sleep problems and PSU, sleep-related CHBs, and bedtime procrastination (rs = .25-.52, p < .001). Furthermore, the positive link between PSU and sleep problems was mediated by bedtime procrastination alone (ß=.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) [.17, .26]) or a serial path of sleep-related CHBs and bedtime procrastination (ß=.04, 95% CI [.02, .05]). Conclusion: This study provides a new perspective to understand the internal mechanism underlying the PSU-sleep problem link. Interventions for sleep disorders ought to consider the theoretical guidelines of the CHBs model to reduce the risk of bedtime procrastination and sleep disorders in emerging adults.