In Vitro and in Silico Investigation of DNA Interaction, Topoisomerase I and II Inhibitory Properties of Polydatin.

Polydatin or piceid, is the 3-O-glucoside of resveratrol and is found abundantly in grapes, peanuts, wine, beer, and cacao products. Although anticancer activity of polydatin was reported before, and potential antiproliferative mechanisms of polydatin have been proposed, its direct effects on DNA and inhibitory potential against topoisomerase enzymes have remained unknown. In this study we aimed to reveal the link between polydatin's effects on DNA and DNA-topoisomerases and its antiproliferative promise. For this purpose, we evaluated the effects of polydatin on DNA and DNA topoisomerase using in vitro and in silico techniques. Polydatin was found to protect DNA against Fenton reaction-induced damage while not showing any hydrolytic nuclease effect. Further, polydatin inhibited topoisomerase II but not topoisomerase I. According to molecular docking studies, polydatin preferably showed minor groove binding to DNA where the stilbene moiety was important for binding to the DNA-topoisomerase II complex. As a result, topoisomerase II inhibition might be another anticancer mechanism of polydatin.

Potential of nafimidone derivatives against co-morbidities of epilepsy: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico investigations.

Nafimidone is known for its clinical antiepileptic effects and alcohol derivatives of nafimidone were reported be potent anticonvulsants. These compounds are structurally similar to miconazole, which is known to inhibit cholinesterases, protect neurons, and ameliorate cognitive decline. Herein, we aimed to reveal the potential of three nafimidone alcohol esters (5 g, 5i, and 5 k), which were previously reported for their anticonvulsant effects, against co-morbidities of epilepsy such as inflammatory and neuropathic pain, cognitive and behavioral deficits, and neuron death, and understand their roles in related pathways such as γ-butyric acid type A (GABAA ) receptor and cholinesterases using in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was used for cytotoxicity evaluation, hippocampal slice culture assay for neuroprotection, formalin test for acute and inflammatory pain, sciatic ligation for neuropathic pain, Morris water maze and open field locomotor tasks for cognitive and behavioral deficits, radioligand binding for GABAA receptor affinity, spectrophotometric methods for cholinesterase inhibition in vitro, and molecular docking in silico. The compounds were non-toxic to fibroblast cells. 5 k was neuroprotective against kainic acid-induced neuron death. 5i reduced pain response of mice in both the acute and the inflammatory phases. 5i improved survival upon status epilepticus. The compounds showed no affinity to GABAA receptor but inhibited acetylcholinesterase, 5 k also inhibited butyrylcholinesterase. The compounds were predicted to interact mainly with the peripheric anionic site of cholinesterase enzymes. The title compounds showed neuroprotective, analgesic, and cholinesterase inhibitory effects, thus they bear promise against certain co-morbidities of epilepsy with neurological insults.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of water soluble and non-aggregated silicon phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines against A549, SNU-398, SK-MEL128, DU-145, BT-20 and HFC cell lines as potential anticancer agents.

Cancer has become an important public problem in worldwide since cancer incidence and mortality are growing rapidly. In this study, water soluble and non-aggregated silicon (IV) phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines containing (3,5-bis{3-[3-(diethylamino)phenoxy]propoxy}phenyl)methoxy groups have been synthesized and characterized to investigate their anticancer potential. Their DNA binding/nuclease, topoisomerases inhibition were investigated using UV-Vis absorption, thermal denaturation and agarose gel electrophoresis. The in vitro cytotoxic properties of the compounds on human lung (A549), breast (BT-20), liver (SNU-398), prostate (DU-145), melanoma (SK-Mel 128) carcinoma and human fibroblast (HFC) normal cell lines were evaluated by using MTT assay. In order to determine the mechanism of cancer cell growth suppression, cell cycle analysis was carried out using flow cytometer on A549 cell line. The Kb values of SiPc1a and SiNc2a were 6.85 ± (0.35) × 106 and 1.72 ± (0.16) × 104 M-1 and Tm values of ct-DNA were calculated as 82.02 °C and 78.07 °C, respectively in the presence of both compounds. The ΔTm values of SiPc1a and SiNc2a were calculated as 6.45 and 2.50 °C, respectively. The nuclease effects of SiPc1a and SiNc2a with supercoiled plasmid pBR322 DNA demonstrated that both compounds did not trigger any DNA nuclease effects at the lowest concentrations without irradiation whereas both compounds in the presence of activating agent (H2O2) showed significant plasmid DNA nuclease actions under irradiation (22.5 J/cm2). SiPc1a and SiNc2a inhibited to topoisomerase I on increasing concentrations whilst they had lower inhibition action toward topoisomerase II that of topoisomerase I. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies displayed that SiPc1a had the highest cytotoxic effects among the tested compounds against A549, SNU-398, SK-MEL128, DU-145, BT-20 and HFC cell lines with CC50 values ranged from 0.49 to 2.99 µM. Furthermore, SiPc1a inhibited cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. All of these results suggested that SiPc1a is a promising candidate as an anticancer agent.

Flavones as tyrosinase inhibitors: kinetic studies in vitro and in silico.

INTRODUCTION: Tyrosinase is a multifunctional copper-containing oxidase enzyme that catalyses the first steps in the formation of melanin pigments. Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors is of value for applications in cosmetics, medicine and agriculture. OBJECTIVE: To develop an analytical method that allows identification of drug-like natural products that can be further developed as tyrosinase inhibitors. Results of in vitro and in silico studies will be compared in order to gain a deeper insight into the mechanism of action of enzyme inhibition. METHOD: Using an in vitro assay we tested tyrosinase inhibitor effects of five structurally related flavones, i.e. luteolin (1), eupafolin (2), genkwanin (3), nobiletin (4), and chrysosplenetin (5). The strongest inhibitors were further investigated in silico, using enzyme docking simulations. RESULTS: All compounds tested showed modest tyrosinase inhibitory effect compared to the positive control, kojic acid. The polymethoxy flavones 4 and 5 exhibited the strongest tyrosinase inhibitory effect with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 131.92 ± 1.75 µM and 99.87 ± 2.38 µM respectively. According to kinetic analysis 2, 4 and 5 were competitive inhibitors, whereas 1 and 3 were non-competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. Docking studies indicated that methoxy groups on 4 and 5 caused steric hindrance which prevented alternative binding modes in the tyrosinase; the methoxy groups on the B-ring of these flavones faced the catalytic site in the enzyme. CONCLUSIONS: The docking simulations nicely complemented the in vitro kinetic studies, opening the way for the development of predictive models for use in drug design.

Tyrosinase inhibitory effects of Vinca major and its secondary metabolites: Enzyme kinetics and in silico inhibition model of the metabolites validated by pharmacophore modelling.

In the present study, we aimed to identify the tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory potential of Vinca major L. extract and its secondary metabolites. The extract possessed remarkable tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 20.39 ±â€¯0.44 µg/mL compared to the positive control, kojic acid (IC50 8.56 ±â€¯0.17 µg/mL). Compounds 1 and 5 were the most potent isolates with IC50 values of 32.41 ±â€¯0.99 and 31.34 ±â€¯0.75 µM, they were more potent than kojic acid (IC50: 60.25 ±â€¯0.54 µM). Compound 2 also exhibited remarkable tyrosinase inhibition with an IC50 value of 64.51 ±â€¯1.29 µM. An enzyme kinetics analysis revealed that 1 was a mixed-type, 2 and 5 were noncompetitive inhibitors. Using molecular docking, we predicted binding affinity and interactions of the compounds, which were in good alignment with a pharmacophore hypothesis generated out of a number of known tyrosinase inhibitors. The modelling studies underlined crucial interactions with the copper ions and residues around them such as Asn260, His263, and Met280.

Tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of compounds isolated from Quercus coccifera bark: In vitro and in silico perspectives.

Bark of Quercus coccifera is widely used in folk medicine. We tested tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of Q. coccifera bark extract and isolated compounds from it. The extract inhibited tyrosinase with an IC50 value of 75.13 ±â€¯0.44 µg/mL. Among the isolated compounds, polydatin (6) showed potent tyrosinase inhibition compared to the positive control, kojic acid, with an IC50 value of 4.05 ±â€¯0.30 µg/mL. The Q. coccifera extract also inhibited α-glucosidase significantly with an IC50 value of 3.26 ±â€¯0.08 µg/mL. (-)-8-Chlorocatechin (5) was the most potent isolate, also more potent than the positive control, acarbose, with an IC50 value of 43.60 ±â€¯0.67 µg/mL. According to the kinetic analysis, 6 was a noncompetitive and 5 was a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, and 5 was a noncompetitive α-glucosidase inhibitor. In the light of these findings, we performed in silico molecular docking studies for 5 and 6 with QM/MM optimizations to predict their tyrosinase inhibition mechanisms at molecular level and search for correlations with the in vitro results. We found that the ionized form of 5 (5i) showed higher affinity and more stable binding to tyrosinase catalytic site than its neutral form, while 6 bound to the predicted allosteric sites of the enzyme better than the catalytic site.

Uroprotective effect of pantoprazole against cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in mice.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential uroprotective effect of pantoprazole (PPZ) in a mouse model of cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS: Balb/c mice received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of CP (300 mg/kg) to induce HC. PPZ (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day;i.p.) was administered for 3 consecutive days before the induction of HC. Mesna (30 mg/kg;i.p.) was administered 20 min before, 4 and 8 h after CP injection to compare the protective effects of PPZ. After 24 h of HC induction, the bladders were removed for functional studies, biochemical analyses, and histopathological examination. RESULTS: In vitro contractility studies demonstrated that CP-induced HC decreased the responsiveness of detrusor muscle strips to acetylcholine (ACh), which was reversed by PPZ pretreatment at all doses tested. However, mesna treatment was not able to improve responsiveness to ACh. Biochemical analyses showed that CP caused significant elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduction of total glutathione (GSH), and increment of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level, which were measured in bladder homogenates. PPZ pretreatment at three doses found to be effective in reducing the CP-induced elevation of MDA and TNF-α levels. The highest dose of PPZ (100 mg/kg) caused a significant increase in GSH level. CP induced severe HC with marked bladder edema and histological disturbances which were partially abolished by PPZ pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that PPZ pretreatment could attenuate CP-induced HC by interfering with oxidative stress and modulating proinflammatory cytokines.

Tyrosinase inhibition by some flavonoids: Inhibitory activity, mechanism by in vitro and in silico studies.

Flavonoids are main polyphenolic groups widely distributed to fruits, vegetables and beverages we consumed daily. They exhibit many biological effects. We tested tyrosinase inhibitor potential of structurally related (1-9) flavonoids and found that all the tested materials possessed tyrosinase inhibitory effect compared to the positive control, kojic acid. 2 exhibited the strongest tyrosinase inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 40.94 ±â€¯0.78 µM in a competitive manner. According to kinetic analysis 1, 4 and 7 were found to be competitive inhibitors, 3, 5, and 6 noncompetitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. According to the docking studies, A and C ring of the flavonoid structure, hydroxyl substituent at the 7th position, and hydroxyl substituents at para or para and meta position of ring B play key role for competitive inhibition of the enzyme.

Discovery of potent α-glucosidase inhibitor flavonols: Insights into mechanism of action through inhibition kinetics and docking simulations.

Beside other pharmaceutical benefits, flavonoids are known for their potent α-glucosidase inhibition. In the present study, we investigated α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of structurally related 11 flavonols, among which quercetin-3-O-(3″-O-galloyl)-ß-galactopyranoside (8) and quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-ß-glucopyranoside (9) showed significant inhibition compared to the positive control, acarbose, with IC50 values of 0.97 ±â€¯0.02 and 1.35 ±â€¯0.06 µM, respectively. It was found that while sugar substitution to C3-OH of C ring reduced the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, galloyl substitution to these sugar units increased it. An enzyme kinetics analysis revealed that 7 was competitive, whereas 1, 2, 8, and 9 were uncompetitive inhibitors. In the light of these findings, we performed molecular docking studies to predict their inhibition mechanisms at atomic level.

α-Glucosidase inhibitory effects of polyphenols from Geranium asphodeloides: Inhibition kinetics and mechanistic insights through in vitro and in silico studies.

Some Geranium species have been used to treat diabetes. To evaluate the scientific basis of this ethnopharmacological use, we aimed to isolate potent α-glucosidase inhibitory metabolites of Geranium asphodeloides Burm. through in vitro bioactivity-guided fractionation. All the tested extracts showed high α-glucosidase inhibitory effect compared to acarbose. Among the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate subextract showed the highest activity with an IC50 value of 0.85 ±â€¯0.01 µM. A hydrolysable tannin, 1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-ß-d-glucopyranose (1), and five flavonoid glycosides, kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-α-arabinofuranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-ß-glucopyranoside (4), quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (5), and quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnofuranoside (6), were isolated from the ethyl acetate subextract. Their structures were identified by 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. 1 exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, approximately 61 times more potent than positive control, acarbose, with an IC50 value of 0.95 ±â€¯0.07 µM. Also, 2 was more potent than acarbose. An enzyme kinetics analysis revealed that compounds 2, 3 and 4 were competitive, whereas 1 and 6 uncompetitive inhibitors. Molecular docking studies were performed to get insights into inhibition mechanisms of the isolated compounds in the light of the enzyme kinetic studies using various binding sites of the enzyme model.

Synthesis of Some Novel 2-Substitutedbenzyl-(4)7-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazoles in Mild Conditions as Potent Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Agents.

Novel 2-substitutedbenzyl-4(7)-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole compounds were synthesized and characterized. Although 2a and 2b were reported previously in the literature, 11 compounds were synthesized (nine of them were newly synthesized) and the tyrosinase inhibitory effects and antioxidant activities of these compounds were studied for the first time. All of the synthesized compounds displayed certain inhibitory effects on tyrosinase, with IC50 values ranging from 37.86 ± 0.24 to 75.81 ± 2.49 µM. Among the compounds, 2j exhibited similar tyrosinase inhibitory effect (IC50 = 37.86 ± 0.24 µM) to the positive control, kojic acid (IC50 = 21.93 ± 0.11 µM). Kinetic studies revealed it to act as non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with a Ki value of 50.2 µM. The antioxidant activities of the compounds were investigated by using in vitro antioxidant assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). All of these results indicated that the compounds might have potential application as tyrosinase inhibitors.

Synthesis of Novel Symmetrical 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Bistriazole Derivatives via 'Click Chemistry' and Their Biological Evaluation.

A series of symmetric bis-1,2,3-triazole compounds 2-5(a-f) were synthesized as potential antioxidant agents via click chemistry. Their structures were confirmed by ¹H-NMR and (13)C-NMR. All of the synthesized compounds were subjected to antioxidant and antimicrobial assays. The antioxidant activity of these compounds (AChE inhibition, DPPH and SOD activities) was evaluated. Compound 2f was found to show the highest AChE inhibition activity of all compounds, while compound 3b showed a strong inhibitory effect on DPPH radical and compound 2a was the most effective of all compounds for SOD activity. All synthesized compounds were found to possess moderate antibacterial activity against the bacteria E. coli and Y.pseudotuberculosis.

Synthesis of some novel 1,2,4-triazol-3-one derivatives bearing the salicyl moiety and their anticonvulsant activities.

A series of new 1,2,4-triazole-3-one derivatives bearing the salicyl moiety were synthesized by using microwave irradiation, and their chemical structures were identified by IR, (1) H NMR, (13) C NMR, elemental analysis, and LC-MS. The anticonvulsant activities of the compounds 4a-c, 4e, and 5a-e were evaluated by the Anticonvulsant Screening Program of the National Institute of Health, USA. The compounds had moderate anticonvulsant activities in the maximum electroshock-induced seizure and minimal clonic seizure models in mice, without any neurotoxic effects.

Synthesis and in vitro α-glucosidase and cholinesterases inhibitory actions of water-soluble metallophthalocyanines bearing ({6-[3-(diethylamino)phenoxy]hexyl}oxy groups.

In this paper, we have prepared peripherally tetra-({6-[3-(diethylamino)phenoxy]hexyl}oxy substituted cobalt(II), copper(II), manganese(III) phthalocyanines (3, 4, 5) and their water-soluble derivatives (3a, 4a, 5a). Then, in vitro α-glucosidase and cholinesterases inhibitory actions of the water-soluble 3a, 4a, 5a were examined using spectrophotometric methods. 4a had the highest inhibitory effects among the tested compounds against α-glucosidase due to IC50 values. 4a and 5a had 40 fold higher inhibitory effects than the positive control. For cholinesterases, the compounds showed significant inhibitory actions that of galantamine which was used as a positive control. According to the SI value, 3a inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme selectively. In kinetic studies, 4a was a mixed inhibitor for α-glucosidase, 3a was a competitive inhibitor for AChE, and 4a was a mixed inhibitor for BuChE. The therapeutic potential of these compounds has been demonstrated by in vitro studies, but these data should be supported by further studies.

Discovery of potent α-glucosidase inhibitors through structure-based virtual screening of an in-house azole collection.

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, is considered a pandemic of modern times. α-Glucosidase inhibitors emerged as a promising class of antidiabetic drugs with better tolerability compared with its alternatives. Azoles, although widely preferred in drug design, have scarcely been investigated for their potential against α-glucosidase. In this study, we evaluated α-glucosidase inhibitory effects 20 azole derivatives selected out of an in-house collection via structure-based virtual screening (VS) with consensus scoring approach. Seven compounds were identified with better IC50 values than acarbose (IC50  = 68.18 ± 1.01 µM), a well-known α-glucosidase inhibitor drug, which meant 35% success for our VS methodology. Compound 52, 54, 56, 59, and 81 proved highly potent with IC50 values in the range of 40-60 µM. According to the enzyme kinetics study, four of them were competitive, 56 was non-competitive inhibitor. Structure-activity relationships, quantum mechanical, and docking analyses showed that azole rings at ionized state may be key to the potency observed for the active compounds and modifications to shift the balance between the neutral and ionized states further to the latter could yield more potent derivatives.

[Effects of vibrating tourniquet application on the pain felt for blood drawing in pediatric patients]. / Çocuklarda kan alma islemi sirasinda titresimli turnike uygulamasinin hissedilen agriya etkisi.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, it is planned to observe the effects of vibration tourniquet application on the pain felt in school-aged pediatric patients. This is a randomised study. METHODS: The research population consisted of patients who were between ages 6 and 12 in the Pediatric Blood Drawing Unit at the Mersin University Research and Application Centers for diagnosis or treatment between dates of May 2017 and November 2017. The sample group consisted of 90 pediatric patients who were eligible for case taking criteria; 45 of them were control and other 45 of them were intervention group (vibrating tourniquet applied). All 90 patients agreed to participate in this study. The children information form was used to assess descriptive properties of children and Wong-Baker FACES- Pain Rating Scale was used for assessment of pain levels. In intervention group patients, blood was drawn with using vibrating tourniquet. Heart beat, respiration rate, blood pressure, fever and saturation level before and after blood drawn were measured for intervention and control group patients and they were asked to mark their level of pain on the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference when vibrating-tourniquet-applied case and vibrating-tourniquet-not-applied control groups' mean pain points were compared (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the findings suggest that using vibrating tourniquet for drawing blood is effective in decreasing the pain level of children.

In vitro and in silico assessment of DNA interaction, topoisomerase I and II inhibition properties of chrysosplenetin.

Chrysosplenetin is a methoxyflavone with reported anti-cancer effect. We tested its cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, and determined its effect on DNA intercalation and on the activity of topoisomerases I and II. The compound inhibited proliferation MCF-7 with an IC50 value of 0.29 µM. Chrysosplenetin did not initiate plasmid DNA cleavage but, in a concentration-dependent manner, protected plasmid DNA against damage induced by Fenton reagents. Furthermore, it possessed dual Topoisomerase I and II inhibitory properties. Especially, it inhibited topoisomerase II by 83-96% between the range 12.5-100 µM. In the light of these experimental findings, molecular docking studies were performed to understand binding mode, interactions and affinity of chrysosplenetin with DNA, and with topoisomerases I and II. These studies showed that of 4-chromone core and the hydroxyl and methoxy groups important for both intercalation with DNA and topoisomerase I and II inhibition.

Synthesis of axially disubstituted quaternized silicon phthalocyanines as a promising photosensitizer for the photodynamic treatment of HCT-116, A549 and SH-SY5Y cancer cell lines.

In this study, novel silicon(iv) phthalocyanines axially disubstituted with bis[(4-{3-[3-(dimethylamino)phenoxy]propoxy}phenyl)methoxy] and bis[(4-{3-[3-(diethylamino)phenoxy]propoxy}phenyl)methoxy] groups and their quaternized derivatives were synthesized and characterized. Then, their supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA cleavage properties were investigated using agarose gel electrophoresis. The in vitro PDT effects of Si-3a and Si-4a were investigated using the MTT cell viability assay against HCT-116, A549 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Si-3a and Si-4a did not show cleavage effects upon increasing concentrations in the dark but both compounds showed cleavage activities upon irradiation for 30 and 60 min, respectively. The MTT cell viability assay indicated that Si-4a had a cytotoxic effect in a concentration-dependent manner on the HCT-116 cell line but it did not show any statistical difference with regard to phototoxicity. Otherwise, Si-3a and Si-4a had significant phototoxic effects when compared to cytotoxic effects against A549 and SH-SY5Y. The results suggested that Si-3a and Si-4a showed better cell death against SH-SY5Y than other cell lines with irradiation.

Photodynamic therapy effect of morpholinium containing silicon (IV) phthalocyanine on HCT-116 cells.

In this study, we investigated the in vitro potential of axially 1-morpholiniumpropan-2-ol disubstituted silicon (IV) phthalocyanine (SiPc) which was synthesized previously, on HCT-116 cells as a photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent. The singlet oxygen and photodegradation quantum yields of SiPc were calculated using UV-vis spectrophotometer. The cytotoxic and phototoxic effects of SiPc were evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining kit, cell cycle kit, and mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) assay kit with JC-1 were used to indicate the cell death pathway. Caspase-3 and ß-catenin protein expressions were evaluated by western blotting. The singlet oxygen and photodegradation quantum yields of SiPc were calculated as 0.73 and 3.64 × 10-4 in DMSO. The cell viability assays showed that IC50 value of SiPc did not reach to 100 µM without irradiation. However, excellent phototoxicity was observed in the presence of SiPc upon light irradiation. The cells undergoing early/late apoptosis significantly increased in the presence SiPc at 5 µM upon light irradiation. Besides, the proportion of cells at S and G2/M phase increased. Moreover, mitochondria membrane potentials significantly decreased at 1 and 5 µM of SiPc with light irradiation. While caspase-3 expression increased, ß-catenin expression significantly decreased on HCT-116 in the presence of SiPc (p < 0.01). The results indicated that the PDT could be related to apoptosis and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Based on our findings, SiPc exhibited a significant PDT effect on HCT-116 cells therefore, worthy of more detailed study.

The Volatile Chemical Compositions of the Essential Oil/SPME and Enzyme Inhibitory and Radical Scavenging Activities of Solvent Extracts and the Essential oils from Coronilla orientalis Miller and C. varia L. grows in Turkey.

The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of two Coronilla species (Coronilla orientalis Miller and Coronilla varia L.) obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) techniques were identified by GC-FID/MS. The major compounds identified in the SPME extracts were limonene (43.4%) in Coronilla orientalis (C. orientalis), (Z)-ß-ocimene and (E)-ß-ocimene (34.3% and 32.4%) in Coronilla varia (C. varia), whereas, the essential oils of C. orientalis and C. varia were rich with γ-terpinene (22.4%) and phytol (30.7%), respectively. In addition, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), tyrosinase, α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory, and radical scavenging activities (DPPH) of chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts, and also essential oils obtained from C. orientalis and C. varia were investigated. The tyrosinase activity was studied at the doses of 25 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL. Tyrosinase inhibition percentage was observed to increase by dose and methanol extracts of the both species were found to have the highest activity. Essential oils of the both species were found to have significant acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activities. α-Glucosidase enzyme inhibition of the ethyl acetate and water extracts of C. orientalis was determined as 80.11 ± 4.07% and 80.32 ± 3.47% at the 100 µg/mL concentration, respectively. Essential oils, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts were determined to have moderate DPPH radical scavenging activities.