Anxiety And Depression In Medical Students Of A Private Medical College.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are the common mental disorders with a prevalence of 10-44% in developing countries and is the fourth leading cause of morbidity. Undergraduate medical studies are generally perceived to be more stressful for the students as compared to other undergraduate programs as students have to undergo strenuous curriculum and evaluation which may lead to many emotional stresses that may end with psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety. This study aimed to determine the frequency of anxiety and depression in medical students of Foundation University Medical College (FUMC), Islamabad. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, Beck Depressive Inventory and Beck Anxiety Scales were used to assess anxiety and depression at three different times of the Academic year. All five-year students were included in the study. RESULTS: Out of a sample of 150 students, mild depression was seen in 37.46% and moderate to severe depression was observed in 14% students. About 19% of the students had moderate to severe anxiety. In Second year students time of assessment was significantly related to depression and anxiety (p-0.000). Females had higher association with depression in final year (p-0.037). CONCLUSIONS: High Psychiatric morbidity found needs to be identified and treated at the earliest; otherwise it can lead to serious consequences such as suicidal ideation and burnout.

Quality improvement initiatives by Aga Khan Health Service in the mountains of northern Pakistan.

Improving health care quality in a resource constraint environment in an emerging economy that is in a hard-to-reach geographic terrain can become a challenge especially when it has to follow the international standard which AKHS, P envisions to implement across the nation in all of its health facilities. Healthcare of the nation is a responsibility which is shouldered by both the government and the private sector. Private-sector, however, remains under pressure as its resource size is limited and it remains subject to stringent regulation and quality control requirements regardless of whether it is in the remotest corner of the country where proper land routes are either lacking or not safe. This article shares the unique experience of AKHS, P in achieving ISO 9001:2008 International Quality Management System Certification. Particularly at one of the "world's highest valleys -situated at Gilgit Baltistan at an altitude of 13,083 ft. above sea level in Northern Pakistan. The experience was unique in terms of demonstrating and recording how a quality management system can be implemented in one of the most difficult to reach areas where compliance to international quality standards was previously unthinkable.

Frequency of depression and anxiety in patients attending a diabetes clinic.

BACKGROUND: Depression is very common among people with type-2 diabetes and is associated with poor treatment compliance and outcome. This study was done to see the frequency of depression in patients with established type-2 diabetes attending a diabetes clinic in a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: One hundred and ten patients with chronic type-2 diabetes were included in this cross sectional study, excluding type-1 diabetics, patients with severe co-morbid illness with type-2 diabetes and patients with some psychiatric illness. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess depression and anxiety in these patients. RESULTS: Almost 50% of patients were found to have anxiety and depression in our study. Female gender, lack of education and housewives were found to be ffected'more -hile duration of diabetes, treatment and control of diabetes have little effect on anxiety and depression in patients with chronic type-2 diabetes patients. CONCLUSION: There is a high incidence of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic type-2 diabetes and clinicians must screen regularly for better care of these patients.

Unsteady micropolar nanofluid flow past a variable riga stretchable surface with variable thermal conductivity.

In this study, we considered the flow of a micropolar fluid over a vertical Riga sheet. The non linear stretching sheet is considered. The effects of variable thermal conductivity and radiation on the Riga sheet are taken into account. Additionally, we also debated the Brownian motion and thermophoretic. To simplify the partial differential equations, we converted them into dimensionless ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity variables and solved dimensionless system numerically using the bvp4c function. The impact of some intended parameters on the dimensionless velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration distributions graphically are presented and the numerical outcomes of physical quantities like skin friction, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and couple stress have been presented in tabular form. The micropolar parameter increased which increased the couple stress and friction at surface. Because, the fluid rotation increased which increased friction at surface and also increased the couple stress. The transfer of mass decayed and transfer of heat heightened by larger values of variable thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity improved which improved the heat transfer phenomena, so transfer of heat at surface becomes larger while also reducing the transfer of mass.

Transportation of nanomaterial Maxwell fluid flow with thermal slip under the effect of Soret-Dufour and second-order slips: nonlinear stretching.

In this study, impact of second order slip for Maxwell fluid at vertical exponential stretching sheet is deliberated. Dufour and Soret impact for vertical exponential stretching sheet under nonlinear radiation are deliberated. Thermal and concentration slips with viscous dissipation are taken into account under the Buongiorno's model. Under the above assumptions, the differential model constructed using the boundary layer approximations using the governing equations. The similarities transformations are introduced which applied the differential model (partial differential equations) and developed the dimensionless differential equations (ordinary differential equations). The dimensionless differential equations are cracked by numerical scheme. The impact of physical parameters are presented by tables and graphs. The curves of fluid velocity enhanced due to increasing the values of velocity slip. Velocity slip is a fluid-boundary interaction in physics. If the velocity slip increased, the fluid velocity profile would eventually become increasing. Temperature curves declined by improving values of [Formula: see text]. The thermal thickness reduced when improved the values of [Formula: see text].

Thermodynamic flow of radiative induced magneto modified Maxwell Sutterby fluid model at stretching sheet/cylinder.

A steady flow of Maxwell Sutterby fluid is considered over a stretchable cylinder. The magnetic Reynolds number is considered very high and induced magnetic and electric fields are applied on the fluid flow. Joule heating and radiation impacts are studied under the temperature-dependent properties of the liquid. Having the above assumptions, the mathematical model has been evolving via differential equations. The differential equations are renovated in the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations using the appropriate transformations. The numerical results have been developed employing numerical techniques on the ordinary differential equations. The impact of involving physical factors on velocity, induced magneto hydrodynamic, and temperature function is debated in graphical and tabular form. The velocity profile is boosted by thicker momentum boundary layers, which are caused by higher values of the magnetic field factor. So, the fluid flow becomes higher velocity due to enlarging values of the magnetic field factor. Heat transfer factor and friction at surface factor boosted up for increment of [Formula: see text] (Magnetic field factor). The [Formula: see text](Magnetic field factor) is larger which better-quality of heat transfer at surface and also offered the results of friction factor boosting up in both cases of stretching sheet/cylinder. The [Formula: see text](Magnetic Prandtl number) increased which provided better-quality of heat transfer at surface.

Heat and mass transfer of generalized fourier and Fick's law for second-grade fluid flow at slendering vertical Riga sheet.

In this analysis, the generalized Fourier and Fick's law for Second-grade fluid flow at a slendering vertical Riga sheet is examined along with thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. Boundary layer approximations in terms of PDE's (Partial Differential Equations) are used to build the mathematical model. An appropriate transformation has been developed by using the Lie symmetry method. PDE's (Partial Differential Equations) are transformed into ODE's (Ordinary Differential Equations) by implementing the suitable transformation. A numerical method called bvp4c is used to explain the dimensionless system (ODE's). Graphs and tables are used to interpret the impact of the significant physical parameters. The curves of temperature function declined due to enchanting the values of the thermophoresis Parameter. The temperature is produced at a low level due to enchanting the values of thermophoresis because this force transports burn at a low 10 µm diameter so the temperature becomes lessor. Increments of thermophoresis parameter which enhanced the values of concentration Function. As the concentration boundary layer increased which declined the mass transfer due increment in thermophoresis. The curves of temperature function are increasing due to enhancing the values of the Brownian parameter because addition in the Brownian motion, improved the movement of particles ultimately increasing the kinematic energy of fluid which improved the heat transfer phenomena. Increments of Brownian parameter which declined the values of concentration function. Physically, the kinematic energy improved which declined the mass transfer rate near the surface.

Darcy resistant of Soret and Dufour impact of radiative induced magnetic field sutterby fluid flow over stretching cylinder.

The incompressible two-dimensional steady flow of Sutterby fluid over a stretching cylinder is taken into account. The magnetic Reynolds number is not deliberated low in the present analysis. Radiation and variable thermal conductivity are considered to debate the impact on the cylindrical surface. The Dufour and Soret impacts are considered on the cylinder. The mathematical model is settled by employing boundary layer approximations in the form of differential equations. The system of differential equations becomes dimensionless using suitable transformations. The dimensionless nonlinear differential equations are solved through a numerical scheme(bvp4c technique). The flow parameters of physical effects on the velocity, temperature, heat transfer rate, and friction between surface and liquid are presented in tabular as well as graphical form. The velocity function declined by improving the values of the Sponginess parameter. The fluid temperature is reduced by increment in curvature parameter.

In-Vivo Bactericidal Potential of Mangifera indica Mediated Silver Nanoparticles against Aeromonas hydrophila in Cirrhinus mrigala.

The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaves' extract of Mangifera indica (M. indica) and their antibacterial efficacy against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) in Cirrhinus mrigala (C. mrigala). The prepared M. indica mediated silver nanoparticles (Mi-AgNPs) were found to be polycrystalline in nature, spherical in shapes with average size of 62 ± 13 nm. C. mrigala (n = ±15/group) were divided into six groups i.e., G1: control, G2: A. hydrophila challenged, G3: A. hydrophila challenged + Mi-AgNPs (0.01 mg/L), G4: A. hydrophila challenged + Mi-AgNPs (0.05 mg/L), G5: A. hydrophila challenged + Mi-AgNPs (0.1 mg/L) and G6: A. hydrophila challenged + M. indica extract (0.1 mg/L). Serum biochemical, hematological, histological and oxidative biomarkers were evaluated after 15 days of treatment. The liver enzyme activities, serum proteins, hematological parameters and oxidative stress markers were found to be altered in the challenged fish but showed retrieval effects with Mi-AgNPs treatment. The histological analysis of liver, gills and kidney of the challenged fish also showed regaining effects following Mi-AgNPs treatment. A CFU assay from muscle tissue provided quantitative data that Mi-AgNPs can hinder the bacterial proliferation in challenged fish. The findings of this work suggest that M. indica based silver nanoparticles can be promising candidates for the control and treatment of microbial infections in aquaculture.

Heat Transfer of Hybrid Nanomaterials Base Maxwell Micropolar Fluid Flow over an Exponentially Stretching Surface.

A numerical investigation of three-dimensional hybrid nanomaterial micropolar fluid flow across an exponentially stretched sheet is performed. Recognized similarity transformations are adopted to convert governing equations from PDEs into the set ODEs. The dimensionless system is settled by the operating numerical approach bvp4c. The impacts of the nanoparticle volume fraction, dimensionless viscosity ratio, stretching ratio parameter, and dimensionless constant on fluid velocity, micropolar angular velocity, fluid temperature, and skin friction coefficient in both x-direction and y-direction are inspected. Graphical outcomes are shown to predict the features of the concerned parameters into the current problem. These results are vital in the future in the branches of technology and industry. The micropolar function Rη increases for higher values of the micropolar parameter and nanoparticle concentration. Micropolar function Rη declines for higher values of the micropolar parameter and nanoparticle concentration. Temperature function is enhanced for higher values of solid nanoparticle concentration. Temperature function declines for higher values of the micropolar parameter. The range of the physical parameters are presented as: 0.005<ϕ2<0.09, Pr=6.2, 0

An Experimental Study on Non-Destructive Evaluation of the Mechanical Characteristics of a Sustainable Concrete Incorporating Industrial Waste.

Structural materials sustainability is gaining popularity across the globe at present. Reusing natural resources, building, demolition debris, and solid waste are the most apparent tools to make construction more environmentally friendly. Traditional concrete is believed to be less durable, stronger, environmentally friendly, and socially and commercially feasible than industrial waste concrete. The evolution of non-destructive testing (NDT) across time has not been investigated in depth by researchers. An experimental study was carried out to propose the use of non-destructive mechanisms that would enable us to assess concrete's compressive strength without causing destruction. Varying quantities of industrial waste (coal bottom ash (CBA) and waste glass sludge (WGS)) were incorporated to cast concrete prisms (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm). The results obtained helped us to establish relationships between the compressive strength of concrete and the Schmidt hammer rebound value, as well as the ultrasonic pulse velocities. Microstructural analysis showed that incorporating 10% of CBA and WGS improved the porosity of concrete specimens, which shows the applicability of these industrial wastes as partial cement replacements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed traces of calcium alumino-silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), portlandite and C-S-H, which indicates the binder characteristics of CBA and WGS. The concept of the response surface approach (RSM) for optimizing cement and industrial waste substitution was validated by the polynomial work expectation. The model was statistically significant when the fluctuation of ANOVA was analyzed using a p value with a significance level of 0.05. The study results show that the usage of 15% CBA and 10% WGS as a cementitious additive and cement replacement has the potential to increase the strength of concrete significantly.

Citrullus colocynthis-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antiproliferative Action against Breast Cancer Cells and Bactericidal Roles against Human Pathogens.

The present study investigated the biomedical potential of eco-friendly Citrullus colocynthis-mediated silver nanoparticles (Cc-AgNPs). The antibacterial efficacy of Cc-AgNPs was evaluated against two multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antiproliferative and antilipidemic performance of the prepared particles was determined against the MCF7 cell line, a breast cancer cell line. The in vitro antibacterial assay revealed that Cc-AgNPs induced dose-dependent bactericidal activity, as a considerable increase in the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was noted at higher concentrations. Reduced proliferation, migration, spheroid size, and colony formation exhibited the substantial antiproliferative potential of Cc-AgNPs against MCF7 cells. Significant alterations in the expression of cell surface markers, apoptosis, and cell proliferation genes further confirmed the antiproliferative impact of Cc-AgNPs. Moreover, Cc-AgNPs exhibited antilipidemic activity by reducing cellular cholesterol and triglyceride levels and regulating key genes involved in lipogenesis. In conclusion, these results propose that Cc-AgNPs can be employed as a potent tool for future antibacterial and anticancer applications.

Experimental and theoretical analyses of nano-silver for antibacterial activity based on differential crystal growth temperatures.

The modulation of antimicrobial properties of nanomaterials can be achieved through various physical and chemical processes, which ultimately affect subsequent properties. In this study, the antibacterial potential of nano-silver was investigated at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g/L, and its differential temperature synthesis was achieved at 20, 50, and 70 °C using the solvent evaporation method. Nano-silver particles exhibited FCC (octahedral) crystalline structure with crystallite sizes ranging between 28 and 39 nm calculated using XRD analysis. Moreover, irregular and non-uniform surface morphology was evident from SEM micrographs. The UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of nano-silver exhibited wave maxima at 433 nm, while the FTIR analysis depicted different modes of vibration indicating the CH, OH, C≡C, C-Cl, and CH2 functional groups attached to the surface. Lastly, nano-silver caused prominent inhibition (12.5 mm) in the Escherichia coli growth, particularly at 70 °C synthesis temperature and 3.0 g/L dose. It is concluded that both the nano-silver crystal growth temperature and dose contributed substantially to bacterial growth inhibition linked with subsequent size, shape-dependent properties.

Inspection of hybrid based nanofluid flow over a curved surface.

BACKGROUND: In this paper, we discussed the Cu - Al2O3/H2O (Hybrid nanofluid) flow over permeable exponentially stretching channel. The hybrid nanofluid involves two kinds of nanoparticles along with base fluid (pure water). Our research objective is to evaluate the heat transfer rate of hybrid nanofluid. METHOD: The resulting system is numerically tackled via shooting method (bvp4c). RESULTS: The hybrid nanofluid gains larger rate of heat transfer as compared to simple nanofluid. The impact of non-dimension parameter on temperature profile, boundary layer will be analyzed for enormous values of dimensionless parameter. Also, boundary layer thickness when γ < 0 (injection) and when γ > 0 (suction) will be compared. The present results with the existence literature will be compared for justification/validation.

Transportation of magnetized micropolar hybrid nanomaterial fluid flow over a Riga curface surface.

We deliberated the flow of magnetized micropolar hybrid nanoparticles fluid flow over the Riga curved surface. Exponentially stretching and slip effects are also considered in this analysis. Mathematical model has been established on the base of assumptions in the form of partial differential equations. Such equations are renewed into ordinary differential equations utilizing similarity transformations. Reduced model has been elucidated by means of bvp4c scheme. Impacts of physical parameters namely as stretching parameter R0, curvature parameter K, solid nanoparticle volume fraction Φ2, micropolar parameter K1, microgyration parameter n, thermal slip parameter M, partial slip parameter γ, modified Harman number ∅ and dimensionless parameter ω. Magnetic parameter ß and reciprocal magnetic Prandtl number λ are depicted by means of numerically and graphically. Our results help in the field of engineering and industrial. This model is presented in the first time through literatures. Our interest of study is to be analyzed about the heat transfer rate of magnetized micropolar hybrid nanomaterial fluid over a Riga curved surface. Comparison with the literature has been worked out and excellent agreement is found.

Corrigendum to "Transportation of magnetized micropolar hybrid nanomaterial fluid flow over a Riga curface surface" [Comput Meth Prog Bio 185 (2020) 105,136].

This corrigendum corrects the dimensions of partial differential equations in the paper [1], where these mistakes are occurred during typing processes. But the results in [1] does not affect the scientific and mathematical validity of the paper.

Experimental Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Openings Strengthened Using FRP Sheets under Cyclic Load.

In this study, the cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beam with openings strengthened using carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) was experimentally investigated. Seven rectangular RC beams were cast and strengthened through external bonding of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets around the beam web opening with different orientations to evaluate the maximum resistance, secant stiffness, strength degradation, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and behavior of the specimens' failure mode under cyclic load. One solid beam without an opening (i.e., control specimen) and six beams constructed with circular web openings typically located in the middle of the beam and adjacent to the supports were used in the experiments. Among the six specimens with opening configuration, two beams were unstrengthened, and the remaining four specimens were strengthened with two layers of FRP sheets with vertical and inclined scheme orientation. Numerical studies were performed on ABAQUS software, and finite element modelling analysis results were verified through experiments. Results demonstrated that the use of FRP sheets has a significant effect on the cyclic behavior of RC beams, thereby improving the maximum strength and ultimate displacement to approximately 66.67% and 77.14%, respectively. The validated finite element models serve as a numerical platform to apply beneficial parametric studies, where the effects of opening size and bond length are investigated.

Effect of SWCNT and MWCNT on the flow of micropolar hybrid nanofluid over a curved stretching surface with induced magnetic field.

We considered the magnetized micro polar fluid with hybrid nanomaterial flow over a curved stretching surface. We discussed the effects of single wall carbon nanotube and multiwall carbon nanotube with base fluids (water and propylene glycol). Under the flow assumptions, we developed the mathematical model and applied the boundary layer approximations to reduce the system of partial differential equations. Further, the suitable similarity transformations are applied on the partial differential equations to make dimensionless system. The dimensionless system solved by means of numerical scheme via bvp4c shooting methods. Involving the dimensionless physical parameters effects are highlighted in the form of graphs and tables. Additionally, significant physical quantities i.e. Nusselt number, Couple stress coefficient and Skin friction coefficient are also presented and evaluated numerically. These results are more important which may use in the field of engineering and industrial.

Numerical analysis of water based CNTs flow of micropolar fluid through rotating frame.

BACKGROUND: In this article, the nanomaterial flow of micropolar fluid in rotating frame is considered. The SWCNT and MWCNT with base fluid namely pure water is also taken into account to analyze the flow behavior over stretching surface. Mathematical model have been constructed under the nanomaterial of micropolar fluid. METHOD: The governing equations have been developed in the form of system of partial differential equations. The partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The transformed system has been solved through MAPLE software. RESULTS: The physical parameters like as thermal slip effects, velocity slip effects and magnetic hydrodynamics on the micropolar nanofluid are presented by tables and graphs. Surprisingly in the rotating parameter, F''(0) and - θ'(0) increases for higher values of the rotating parameter while opposite to be noted for G''(0). The Nusselt number and skin friction increases for higher values of micropolar parameter but MWCNT achieves higher heat transfer as associated to SWCNT.

HfS2/MoTe2 vdW heterostructure: bandstructure and strain engineering based on first-principles calculation.

In this study, a multilayered van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure, HfS2/MoTe2, was modeled and simulated using density functional theory (DFT). It was found that the multilayers (up to 7 layers) are typical indirect bandgap semiconductors with an indirect band gap varying from 0.35 eV to 0.51 eV. The maximum energy value of the valence band (VBM) and the minimum energy value of the conduction band (CBM) of the heterostructure were found to be dominated by the MoTe2 layer and the HfS2 layer, respectively, characterized as type-II band alignment, leading to potential photovoltaic applications. Optical spectra analysis also revealed that the materials have strong absorption coefficients in the visible and ultraviolet regions, which can be used in the detection of visible and ultraviolet light. Under an external strain perpendicular to the layer plane, the heterostructure exhibits a general transition from semiconductor to metal at a critical interlayer-distance of 2.54 Å. The carrier effective mass and optical properties of the heterostructures can also be modulated under external strain, indicating a good piezoelectric effect in the heterostructure.