Airway Mucus Plugs on Chest Computed Tomography Are Associated with Exacerbations in COPD.

Rationale/Objective: Acute exacerbations (AEs) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Whether mucus plugs are associated with prospective exacerbations has not been examined extensively. METHODS: Mucus plugs were visually-identified on baseline chest computed tomography (CT) scans from smokers with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grades 2-4 COPD enrolled in two multicenter cohort studies: Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) and COPDGene. Associations between ordinal mucus plug score categories (0/1-2/≥3) and prospectively-ascertained AEs, defined as worsening respiratory symptoms requiring systemic steroids and/or antibiotics (moderate-to-severe) and/or ER/hospitalization (severe), were assessed using multivariable-adjusted zero-inflated Poisson regression; subjects were exacerbation-free at enrollment. RESULTS: Among 3,250 participants in COPDGene (mean±SD age 63.7±8.4 years, FEV1 50.6%±17.8% predicted, 45.1% female) and 1,716 participants in ECLIPSE (age 63.3±7.1 years, FEV1 48.3%±15.8% predicted, 36.2% female), 44.4% and 46.0% had mucus plugs, respectively. The incidence rates of AEs were 61.0 (COPDGene) and 125.7 (ECLIPSE) per 100 person-years. Relative to those without mucus plugs, the presence of 1-2 and ≥3 mucus plugs was associated with increased risk (adjusted rate ratio, aRR [95%CI]=1.07[1.05-1.09] and 1.15[1.1-1.2] in COPDGene; aRR=1.06[1.02-1.09] and 1.12[1.04-1.2] in ECLIPSE, respectively) for prospective moderate-to-severe AEs. The presence of 1-2 and ≥3 mucus plugs was also associated with increased risk for severe AEs during follow-up (aRR=1.05[1.01-1.08] and 1.09[1.02-1.18] in COPDGene; aRR=1.17[1.07-1.27] and 1.37[1.15-1.62] in ECLIPSE, respectively). CONCLUSION: CT-based mucus plugs are associated with an increased risk for future COPD AEs.

Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman Disease: a rare presentation involving anterior chest wall in a middle-aged female.

Rosai-Dorfman Disease is a rare benign disorder involving overproduction of immune cells, causing swollen lymph nodes and, in rare cases, the sternum. The sternal involvement may cause chest pain and masses. Diagnosis is confirmed through clinical examination, biopsy, and imaging. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation, or steroids. In this case study, we present an unusual example of extranodal Rosai-Dorfman Disease involving the sternum, bilateral clavicles and first three ribs, and pectoral muscle with no associated lymphadenopathy or systemic symptoms in a 57-year-old female. The etiology, pathology, immunohistochemistry, imaging findings, and treatment options of this unique disease are discussed.

Prospective Evaluation of AI Triage of Pulmonary Emboli on CT Pulmonary Angiograms.

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have shown high accuracy for detection of pulmonary embolism (PE) on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) studies in academic studies. Purpose To determine whether use of an AI triage system to detect PE on CTPA studies improves radiologist performance or examination and report turnaround times in a clinical setting. Materials and Methods This prospective single-center study included adult participants who underwent CTPA for suspected PE in a clinical practice setting. Consecutive CTPA studies were evaluated in two phases, first by radiologists alone (n = 31) (May 2021 to June 2021) and then by radiologists aided by a commercially available AI triage system (n = 37) (September 2021 to December 2021). Sixty-two percent of radiologists (26 of 42 radiologists) interpreted studies in both phases. The reference standard was determined by an independent re-review of studies by thoracic radiologists and was used to calculate performance metrics. Diagnostic accuracy and turnaround times were compared using Pearson χ2 and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results Phases 1 and 2 included 503 studies (participant mean age, 54.0 years ± 17.8 [SD]; 275 female, 228 male) and 1023 studies (participant mean age, 55.1 years ± 17.5; 583 female, 440 male), respectively. In phases 1 and 2, 14.5% (73 of 503) and 15.9% (163 of 1023) of CTPA studies were positive for PE (P = .47). Mean wait time for positive PE studies decreased from 21.5 minutes without AI to 11.3 minutes with AI (P < .001). The accuracy and miss rate, respectively, for radiologist detection of any PE on CTPA studies was 97.6% and 12.3% without AI and 98.6% and 6.1% with AI, which was not significantly different (P = .15 and P = .11, respectively). Conclusion The use of an AI triage system to detect any PE on CTPA studies improved wait times but did not improve radiologist accuracy, miss rate, or examination and report turnaround times. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Murphy and Tee in this issue.

Airway-Occluding Mucus Plugs and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Importance: Airway mucus plugs are common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, the association of airway mucus plugging and mortality in patients with COPD is unknown. Objective: To determine whether airway mucus plugs identified on chest computed tomography (CT) were associated with increased all-cause mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants: Observational retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of patients with a diagnosis of COPD in the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD cohort. Participants were non-Hispanic Black or White individuals, aged 45 to 80 years, who smoked at least 10 pack-years. Participants were enrolled at 21 centers across the US between November 2007 and April 2011 and were followed up through August 31, 2022. Exposures: Mucus plugs that completely occluded airways on chest CT scans, identified in medium- to large-sized airways (ie, approximately 2- to 10-mm lumen diameter) and categorized as affecting 0, 1 to 2, or 3 or more lung segments. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, assessed with proportional hazard regression analysis. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, body mass index, pack-years smoked, current smoking status, forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration, and CT measures of emphysema and airway disease. Results: Among the 4483 participants with COPD, 4363 were included in the primary analysis (median age, 63 years [IQR, 57-70 years]; 44% were women). A total of 2585 (59.3%), 953 (21.8%), and 825 (18.9%) participants had mucus plugs in 0, 1 to 2, and 3 or more lung segments, respectively. During a median 9.5-year follow-up, 1769 participants (40.6%) died. The mortality rates were 34.0% (95% CI, 32.2%-35.8%), 46.7% (95% CI, 43.5%-49.9%), and 54.1% (95% CI, 50.7%-57.4%) in participants who had mucus plugs in 0, 1 to 2, and 3 or more lung segments, respectively. The presence of mucus plugs in 1 to 2 vs 0 and 3 or more vs 0 lung segments was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of death of 1.15 (95% CI, 1.02-1.29) and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.10-1.41), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: In participants with COPD, the presence of mucus plugs that obstructed medium- to large-sized airways was associated with higher all-cause mortality compared with patients without mucus plugging on chest CT scans.

Predictors of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Artifact on Cardiac MRI: The Utility of a Device Related Score.

PURPOSE: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) image quality can be degraded by artifact in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED). We aimed to establish a clinical risk score, so patient selection for diagnostic CMR could be optimised. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, CMRs performed for clinical use in subjects with CIED from January 2016 to May 2019 were reviewed. Subject anthropometry, CIED generator/lead specifications and pre-scan chest X-ray (CXR) measurements were collected. Generator-related artifact size was measured on axial steady state free precession images. Interpretability of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging was performed based on a three-grade visual score attributed to each of 17 myocardial segments. RESULTS: Fifty-seven (57) patients (59±16 years, 74% male) fitted the inclusion criteria. Artifact precluded left ventricle (LV) evaluation (≥5 segments) in 17 (30%). Artifact was more common with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, related to generator volume, mass, height, width, thickness, and area, along with right ventricular (RV) lead length and diameter (all p<0.05). Artifact was associated with distance from generator to LV apex, generator to RV lead tip and shortest distance from generator to heart on CXR (all p<0.05). On multivariable regression modelling, RV lead diameter (OR 5.861, 95% CI 1.866-18.407, p=0.002) and distance from generator to LV apex (OR 0.693, 95% CI 0.511-0.940, p=0.019) were independent predictors of artifact. Multivariable predictors were used to develop Device Related CMR Artifact Prediction Score (DR-CAPS), where all patients with DR-CAPS=0 had fully interpretable LGE imaging. CONCLUSION: Simple, readily available measures, such as lead characteristics and pre-scan CXR measures, can stratify patients via an artifact prediction score to optimise selection for diagnostic CMR.

An Adaptive SCG-ECG Multimodal Gating Framework for Cardiac CTA.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Coronary artery disease (CAD), a prevalent form of CVD, is typically assessed using catheter coronary angiography (CCA), an invasive, costly procedure with associated risks. While cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) presents a less invasive alternative, it suffers from limited temporal resolution, often resulting in motion artifacts that degrade diagnostic quality. Traditional ECG-based gating methods for CTA inadequately capture cardiac mechanical motion. To address this, we propose a novel multimodal approach that enhances CTA imaging by predicting cardiac quiescent periods using seismocardiogram (SCG) and ECG data, integrated through a weighted fusion (WF) approach and artificial neural networks (ANNs). We developed a regression-based ANN framework (r-ANN WF) designed to improve prediction accuracy and reduce computational complexity, which was compared with a classification-based framework (c-ANN WF), ECG gating, and US data. Our results demonstrate that the r-ANN WF approach improved overall diastolic and systolic cardiac quiescence prediction accuracy by 52.6% compared to ECG-based predictions, using ultrasound (US) as the ground truth, with an average prediction time of 4.83 ms. Comparative evaluations based on reconstructed CTA images show that both r-ANN WF and c-ANN WF offer diagnostic quality comparable to US-based gating, underscoring their clinical potential. Additionally, the lower computational complexity of r-ANN WF makes it suitable for real-time applications. This approach could enhance CTA's diagnostic quality, offering a more accurate and efficient method for CVD diagnosis and management.

Interpretation time efficiency with radiographs: a comparison study between standard 6 and 12 MP high-resolution display monitors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare interpretation efficiency of radiologists reading radiographs on 6 megapixel (MP) versus 12 MP monitors. Approach: Our method compares two sets of monitors in two phases: in phase I, radiologists interpreted using a 6 MP, 30.4 in. (Barco Coronis Fusion) and in phase II, a 12 MP, 30.9 in. (Barco Nio Fusion). Nine chest and three musculoskeletal radiologists each batch interpreted an average of 115 radiographs in phase I and 115 radiographs in phase II as a part of routine clinical work. Radiologists were blinded to monitor resolution. Results: Interpretation times per radiograph were noted from dictation logs. Interpretation time was significantly decreased utilizing a 12 MP monitor by 6.88 s ( p = 0.002 ) and 6.76 s (8.7%) ( p < 0.001 ) for chest radiographs only and combined chest and musculoskeletal radiographs, respectively. When evaluating musculoskeletal radiographs alone, the improvement in reading times with 12 MP monitor was 6.76 s, however, this difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.111 ). Interpretation of radiographs on 12 MP monitors was 8.7% faster than on 6 MP monitors. Conclusion: Higher resolution diagnostic displays can enable radiologists to interpret radiographs more efficiently.

A Novel Dual Energy Computed Tomography Score Correlates With Postoperative Outcomes in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension.

PURPOSE: To compare dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) based qualitative and quantitative parameters in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with various postoperative primary and secondary endpoints. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 64 patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension who underwent DECT. First, a clot score was calculated by assigning the following score: pulmonary trunk-5, each main pulmonary artery-4, each lobar-3, each segmental-2, and subsegmental-1 per lobe; the sum total was then calculated. The perfusion defect (PD) score was calculated by assigning 1 point to each segmental PD. The combined score was calculated by adding clot and PD scores. For quantitative evaluation, we calculated perfused blood volume (PBV) (%) of each lung and the sum of both lungs. Primary endpoints included testing association between combined score and total PBV with change in mean pulmonary arterial pressure ([mPAP], change calculated as preop minus postop values). Secondary endpoints included explorative analysis of the correlation between combined score and PBV with change in preoperative and postoperative pulmonary vascular resistance, change in preoperative 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and immediate postoperative complications such as reperfusion edema, ECMO placement, stroke, death and mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, all within 1 month of surgery. RESULTS: Higher combined scores were associated with larger decreases in mPAP ( =0.27, P =0.036). On average, the decrease in mPAP (pre mPAP-post mPAP) increased by 2.2 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.6, 5.0) with each 10 unit increase in combined score. The correlation between total PBV and change in mPAP was small and not statistically significant. During an exploratory analysis, higher combined scores were associated with larger increases in 6MWD at 6 months postprocedure ( =0.55, P =0.002). CONCLUSION: Calculation of DECT-based combined score offers potential in the evaluation of hemodynamic response to surgery. This response can also be objectively quantified.

Silent Airway Mucus Plugs in COPD and Clinical Implications.

BACKGROUND: Airway mucus plugs are frequently identified on CT scans of patients with COPD with a smoking history without mucus-related symptoms (ie, cough, phlegm [silent mucus plugs]). RESEARCH QUESTION: In patients with COPD, what are the risk and protective factors associated with silent airway mucus plugs? Are silent mucus plugs associated with functional, structural, and clinical measures of disease? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We identified mucus plugs on chest CT scans of participants with COPD from the COPDGene study. The mucus plug score was defined as the number of pulmonary segments with mucus plugs, ranging from 0 to 18, and categorized into three groups (0, 1-2, and ≥ 3). We determined risk and protective factors for silent mucus plugs and the associations of silent mucus plugs with measures of disease severity using multivariable linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of 4,363 participants with COPD, 1,739 had no cough or phlegm. Among the 1,739 participants, 627 (36%) had airway mucus plugs identified on CT scan. Risk factors of silent mucus plugs (compared with symptomatic mucus plugs) were older age (OR, 1.02), female sex (OR, 1.40), and Black race (OR, 1.93) (all P values < .01). Among those without cough or phlegm, silent mucus plugs (vs absence of mucus plugs) were associated with worse 6-min walk distance, worse resting arterial oxygen saturation, worse FEV1 % predicted, greater emphysema, thicker airway walls, and higher odds of severe exacerbation in the past year in adjusted models. INTERPRETATION: Mucus plugs are common in patients with COPD without mucus-related symptoms. Silent mucus plugs are associated with worse functional, structural, and clinical measures of disease. CT scan-identified mucus plugs can complement the evaluation of patients with COPD.

Adult Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Repair and Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: A Delayed Complication of the Warden Procedure.

The Warden procedure is one of the most common techniques for surgical correction of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), involving transection and reanastomosis of the superior vena cava (SVC) to the right atrial appendage and baffling of the anomalous pulmonary veins through the atrial septal defect. While the procedure is typically well-tolerated in pediatric patients, adult patients requiring surgical correction of PAPVR are uncommon. The authors report a case of a 33-year-old woman who developed SVC syndrome as a delayed complication of the Warden procedure. Keywords: Cardiac, Congenital, Complications © RSNA, 2022.

Dual energy CT based scoring in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and correlation with clinical and hemodynamic parameters: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

Background: We used a dual energy computed tomography (DECT) based scoring system in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and correlated it with functional and hemodynamic parameters. Methods: This was a retrospective study on 78 patients with CTEPH who underwent DECT. First, clot burden score was calculated by assigning a following score: pulmonary trunk-5, each main pulmonary artery-4, each lobar-3, each segmental-2, and subsegmental-1 per lobe; sum total was then calculated. Perfusion defect (PD) score was calculated by assigning 1 point to each segmental PD. Combined score was calculated by adding the clot burden and PD score. All three scores were correlated with clinical and hemodynamic parameters that included New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, 6-minute walk distance (6MWT) in feet, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) [systolic PAP (sPAP), diastolic PAP (dPAP) and mean PAP (mPAP)], pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), right atrial pressure, cardiac output, and cardiac index. Results: Clot burden score, PD score, and combined score all positively correlated with sPAP (0.25, 0.34, 0.34), PVR (0.27, 0.30, 0.34), and mPAP (0.28, 0.31, 0.36). There was no statistically significant correlation of clot burden score, PD score and combined score with 6MWT, % predicted 6MWT, FEV1, FEV1%, FVC, FVC%, DLCO% and NYHA functional class. Conclusions: DECT based scoring in CTEPH is feasible and correlates positively with sPAP, mPAP and PVR. Combined score has the highest magnitude of correlation.

Role of computed tomography in adult congenital heart disease: A review.

Due to advances in cardiac surgery, perioperative care and transcatheter interventions, the majority of infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) now survive and reach adulthood. Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) is considered the primary imaging modality in evaluation of patients with CHD. However, in adults it can be limited due to several reasons. Although cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is extremely useful in evaluating cardiac morphology and function, it is not widely available, takes a long time to obtain images, and cannot be done in severely ill patients or patients that have claustrophobia. Due to high spatial and temporal resolution, isotropic imaging fast imaging and wide availability, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has emerged as an excellent alternative modality in the evaluation of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). It can be performed on patients with hardware and those with claustrophobia, due to shorter image acquisition time. In this article, the commonly encountered congenital heart disorders in adults are reviewed, whether incidentally discovered on a computed tomography (CT), on a CT done to evaluate sequela of unknown CHD, or known treated CHD. To appropriately perform and evaluate CT imaging for postoperative correction or palliation congenital heart disease in adults, the imager should know the detailed cardiac anatomy, details of the operative technique used, and be familiar with the common short and long term post-operative complications.

Screening CT angiography in patients with suspected fibromuscular dysplasia: improved patient care with single-session skull vertex to pelvis coverage.

BACKGROUND: Imaging plays a key role in the workup of patients with clinically suspected fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), and research has highlighted the potential of computed tomography angiography (CTA) in screening for thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic arterial abnormalities in these patients. We sought to evaluate imaging findings from patients with suspected or diagnosed FMD who underwent screening CTA at our institution with a novel single-acquisition protocol that offers increased anatomic coverage, with images obtained from the skull vertex to the pelvis. METHODS: Images from 80 consecutive patients scanned with the novel single-session CTA protocol covering the skull vertex to the pelvis were compared with images from 20 additional consecutive patients who underwent CTA for the head and neck separate from CTA of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. RESULTS: Compared with CTA performed in separate sessions, the single-session CTA protocol decreased the radiation dose by 38% (P<0.001) and decreased the contrast dose by 39% (P<0.001), with satisfactory image quality noted in all instances. Additionally, higher mean contrast attenuation was noted in the aortic arch with use of the novel protocol (409±76 HU) versus with use of the dual-acquisition protocol (260±38 HU; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that use of a novel single-session CTA protocol extending from the skull vertex to the pelvis provides effective screening imaging in patients with suspected or diagnosed FMD as compared with multisession, standard-pitch CTA.

Chest radiography of contemporary trans-catheter cardiovascular devices: a pictorial essay.

There is a plethora of cardiovascular devices used for therapy and monitoring, and newer devices are being introduced constantly. As a result of advancement of medical technology and rapid development of such technology to address unmet needs across cardiovascular care, multiple conditions which were previously treated surgically or with medications now benefit from trans-catheter device-based evaluation and management. Moreover, innovation to existing technology has transformed the structural design of many traditional cardiovascular devices, making them safer and enabling easier deployment within the chest (catheter-based versus surgical). A post-procedure chest radiography (CXR) is often the first routine imaging test ordered in these patients. A CXR is a relatively inexpensive and noninvasive imaging tool, which can be obtained at the patient's bedside if needed. Commonly implanted cardiovascular devices can be quite easily checked for appropriate positioning on routine CXRs. Potential complications associated with mal-positioning of such devices may be life-threatening. Such complications often manifest early on CXRs and may not be readily apparent on clinical examination. Prompt recognition of such abnormal radiographic appearances is critical for timely diagnosis and effective management. Clinicians need to be familiar with new devices in order to assess proper placement and identify complications related to mal-positioning. This pictorial essay aims to describe the radiologic appearances of contemporary cardiovascular devices, review indications for their usage and potential complications, and discuss magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility.

Microbiological profile of ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care unit patients in tertiary Egyptian hospitals.

INTRODUCTION: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the common serious infectious diseases encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU), which highly affects the healthcare cost and patient prognosis. VAP is caused by various antimicrobial-resistant aetiological agents and the clinical manifestations lack sensitivity and specificity, making the prompt treatment is a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the microbial profile of VAP causing microorganisms among ICU patients in Egypt, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the genetic diversity among the frequently isolated organisms. METHODOLOGY: Throughout the period from August 2016 to August 2017, endotracheal aspirate (ETA) specimens were collected from ICU patients with clinically suspected VAP in two tertiary hospitals in Cairo. ETA specimens were investigated for the microbial content. The antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer method. ERIC-PCR was performed for genotyping. RESULTS: Fifty microbiologically confirmed VAP cases were identified. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Klebsiella spp., followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii. Candida spp. was the most isolated fungi. A single isolate of each Cupriavidus pauculus and Aeromonas salmonicida was isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles indicated 40% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). ERIC-PCR revealed no genetic relatedness among K. pneumoniae isolates, the most frequently isolated microorganism. CONCLUSIONS: Gram-negative bacteria are the main causative agents of VAP cases, which mostly are MDR. Microorganisms like C. pauculus and A. salmonicida should be taken into consideration as VAP causative agents. There was no common source of infection suggesting likely endogenous sources of K. pneumoniae, the main causative agent of VAP in this study.

Lead Location as Assessed on Cardiac Computed Tomography and Difficulty of Percutaneous Transvenous Extraction.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to retrospectively investigate outcomes of lead extraction by using pre-operative computed tomography (CT) scans to identify risk of complicated lead extraction to aid in pre-procedural planning. BACKGROUND: Transvenous lead extractions remain high-risk procedures requiring specialized operators, equipment, and surgical backup. Data are lacking for how to identify difficult lead extractions. CT scans, which can illustrate the proximity of the lead to adherent venous structures can potentially aid in identifying difficult lead extractions. METHODS: All cases of patients who were undergoing transvenous lead extractions at the authors' institution between 2015 and 2018, who had a pre-operative CT scan prior to lead extraction, were reviewed. The images were retrospectively reviewed to examine adherence of leads to the surrounding vein and obtained procedural outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 203 cases were reviewed of patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction who had a pre-operative CT scan, and scans were separated based on lead location in the superior vena cava, as assessed by CT imaging. Scans were divided into 3 groups: those in a central location or <1 cm adherence (n = 28); those that had at least 1 lead with tip adherent >1 cm (n = 137); or those that had at least 1 lead outside the vein contour (n = 38). Although there was only 1 serious complication requiring vascular surgery intervention, patients with at least 1 lead outside the vein contour required significantly longer procedural time (190.8 ± 86.6 min vs. 158.1 ± 73.7 min vs. 142.8 ± 52.2 min; p = 0.019) and fluoroscopy time (33.1 ± 24.2 min vs. 19.6 ± 18.4 min vs. 18.3 ± 16.4 min; p = 0.0006) than those with leads adhering >1 cm and centrally located leads, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-operative CT scanning can identify difficult lead extractions prior to performing the procedure. This information may aid electrophysiologists in the planning of extraction procedures. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.