Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis.

Finding robust brain substrates of mood disorders is an important target for research. The degree to which major depression (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with common and/or distinct patterns of volumetric changes is nevertheless unclear. Furthermore, the extant literature is heterogeneous with respect to the nature of these changes. We report a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies in MDD and BD. We identified studies published up to January 2015 that compared grey matter in MDD (50 data sets including 4101 individuals) and BD (36 data sets including 2407 individuals) using whole-brain VBM. We used statistical maps from the studies included where available and reported peak coordinates otherwise. Group comparisons and conjunction analyses identified regions in which the disorders showed common and distinct patterns of volumetric alteration. Both disorders were associated with lower grey-matter volume relative to healthy individuals in a number of areas. Conjunction analysis showed smaller volumes in both disorders in clusters in the dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula. Group comparisons indicated that findings of smaller grey-matter volumes relative to controls in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left hippocampus, along with cerebellar, temporal and parietal regions were more substantial in major depression. These results suggest that MDD and BD are characterised by both common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume changes. This combination of differences and similarities has the potential to inform the development of diagnostic biomarkers for these conditions.

Saturation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate accumulation in leukemia cells during high-dose 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine therapy.

Twenty-seven patients with refractory leukemia were treated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), 0.3 to 3.0 g/m2 as i.v. infusions over 1, 2, 4, or 24 h. The pharmacokinetics of ara-C in plasma and its 5'-triphosphate (ara-CTP) in leukemic cells from peripheral blood were studied after a single infusion of 3 g/m2 over 2 h in 13 patients. Accumulation of ara-CTP in leukemic cells remained linear until 1 to 2 h after the infusion. At the time when the rate of ara-CTP accumulation deviated from linearity, the plasma concentration of ara-C was 5- to 20-fold lower [8.1 +/- 4.4 (SD) microM] than the steady-state level during the infusion. Plasma ara-C and cellular ara-CTP pharmacokinetics were studied after two serial infusions in 14 additional patients. Varying the duration of infusion of an ara-C dose between 1, 2, and 4 h (corresponding to infusion rates of 3000, 1500, and 750 mg/m2/h) did not substantially change the rate of ara-CTP accumulation by leukemic cells. The peak ara-CTP concentration and the area under the concentration times time curve (AUC) of ara-CTP in leukemic cells increased with prolongation of the infusion. Although steady-state concentration of ara-C and AUC of ara-C in plasma were proportionally reduced by 1.0 or 0.5 g/m2 infusion over 2 h, ara-CTP accumulation rate and AUC in leukemic cells did not change compared with administration of 3 g/m2 over 2 h. However, when the infusion rate was further reduced to 0.4 or 0.3 g/m2 over 2 h, resulting in steady-state plasma ara-C concentrations of less than 7 microM, the accumulation rate of ara-CTP was substantially reduced as was the ara-CTP intracellular AUC. The cellular elimination rate of ara-CTP remained constant under all infusion conditions. These findings support the conclusion that high-dose ara-C therapy, as currently administered, results in plasma ara-C concentrations that saturate the accumulation of ara-CTP by circulating leukemic cells. We recommend that intermediate dose rates, 200 to 250 mg/m2/h, be evaluated in future studies as an alternative to the substantially higher ara-C dose rates currently in use.

The effects of pH and soil type on concentrations of zinc, copper and nickel extracted by calcium chloride from sewage sludge-treated soils.

The effects of pH on concentrations of zinc, copper and nickel extracted by calcium chloride from a clay loam and two sandy loam soils that had been treated with sewage sludge were studied. Concentrations of all the metals increased rapidly as pH decreased below a threshold value ranging from 6.2 to 7.0 for Zn, 6.2 to 7.2 for Ni and 4.7 to 5.7 for Cu. Both the total concentrations and the threshold pH values were influenced by differences in soil texture and (between the two light-textured soils) by differences in soil cation exchange capacity. The amount of zinc and copper extracted from the mixtures was considerably less than that extracted from the same quantity of sludge alone.

Zinc, copper and nickel concentrations in soil extracts and crops grown on four soils treated with metalloaded sewage sludges.

Sludges containing high concentrations of zinc, copper or nickel and an uncontaminated sludge were added to two sandy loams (pH 6.5 and 7.1), a heavy clay (pH 6.3) and a calcareous clay (pH 7.8) to give ten sludge treatments for each soil. The mixtures were incubated fallow, cropped continuously with clover, or cropped with barley and red beet in rotation for 21 months. The quantity of added metal either in the soil solution or extracted by 0.1m CaCl(2) depended on the metal loading, pH and soil cation exchange capacity, and changed with time after mixing soils and sludges. Crop metal concentrations, and the occurrence of metal-induced yield reductions, also depended on soil properties as well as metal loading. The best chemical extractant for predicting plant metal concentrations was 0.1m CaCl(2).

A comparison of attitudes and exercise habits of alumni from colleges with varying degrees of physical education activity programs.

A survey of alumni attitudes about their college physical education activity (PEA) program and current exercise habits was sent to a representative sample (N = 3169) of alumni who had graduated between 1970 and 1984 from four private colleges. The percent returned was 48, 31, 43, and 41 from Colleges A-D, respectively. Three of the four colleges had required PEA programs. College A had an eight-credit-hour requirement, College B required four credit-hours, College C required two credits, and College D did not have a PEA requirement. Results indicated a significant difference among the four colleges in the alumni's perceived value of their college PEA program in terms of its contribution to their knowledge about fitness, attitude towards fitness, and current exercise habits. Additionally, alumni differed in their perception of the health value of exercise and in their frequency of weekly exercise. When alumni exercise behaviors were quantified by aerobic points and classified according to type of activity, no statistically significant differences were found. The conclusion of the study was that the attitudes and exercise behaviors of alumni are related to the type of college PEA requirement; however, aerobic points earned are not affected. Students graduating from colleges with higher PEA requirements demonstrate more positive exercise attitudes and behaviors.