RESUMO
The emergence of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) strains of bacteria has accelerated the search for new antibacterials. The specific bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway represents opportunities for the development of novel antibacterial agents. Among the enzymes involved, Mur ligases, described herein, and especially the amide ligases MurC-F are key targets for the discovery of multi-inhibitors, as they share common active sites and structural features.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Ligases , Ligases/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Bactérias/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , PeptidoglicanoRESUMO
Nucleoside analogues are at the forefront of antiviral therapy for last decades. To circumvent some of their limitations, based on their metabolism, and in order to improve their anti-viral potency and selectivity, several families of nucleoside analogues have been described through structural modifications at the sugar and heterocycles. The replacement of the oxygen of the nucleoside by a methylene has led to the family of carbocyclic (or cyclopentane) nucleoside analogues. Various potent anti-HIV and anti-HBV drugs belong to this family. Main syntheses of carbocyclic analogues of nucleosides used Diels-Alder reactions (in racemic or asymmetric series), but also started from carbohydrates (ribose, glucose), as a source of optically active compounds, which then had to be transformed into carbacycles under various conditions. The growing interest in carbocyclic nucleosides has led several groups, including ours, to develop new analogues and to explore novel routes. This article will review some of the recent chemistry developed on selected five-membered ring carbocyclic nucleosides.
Assuntos
Antivirais , Nucleosídeos , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Reação de Cicloadição , Nucleosídeos/química , Nucleosídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
The synthesis of (1R)-2-amino-2-deoxy-ß-l-gulopyranosyl benzene and the α and ß forms of 2-amino-2-deoxy-l-idopyranosyl benzene derivatives was accomplished through stereospecific addition of tributylstannyllithium to readily available (SR)- or (SS)-N-tert-butanesulfinyl-arabinofuranosylamine building blocks, followed by stereoretentive Pd-catalyzed Migita-Kosugi-Stille cross-coupling, stereoselective reduction, and an activation-cyclization strategy. Application of this methodology paves the way to new three-dimensional chemical space and preparation of unknown (non-natural) and complex 2-amino-2-deoxy sugars of biological interest.
Assuntos
Desoxiaçúcares , Paládio , Benzeno , Ciclização , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
In 2002, a new class of thymidylate synthase (TS) involved in the de novo synthesis of dTMP named Flavin-Dependent Thymidylate Synthase (FDTS) encoded by the thyX gene was discovered; FDTS is present only in 30% of prokaryote pathogens and not in human pathogens, which makes it an attractive target for the development of new antibacterial agents, especially against multi-resistant pathogens. We report herein the synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a novel series of hitherto unknown pyrido[1,2-e]purine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione analogues. Several synthetics efforts were done to optimize regioselective N1-alkylation through organopalladium cross-coupling. Modelling of potential hits were performed to generate a model of interaction into the active pocket of FDTS to understand and guide further synthetic modification. All those compounds were evaluated on an in-house in vitro NADPH oxidase assays screening as well as against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ThyX. The highest inhibition was obtained for compound 23a with 84.3% at 200 µM without significant cytotoxicity (CC50 > 100 µM) on PBM cells.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Dinitrocresóis , Flavinas/metabolismo , Flavinas/farmacologia , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , NADPH Oxidases , Purinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Timidina Monofosfato , Timidilato Sintase/metabolismoRESUMO
Flavin-Dependent Thymidylate Synthase (FDTS) encoded by ThyX gene was discovered as a new class of thymidylate synthase involved in the de novo synthesis of dTMP named only in 30 % of human pathogenic bacteria. This target was pursed for the development of new antibacterial agents against multiresistant pathogens. We have developed a new class of ANPs based on the mimic of two natural's cofactors (dUMP and FAD) as inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ThyX. Several synthetic efforts were performed to optimize regioselective N1-alkylation, cross-coupling metathesis and Sonogashira cross-coupling. Compound 19c showed a poor 31.8% inhibitory effect on ThyX at 200 µM.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Nucleosídeos/farmacologia , Timidilato Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimologia , Nucleosídeos/síntese química , Nucleosídeos/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Timidilato Sintase/metabolismoRESUMO
A series of hitherto unknown (1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazol)-(E)-2-methyl-but-2-enyl nucleosides phosphonate prodrugs bearing 4-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared in a straight approach through an olefin acyclic cross metathesis as the key synthetic step. All novel compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against HBV, HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Among these molecules, only compound 15j, a hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP)/(isopropyloxycarbonyl-oxymethyl)-ester (POC) prodrug, showed activity against HBV in Huh7 cell cultures with 62% inhibition at 10 µM, without significant cytotoxicity (IC50 = 66.4 µM in HepG2 cells, IC50 = 43.1 µM in HepG2 cells) at 10 µM.
Assuntos
Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Compostos Azo/química , Nucleosídeos/química , Organofosfonatos/química , Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Alcenos/química , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Chlorocebus aethiops , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Hepatite B/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Metilação , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazóis/química , Células VeroRESUMO
The synthesis of hitherto unknown 5'-deoxy-5'-(4-substituted-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-uridine and its evaluation, through an one-pot screening assay, against MurA-F enzymes involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), are described. Starting from UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid (UDP-MurNAc), the natural substrate involved in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis, our strategy was to substitute the diphosphate group of UDP-MurNAc by a 1,2,3-triazolo spacer under copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition conditions. The structure-activity relationship was discussed and among the 23 novel compounds developed, N-acetylglucosamine analogues 11c and 11e emerged as the best inhibitors against the Mtb MurA-F enzymes reconstruction pathway with an inhibitory effect of 56% and 50%, respectively, at 100 µM. Both compounds are selective inhibitors of Mtb MurE, the molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation suggesting that 11c and 11e are occupying the active site of Mtb MurE ligase.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimologia , Peptídeo Sintases/antagonistas & inibidores , Triazóis/química , Uridina/síntese química , Uridina/farmacologia , Domínio Catalítico , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Peptídeo Sintases/química , Peptídeo Sintases/metabolismo , Uridina/químicaRESUMO
Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes is a series of Editorials which is published on a biannual basis by the Editorial Board of the Medicinal Chemistry section of the journal Molecules [...].
Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica/tendências , Descoberta de Drogas/tendências , HumanosRESUMO
Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes is a series of Editorials that is published on a biannual basis by the Editorial Board of the Medicinal Chemistry section of the journal Molecules [...].
Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica , Descoberta de Drogas , HumanosRESUMO
Hitherto unknown chromophoric nucleosides are reported. This novel set of visibly coloured dye-labeled 5'-nucleosides, including 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, dicyanomethylene-4H-pyran, benzophenoxazinone, 9,10-anthraquinone and azobenzene chromophores, were prepared mainly under Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The design criteria are outlined. Several derivatives possess in supplement a fluorescence property. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of all coloured nucleosides were recorded to study their potential as visible-range probes. Such nucleodyes are of great interest for future competitive lateral flow test MIP-based strips.
Assuntos
Corantes/química , Ribonucleosídeos/química , Ribonucleosídeos/síntese química , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Cor , Espectrometria de FluorescênciaRESUMO
We report herein the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines as reversible inhibitors of human cysteine cathepsins. The desired products bearing morpholine and N-Boc piperidine, respectively, were obtained in three to four steps from commercially available trichlorotriazine. Seventeen hitherto unknown compounds were evaluated in vitro against various cathepsins for their inhibitory properties. Among them, compound 7c (4-(morpholin-4-yl)-6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)anilino]-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbonitrile) was identified as the most potent and selective inhibitor of cathepsin S (Kiâ¯â¯=â¯â¯2â¯â¯±â¯â¯0.3â¯nM). Also 7c impaired the autocatalytic maturation of procathepsin S. Molecular docking studies support that 7c bound within the active site of cathepsin S, by interacting with Gly23, Cys25 and Trp26 (S1 subsite), with Asn67, Gly69 and Phe70 (S2 subsite) and with Gln19 (S1' pocket).
Assuntos
Catepsinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Triazinas/farmacologia , Catepsinas/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Cinética , Conformação Molecular , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazinas/síntese química , Triazinas/químicaRESUMO
Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes is a series of Editorials, which is published on a biannual basis by the Editorial Board of the Medicinal Chemistry section of the journal Molecules. [...].
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Humanos , Terapia de Alvo MolecularRESUMO
Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes is a series of Editorials, which are published on a biannual basis by the Editorial Board of the Medicinal Chemistry section of the journal Molecules [...].
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodos , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , HumanosRESUMO
We designed a straightforward biotinylated probe using the N-terminal substrate-like region of the inhibitory site of human cystatin C as a scaffold, linked to the thiol-specific reagent diazomethylketone group as a covalent warhead (i.e. Biot-(PEG)2-Ahx-LeuValGly-DMK). The irreversible activity-based probe bound readily to cysteine cathepsins B, L, S and K. Moreover affinity labeling is sensitive since active cathepsins were detected in the nM range using an ExtrAvidin-peroxidase conjugate for disclosure. Biot-(PEG)2-Ahx-LeuValGly-DMK allowed a slightly more pronounced labeling for cathepsin S with a compelling second-order rate constant for association (kass = 2,320,000 M(-1) s(-1)). Labeling of the active site is dose-dependent as observed using 6-cyclohexylamine-4-piperazinyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbonitrile, as competitive inhibitor of cathepsins. Finally we showed that Biot-(PEG)2-Ahx-LeuValGly-DMK may be a simple and convenient tool to label secreted and intracellular active cathepsins using a myelomonocytic cell line (THP-1 cells) as model.
Assuntos
Catepsinas/química , Cistatina C/química , Diazometano/análogos & derivados , Marcadores de Afinidade , Domínio Catalítico , Linhagem Celular , Diazometano/química , Humanos , Sondas MolecularesRESUMO
In this paper, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), prepared using 2',3',5'-tri-O-acyluridines as 'dummy' templates, for the selective recognition of uridine nucleosides. The MIPs were synthesised using a non-covalent approach with 2,6-bis-acrylamidopyridine (BAAPy) acting as the binding monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linking agent. The MIPs were evaluated in terms of capacity, selectivity and specificity by analytical and frontal liquid chromatography measurements. The results obtained in organic mobile phases suggest that the nucleosides are specifically bound to the polymer by the complementary hydrogen bonding motifs of the binding monomer and the nucleoside bases. The MIPs exhibited relatively high imprinting factors for 2',3',5'-tri-O-acyluridines, while they did not show any binding capacity for other nucleosides lacking the imide moiety on their base. Moreover, the presence of ester-COO groups in the EGDMA cross-linker may lead to the formation of additional hydrogen bonds with the 2',3' and/or 5'-OH of sugar part, allowing enhancement of the recognition of the uridine nucleosides. In aqueous media, results show that the binding is driven by hydrophobic interactions.
Assuntos
Polímeros/química , Uridina/química , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Impressão Molecular , Polímeros/síntese química , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
A molecularly imprinted polymer of Tenofovir (1), an FDA-approved acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with antiviral activity, was synthesized using a non-covalent approach. A pre-polymerization complex was formed between (1) and DMAEMA and in-house synthetic N1-[(2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl] thymine, with EGDMA as a cross-linker in an MeCN/H2O (9:1, 1:1) mixture as a porogen, giving an imprinting factor (IF) of 5.5 at 2.10-5 mol/L. Binding parameters were determined by the Freundlich-Langmuir model, Qmax and Ka, and well as the particle morphology for MIP and NIP. Finally, the release profiles, for MIP and NIP, were obtained at 25 °C and 37 °C, which is body temperature, in a phosphate buffer saline, pH 7.4, mimicking the blood pH value, to determine the potential sustained release of our polymeric materials.
RESUMO
New acyclic pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonate prodrugs with a 4-(2,4-diaminopyrimidin-6-yl)oxy-but-2-enyl]phosphonic acid skeleton (O-DAPy nucleobase) were prepared through a convergent synthesis by olefin cross-metathesis as the key step. Several acyclic nucleoside 4-(2,4-diaminopyrimidin-6-yl)oxy-but-2-enyl]phosphonic acid prodrug exhibited in vitro antiviral activity in submicromolar or nanomolar range against varicella zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), and vaccinia virus (VV), with good selective index (SI). Among them, the analogue 9c (LAVR-289) proved markedly inhibitory against VZV wild-type (TK+) (EC50 0.0035 µM, SI 740) and for thymidine kinase VZV deficient strains (EC50 0.018 µM, SI 145), with a low morphological toxicity in cell culture at 100 µM and acceptable cytostatic activity resulting in excellent selectivity. Compound 9c exhibited antiviral activity against HCMV (EC50 0.021 µM) and VV (EC50 0.050 µM), as well as against HSV-1 (TK-) (EC50 0.0085 µM). Finally, LAVR-289 (9c) deserves further (pre)clinical investigations as a potent candidate broad-spectrum anti-herpesvirus drug.
Assuntos
Antivirais , Vírus de DNA , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pró-Fármacos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/química , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Pró-Fármacos/química , Humanos , Vírus de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Herpesvirus Humano 3/efeitos dos fármacos , Organofosfonatos/farmacologia , Organofosfonatos/química , Organofosfonatos/síntese química , Citomegalovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Vaccinia virus/efeitos dos fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 2/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Following our previous results on an environmentally benign one-pot Sonogashira-cyclization protocol to obtain substituted furopyrimidine nucleosides under aqueous conditions, we investigate herein the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl and heteroaryl derivatives at the C5 position of unprotected 2'-deoxyuridine in the same media with a common catalyst system avoiding exotic ligands, since palladium acetate and triphenylphosphine afforded the expected products in moderate to good yields.
Assuntos
Desoxiuridina/análise , Desoxiuridina/síntese química , Idoxuridina/química , Ácidos Borônicos/química , Catálise , Ligantes , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura Molecular , Compostos Organofosforados/análise , Compostos Organofosforados/química , Paládio/análise , Paládio/química , Água/análiseRESUMO
With several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and high barriers to resistance, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs remain the cornerstone of antiviral therapies for not only herpesviruses, but also HIV and hepatitis viruses (B and C); however, with the exception of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for which vaccines have been developed at unprecedented speed, there are no vaccines or small antivirals yet available for (re)emerging viruses, which are primarily RNA viruses. Thus, herein, we present an overview of ribonucleoside analogs recently developed and acting as inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). They are new lead structures that will be exploited for the discovery of new antiviral nucleosides.