RESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diet is a pillar of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management. Intermittent fasting (IF) is postulated as a novel approach, able to improve glucose control and potentially capable of reversing some of the pathophysiological alterations of this condition. In this review, the molecular and clinical evidence of diets based on intermittent energy restriction (IER) in laboratory animal models and subjects with type 2 diabetes is discussed. The mechanisms through which IF are thought to improve glucose homeostasis and reverse ß cell failure are also reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies derived from murine models suggest that IER is associated with improvements in ß cell function and insulin resistance. Two main mechanisms have been demonstrated, one derived from the autophagy-lysosome pathway and, the other from an increase in neurogenin3 (Ngn3) levels (a marker for endocrine progenitor cells like ß cells during development). Notably, IER also promotes reconstruction of gut microbiota. In mice, all effects were independent of weight loss. By contrast, in human studies, outcomes are widely attributable to weight loss. The more consistent results are reductions in body weight, visceral fat, and glucose and insulin levels. Increases in HDL cholesterol levels are also frequently reported. The decrease in insulin levels observed in humans is in opposition with the increase reported in mice, suggesting that the main mechanism in humans is an improvement in peripheral insulin action. Recommending diets based on intermittent fasting in humans is based on the promising results found in animal models where an improvement in ß cell function has been recorded. ß cell function after IF has not been assessed in human subjects with T2DM. This review provides information regarding different protocols for the implementation of IF in diabetic persons and also provides important safety advice in order to avoid adverse effects. Clinical studies do not show an increased risk of hypoglycemia, and a recent case series reported reversal of T2DM.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Jejum/fisiologia , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Homeostase , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , CamundongosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The type 2 diabetes (T2D) specific dementia-risk score (DSDRS) was developed to evaluate dementia risk in older adults with T2D. T2D-related factors have been shown increase the risk of age-related conditions, which might also increase dementia risk. Here, we investigate the associations of DSDRS with frailty, disability, quality of life (QoL) and cognition in community-dwelling older adults with T2D. METHODS: We included 257 community-dwelling older adults with T2D to evaluate the association between DSDRS and Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Isaac's set-test (IST), clock drawing test (CDT), quality of life (SF-36), risk of malnutrition (Mini-Nutritional Assessment or MNA), as well as frailty, Katz' and Lawton-Brody scores. We also assessed the phenotype and correlates of high-estimated dementia risk by assessing individuals with DSDRS >75th age-specific percentiles. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 78.0 ± 6.2 years. DSDRS showed a significant correlation with MMSE test, IST, CDT, SF-36, MNA, Lawton-Brody and Katz scores, and an increasing number of frailty components. DSDRS was higher among frail, pre-frail, and subjects with limited ADL and IADL (p < 0.001). Participants with DSDRS >75th age-specific percentiles had lower education, MMSE, IST, SF-36, MNA, Katz, Lawton-Brody, and higher frailty scores. High-estimated 10-year dementia risk was associated with ADL and IADL disability, frailty and risk of malnutrition. When assessing individual components of DSDRS, T2D-related microvascular complications were associated to all outcome measures. CONCLUSION: The DSDRS is associated with frailty, disability, malnutrition and lower cognitive performance. These findings support that T2D-related factors have significant burden on functional status, QoL, disability and dementia risk.
Assuntos
Cognição/fisiologia , Demência/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Idoso Fragilizado , Fragilidade , Vida Independente , Atividades Cotidianas , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Demência/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Feminino , Fragilidade/diagnóstico , Fragilidade/epidemiologia , Avaliação Geriátrica , Humanos , México , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Association studies are useful to unravel the genetic basis of common human diseases. However, the presence of undetected population structure can lead to both false positive results and failures to detect genuine associations. Even when most of the approaches to deal with population stratification require genome-wide data, the use of a well-selected panel of ancestry informative markers (AIMs) may appropriately correct for population stratification. Few panels of AIMs have been developed for Latino populations and most contain a high number of markers (> 100 AIMs). For some association studies such as candidate gene approaches, it may be unfeasible to genotype a numerous set of markers to avoid false positive results. In such cases, methods that use fewer AIMs may be appropriate. RESULTS: We validated an accurate and cost-effective panel of AIMs, for use in population stratification correction of association studies and global ancestry estimation in Mexicans, as well as in populations having large proportions of both European and Native American ancestries. Based on genome-wide data from 1953 Mexican individuals, we performed a PCA and SNP weights were calculated to select subsets of unlinked AIMs within percentiles 0.10 and 0.90, ensuring that all chromosomes were represented. Correlations between PC1 calculated using genome-wide data versus each subset of AIMs (16, 32, 48 and 64) were r2 = 0.923, 0.959, 0.972 and 0.978, respectively. When evaluating PCs performance as population stratification adjustment covariates, no correlation was found between P values obtained from uncorrected and genome-wide corrected association analyses (r2 = 0.141), highlighting that population stratification correction is compulsory for association analyses in admixed populations. In contrast, high correlations were found when adjusting for both PC1 and PC2 for either subset of AIMs (r2 > 0.900). After multiple validations, including an independent sample, we selected a minimal panel of 32 AIMs, which are highly informative of the major ancestral components of Mexican mestizos, namely European and Native American ancestries. Finally, the correlation between the global ancestry proportions calculated using genome-wide data and our panel of 32 AIMs was r2 = 0.972. CONCLUSIONS: Our panel of 32 AIMs accurately estimated global ancestry and corrected for population stratification in association studies in Mexican individuals.
Assuntos
Genética Populacional , Grupos Populacionais/genética , População Branca/genética , Análise Custo-Benefício , Genética Populacional/economia , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , México/etnologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare consumers' objec- tive understanding of five FoPLs [Health Star Rating system (HSR), Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL), Nutri-Score, Reference Intakes (RIs), Warning Symbol] in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1 001 Mexican consumers were recruited and asked to rank three sets of label-free products according to their nutritional quality, via a survey. Upon completion of this task, participants were randomized to one of five FoPL condi- tions and were again asked to rank the same sets of products, this time with a FoPL displayed on pack. Change in ability to correctly rank products across the two tasks was assessed by FoPL using ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: Nutri-Score and MTL performed best, followed Warning Symbol, HSR and RIs. CONCLUSIONS: Nutri-Score and MTL appear as efficient schemes to inform consumers on the nutritional quality of foods, in particular in Mexico, where it would be a helpful tool for consumers in purchasing situations.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar la comprensión objetiva de cinco tipos de etiquetados frontales de paquetes (EFP) (Sistema de Clasifi- cación de Estrellas de Salud, Semáforo Múltiple, Nutri-Score, Ingestas de Referencia y Símbolo de Advertencia) en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se reclutaron 1 001 consumidores mexicanos para clasificar tres productos de tres categorías de alimentos sin EFP, según su calidad nutricional. Se les asignó al azar uno de los cinco EFP para clasificar los mismos productos, esta vez con un EFP en el empaque. El cambio en la capacidad para clasificar correctamente los productos en las dos tareas fue evaluado por EFP, utilizando un modelo de regresión logística ordinal. RESULTADOS: Nutri-Score y Semáforo Múltiple obtuvieron un mejor desempeño, seguidos del Símbolo de Advertencia, Sistema de Clasificación de Estrellas de Salud e Ingestas de Referencia. CONCLUSIONES: Nutri-Score y el Semáforo Múltiple surgen como esquemas eficientes para informar a los consumidores sobre la calidad nutricional de los alimentos en México, donde podrían ser una herramienta útil para los consumidores en situación de compra.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Consumidor , Rotulagem de Alimentos/métodos , Alimentos/classificação , Valor Nutritivo , Adulto , Feminino , Rotulagem de Alimentos/classificação , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Necessidades Nutricionais , Distribuição Aleatória , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is the most prevalent primary dyslipidemia; however, it frequently remains undiagnosed and its precise definition is a subject of controversy. FCHL is characterized by fluctuations in serum lipid concentrations and may present as mixed hyperlipidemia, isolated hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or as a normal serum lipid profile in combination with abnormally elevated levels of apolipoprotein B. FCHL is an oligogenic primary lipid disorder, which can occur due to the interaction of several contributing variants and mutations along with environmental triggers. Controversies surrounding the relevance of identifying FCHL as a cause of isolated hypertriglyceridemia and a differential diagnosis of familial hypertriglyceridemia are offset by the description of associations with USF1 and other genetic traits that are unique for FCHL and that are shared with other conditions with similar pathophysiological mechanisms. Patients with FCHL are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality and have a high frequency of comorbidity with other metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Management usually requires lipid-lowering therapy directed toward reducing cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations along with cardiovascular risk protection. In recent years, the number of research studies on FCHL has been decreasing, mainly due to a lack of recognition of its impact on disease burden and comorbidity and the complexity in identifying probands for studies. This creates areas of opportunity to develop research for FCHL in epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, therapeutics, and cardiovascular risk management, which are discussed in depth in this review. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2018;70:224-36).
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Hiperlipidemia Familiar Combinada/terapia , Lipídeos/sangue , Animais , Apolipoproteínas B/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Hiperlipidemia Familiar Combinada/complicações , Hiperlipidemia Familiar Combinada/fisiopatologia , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo IV/diagnóstico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The association of cognitive impairment and type 2 diabetes has been consistently shown in several studies, yet its association with geriatric syndromes has not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE: To study the correlates of cognitive impairment among community-dwelling elderly with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 135 diabetic persons aged 70 years or older participating in the Coyoacán Cohort Study in Mexico City. Baseline data included chronic illnesses, geriatric syndromes, and diabetes-related variables. The lowest quartile in both the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Isaacs Set Test, according to age and schooling, was used to identify participants with cognitive impairment. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the correlates of cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 77.7 ± 5.8 years. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 14.1%. Univariate logistic regression analyses showed that diabetic nephropathy, depression symptoms, falls, and frailty were associated with cognitive impairment. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that urinary incontinence and frailty were independently associated with cognitive impairment. Cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes-related variables did not show significant association to cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Geriatric syndromes, but not cardiovascular risk factors, were independently associated with cognitive impairment among diabetic elderlies. Intentional evaluation of these conditions may be important to improve management of the elderly patient with type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment.
Assuntos
Disfunção Cognitiva/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicologia , Fragilidade/complicações , Incontinência Urinária/complicações , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Fragilidade/epidemiologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Síndrome , Incontinência Urinária/epidemiologiaRESUMO
La relación que involucra al médico y la industria abarca un espectro amplio de formas, para lo cual se requiere una exposición clara y transparente de términos y principios. Uno de los objetivos primordiales de la industria es contar con un respaldo académico que le permita dar a conocer las características y las propiedades de sus productos -eficacia, eficiencia y seguridad- con el propósito de ser prescritos y usados. Los fines de la industria son la venta de sus productos, el reconocimiento como empresas de prestigio y la ganancia económica. Implícitamente, para CETREMI el principio de mayor importancia en esta relación es indudablemente el beneficio del enfermo.
Assuntos
Indústrias , Relações Interprofissionais , Liderança , Médicos , Ética Médica , Guias como Assunto , MéxicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pirfenidone has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in both animal models and some clinical trials. Its potential for antifibrotic activity positions it as a promising candidate for the treatment of various fibrotic diseases. Pirfenidone exerts several pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory effects through different molecular pathways, attenuating multiple inflammatory processes, including the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and fibroblast activation. OBJECTIVE: To present the current evidence of pirfenidone's effects on several fibrotic diseases, with a focus on its potential as a therapeutic option for managing chronic fibrotic conditions. FINDINGS: Pirfenidone has been extensively studied for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, showing a favorable impact and forming part of the current treatment regimen for this disease. Additionally, pirfenidone appears to have beneficial effects on similar fibrotic diseases such as interstitial lung disease, myocardial fibrosis, glomerulopathies, aberrant skin scarring, chronic liver disease, and other fibrotic disorders. CONCLUSION: Given the increasing incidence of chronic fibrotic conditions, pirfenidone emerges as a potential therapeutic option for these patients. However, further clinical trials are necessary to confirm its therapeutic efficacy in various fibrotic diseases. This review aims to highlight the current evidence of pirfenidone's effects in multiple fibrotic conditions.
Assuntos
Fibrose , Piridonas , Piridonas/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Animais , Fibrose/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/tratamento farmacológico , Antifibróticos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The burden of multimorbidity is recognised increasingly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), creating a strong emphasis on the need for effective evidence-based interventions. Core outcome sets (COS) appropriate for the study of multimorbidity in LMICs do not presently exist. These are required to standardise reporting and contribute to a consistent and cohesive evidence-base to inform policy and practice. We describe the development of two COS for intervention trials aimed at preventing and treating multimorbidity in adults in LMICs. METHODS: To generate a comprehensive list of relevant prevention and treatment outcomes, we conducted a systematic review and qualitative interviews with people with multimorbidity and their caregivers living in LMICs. We then used a modified two-round Delphi process to identify outcomes most important to four stakeholder groups (people with multimorbidity/caregivers, multimorbidity researchers, healthcare professionals and policymakers) with representation from 33 countries. Consensus meetings were used to reach agreement on the two final COS. REGISTRATION: https://www.comet-initiative.org/Studies/Details/1580. RESULTS: The systematic review and qualitative interviews identified 24 outcomes for prevention and 49 for treatment of multimorbidity. An additional 12 prevention and 6 treatment outcomes were added from Delphi round 1. Delphi round 2 surveys were completed by 95 of 132 round 1 participants (72.0%) for prevention and 95 of 133 (71.4%) participants for treatment outcomes. Consensus meetings agreed four outcomes for the prevention COS: (1) adverse events, (2) development of new comorbidity, (3) health risk behaviour and (4) quality of life; and four for the treatment COS: (1) adherence to treatment, (2) adverse events, (3) out-of-pocket expenditure and (4) quality of life. CONCLUSION: Following established guidelines, we developed two COS for trials of interventions for multimorbidity prevention and treatment, specific to adults in LMIC contexts. We recommend their inclusion in future trials to meaningfully advance the field of multimorbidity research in LMICs. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020197293.
Assuntos
Técnica Delphi , Países em Desenvolvimento , Multimorbidade , Humanos , Adulto , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Pesquisa Qualitativa , FemininoRESUMO
A rare cause of congental adrenal hyperplasia is 17α-hydroxylase deficiency. It results in sexual infantilism, primary amenorrhea in females, pseudohermaphroditism in males, hypertension, and hypokalemia. We studied two female siblings from a rural community in Mexico. The cause of consultation was primary amenorrhea. The proband had low levels of estrogen, progesterone and cortisol. Deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone levels were elevated. The proband was homozygous for a transversion of cytosine to thymine at exon 4 (CGAâTGA), causing a premature stop codon at position 239 (R239X). Analysis of family members showed the presence of this heterozygous mutation in the mother, father and one healthy sibling. In summary, we describe a Mexican family with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency due to R239X mutation.
Assuntos
Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/genética , Amenorreia/genética , Mutação , Esteroide 17-alfa-Hidroxilase/genética , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/complicações , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Amenorreia/complicações , Amenorreia/fisiopatologia , Arginina/genética , Códon sem Sentido , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Disentangling the specific factors that regulate glycemia from prediabetes to normoglycemia could improve type 2 diabetes prevention strategies. Metabolomics provides substantial insights into the biological understanding of environmental factors such as diet. This study aimed to identify metabolomic markers of regression to normoglycemia in the context of a lifestyle intervention (LSI) in individuals with prediabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a single-arm intervention study with 24 weeks of follow-up. Eligible study participants had at least one prediabetes criteria according to the American Diabetes Association guidelines, and body mass index between 25 and 45 kg/m2. LSI refers to a hypocaloric diet and >150 min of physical activity per week. Regression to normoglycemia (RNGR) was defined as achieving hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <5.5% in the final visit. Baseline and postintervention plasma metabolomic profiles were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. To select metabolites associated with RNGR, we conducted the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-penalized regressions. RESULTS: The final sample was composed of 82 study participants. Changes in three metabolites were significantly associated with regression to normoglycemia; N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (OR=0.54; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.82), putrescine (OR=0.90, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98), and 7-methylguanine (OR=1.06; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17), independent of HbA1c and weight loss. In addition, metabolomic perturbations due to LSI displayed enrichment of taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway (p=0.03) compatible with biomarkers of protein consumption, lower red meat and animal fats and higher seafood and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this study suggests that specific metabolomic markers have an influence on glucose regulation in individuals with prediabetes after 24 weeks of LSI independently of other treatment effects such as weight loss.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Estado Pré-Diabético , Acetilgalactosamina , Biomarcadores , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Dieta Redutora , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Glucose , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Metabolômica , Obesidade/complicações , Putrescina , Taurina , Redução de PesoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) causes morbidity and affects the quality of life. Before diabetes diagnosis, neuropathic damage may be present. Sudoscan provides accurate measurement of the sudomotor function. This study aimed to assess the abnormalities detected by Sudoscan, offered estimates of DPN prevalence, and investigated the relationship between metabolic and clinical parameters. Additionally, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the Sudoscan compared with monofilament and tuning fork tests for detecting DPN. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study including patients with type 2 diabetes for <5 years since diagnosis. We investigated the presence of DPN using a 128 Hz tuning fork test, the 10 g monofilament, and the sudomotor dysfunction in feet using Sudoscan. We compared patients with and without alterations in the Sudoscan. A logistic regression model analyzed variables independently associated with sudomotor dysfunction. RESULTS: From 2013 to 2020, 2243 patients were included, 55.1% women, age 51.8 years, and 17.1% with normal weight. Monofilament tests and/or tuning fork examination were abnormal in 29% (95% CI 0.23% to 0.27%) and 619 patients (27.6%, 0.25% to 0.29%) had sudomotor alterations. In logistic regression analysis, age (ß=1.01, 0.005-1.02), diastolic blood pressure (ß=0.98, 0.96-0.99), heart rate (ß=1.01, 1.00-1.02), glucose (ß=1.00, 1.00-1.03), albuminuria (ß=1.001, 1.000-1.001), beta-blockers=1.98, 1.21-3.24) and fibrate use=0.61, 0.43-0.87) were associated with sudomotor dysfunction. The AUC (area under the curve) for Sudoscan was 0.495 (0.469-0.522), with sensitivity and specificity of 24% and 71%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Sudoscan identified an important proportion of patients with dysfunction, allowing prompt intervention to decrease the risk for complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02836808.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Neuropatias Diabéticas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Neuropatias Diabéticas/diagnóstico , Neuropatias Diabéticas/epidemiologia , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
We present the case of an 18-years old women with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in which a LDL receptor mutation (c2271delT) was found. This mutation has been informed only in Mexicans. The patient was born in Oaxaca, Mexico. She has atypical location of tendinous and tuberous xanthomata, coronary atherosclerosis and multiple valve involvement. The response to ezetimibe/high dose statin therapy was poor. This case is an example of the occurrence of homozygous forms of familial hypercholesterolemia in genetically isolated populations of Mexico.
Assuntos
Homozigoto , Hipercolesterolemia/genética , Mutação , Receptores de LDL/genética , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , México , LinhagemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Lipid control is essential in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to investigate factors associated with lipid therapy adherence and achievement of goals in real-life setting among patients with recently diagnosed T2DM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a longitudinal analysis in a center of comprehensive care for patients with diabetes. We include patients with T2DM, <5 years of diagnosis, without disabling complications (eg, amputation, myocardial infarct, stroke, proliferative retinopathy, glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/m2) and completed 2-year follow-up. The comprehensive diabetes care model includes 9 interventions in 4 initial visits and annual evaluations. Endocrinologists follow the clinic's guideline and adapt therapy to reach risk-based treatment goal. The main outcome measures were the proportion of patients meeting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (c-LDL) (<100 mg/dL) and triglycerides (<150 mg/dL) and proportion of patients taking statin, fibrate or combination at baseline, 3 months and annual evaluations. RESULTS: We included 288 consecutive patients (54±9 years, 53.8% women), time since T2DM diagnosis 1 (0-5) year. Baseline, 10.8% patients were receiving statin therapy (46.5% moderate-intensity therapy and 4.6% high-intensity therapy), 8.3% fibrates and 4.2% combined treatment. The proportion of patients with combined treatment increased to 41.6% at 3 months, decreased to 20.8% at 1 year and increased to 38.9% at 2 years of evaluation. Patients receiving treatment met LDL and triglycerides goals at 3 months (17% vs 59.7%, relative ratio (RR)=0.89, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.12), at 1 year (17% vs 26.7%, RR=0.62, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.95) and at 2 years (17% vs 29.9%, RR=0.63, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.93). Main reasons for medication suspension: patient considered treatment was not important (37.5%) and other physician suspended treatment (31.3%). CONCLUSION: 88.2% of patients with T2DM required lipid-lowering drugs. Education for patients and physicians is critical to achieve and maintain diabetes goals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02836808.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Feminino , Objetivos , Humanos , Lipídeos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , PrescriçõesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: To assess the cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary and comprehensive innovative diabetes care program (CAIPaDi) versus usual treatment in public health institutions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Using a cost-effectiveness analysis, we compared the CAIPaDi program versus usual treatment given in Mexican public health institutions. The analysis was based on the IQVIA Core Diabetes Model, a validated simulation model used to estimate long-term clinical outcomes. Data were prospectively obtained from the CAIPaDi program and from public databases and published papers. Health outcomes were expressed in terms of life-years gained and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Health and economic outcomes were estimated from a public perspective and discounted at 5% per year over a 20-year horizon. Costs are reported in US dollars (US$) of 2019. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed using life-years gained and QALYs. RESULTS: The CAIPaDi costs on average US$559 (95% CI: -$879 to -$239) less than the usual treatment (95% CI: -$879 to -$239) and produced a difference in mean life-years gained (0.48, 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.52) and mean QALYs (1.43, 95% CI: 1.40 to 1.46). The cost-effectiveness ratio resulted in a saving per life-year gained of -US$1155 (95% CI: -$1962 to -$460). Mean differences in QALYs resulted in a saving per QALY of -US$735 (95% CI: -$1193 to -$305). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis proved the results are robust on both life-years gained and QALYs. CONCLUSIONS: CAIPaDi has a better cost-effectiveness ratio than the usual therapy in Mexican public health institutions.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Autogestão , Análise Custo-Benefício , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Hospitais , Humanos , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe the primary barriers to adequately adhering to a structured nutritional intervention. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 106 participants diagnosed with dyslipidemia and without a medical nutrition therapeutic plan were included in this two-year study conducted at the INCMNSZ dyslipidemia clinic in Mexico City. All patients were treated with the same structured strategies, including three face-to-face visits and two telephone follow-up visits. Diet plan adherence was evaluated at each site visit through a 3-day or 24-h food recall. RESULTS: Barriers to adhere to the nutritional intervention were: lack of time to prepare their meals (23%), eating outside the home (19%), unwillingness to change dietary patterns (14%), and lack of information about a correct diet for dyslipidemias (14%). All barriers decreased significantly at the end of the intervention. Female gender, current smoking, and following a plan of more than 1500 kcal (R2 = 0.18 and p-value = 0.004) were associated with good diet adherence. Participants showed good levels of adherence to total caloric intake at visit 2 and 3, reporting 104.7% and 95.4%, respectively. Adherence to macronutrient intake varied from 65.1% to 126%, with difficulties in adhering to recommended carbohydrate and fat consumption being more notable. CONCLUSION: The study findings confirm that a structured nutritional intervention is effective in reducing barriers and improving dietary adherence and metabolic control in patients with dyslipidemias. Health providers must identify barriers to adherence early on to design interventions that reduce these barriers and improve adherence.
Assuntos
Dislipidemias/dietoterapia , Dislipidemias/psicologia , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Terapia Nutricional/psicologia , Cooperação do Paciente/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Diabetes and hyperglycemia are risk factors for critical COVID-19 outcomes; however, the impact of pre-diabetes and previously unidentified cases of diabetes remains undefined. Here, we profiled hospitalized patients with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes to evaluate its impact on adverse COVID-19 outcomes. We also explored the role of de novo and intrahospital hyperglycemia in mediating critical COVID-19 outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective cohort of 317 hospitalized COVID-19 cases from a Mexico City reference center. Type 2 diabetes was defined as previous diagnosis or treatment with diabetes medication, undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes using glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria and de novo or intrahospital hyperglycemia as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥140 mg/dL. Logistic and Cox proportional regression models were used to model risk for COVID-19 outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 159 cases (50.2%) had type 2 diabetes and 125 had pre-diabetes (39.4%), while 31.4% of patients with type 2 diabetes were previously undiagnosed. Among 20.0% of pre-diabetes cases and 6.1% of normal-range HbA1c had de novo hyperglycemia. FPG was the better predictor for critical COVID-19 compared with HbA1c. Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (OR: 5.76, 95% CI 1.46 to 27.11) and pre-diabetes (OR: 4.15, 95% CI 1.29 to 16.75) conferred increased risk of severe COVID-19. De novo/intrahospital hyperglycemia predicted critical COVID-19 outcomes independent of diabetes status. CONCLUSIONS: Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes and de novo hyperglycemia are risk factors for critical COVID-19. HbA1c must be measured early to adequately assess individual risk considering the large rates of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Mexico.
Assuntos
COVID-19/mortalidade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Estado Pré-Diabético/sangue , Doenças não Diagnosticadas/complicações , Adulto , Glicemia/análise , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/mortalidade , Jejum/sangue , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Pré-Diabético/epidemiologia , Estado Pré-Diabético/mortalidade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Doenças não Diagnosticadas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A real-world setting study of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients who received Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors in a specialized referral center in Mexico City. Ten patients between the ages of 18 and 70 years, with a diagnosis of FH according to Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria, with failure to achieve their Low-density lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) goals, and with standard therapy between 2016 and 2017 enrolled in a simple randomization in which a group of 5 participants received alirocumab (75 mg every 2 weeks) and the remaining 5 patients received evolocumab (140 mg every 2 weeks). Comparative analysis was made, analyzing the means of LDL at baseline at 4, 6, and 12 weeks. The evolocumab group had an average initial LDL-C of 277 mg/dL, which, after 12 weeks of treatment, was significantly reduced to 116 mg/dL; Pâ =â 0.04 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.5-310.9). The alirocumab group with a mean initial LDL-C of 229 mg/dL showed a reduction of LDL-C levels at 12 weeks of treatment to 80 mg/dL; Pâ =â 0.008 (95% CI: 63.8-233.7). In conclusion, PCSK9 inhibitors are an excellent treatment option in patients with FH who do not reach their LDL-C goals with standard therapy or due to intolerance to the standard therapy. There is no difference in the lipid-lowering effect between both PSCK9 inhibitors.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metabolic diseases are risk factors for severe Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which have a close relationship with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). AIMS: To evaluate the presence of MAFLD and fibrosis in patients with COVID-19 and its association with prognosis. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the presence of liver steatosis was determined by computed tomography scan (CT). Liver fibrosis was assessed using the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS score), and when altered, the AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) score. Mann-Whitney U, Student´s t-test, logistic regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis were used. RESULTS: 432 patients were analyzed, finding steatosis in 40.6%. No differences in pulmonary involvement on CT scan, treatment, or number of days between the onset of symptoms and hospital admission were found between patients with and without MAFLD. The presence of liver fibrosis was associated with higher severity scores, higher levels of inflammatory markers, requirement of mechanical ventilation, incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), and higher mortality than patients without fibrosis. CONCLUSION: The presence of fibrosis rather than the presence of MAFLD is associated with increased risk for mechanical ventilation, development of AKI, and higher mortality in COVID-19 patients.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Fígado Gorduroso , Cirrose Hepática , Fígado , Respiração Artificial/estatística & dados numéricos , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Plaquetas/patologia , COVID-19/sangue , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/mortalidade , COVID-19/terapia , Fígado Gorduroso/diagnóstico , Fígado Gorduroso/epidemiologia , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/epidemiologia , Cirrose Hepática/metabolismo , Testes de Função Hepática/métodos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Projetos de Pesquisa , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
Societies in Latin America are undergoing a remarkable epidemiological transformation. Diabetes and other chronic non-transmissible diseases are becoming the leading health problems in this region. In Mexico, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes had a remarkable growth in recent years. The percentage of the population that has been already diagnosed changed from 4% in 1994 to 7% in 2006. The prevalence is even greater if asymptomatic cases are considered; it increased from 6.7 to 14.4% in the same period of time. Diabetes prevalence increases directly with age. In 2006, the prevalence was 46.8% in subjects aged 60 to 69; the corresponding rate is 21% in individuals older than age 70. In the coming decades, the elderly diabetic population in this country will consist of newly diagnosed cases and patients with significant micro and macrovascular complications due to longer duration of disease. The diagnosis and management of diabetes in older adults can be challenging. The presence of geriatric problems such as depression, cognitive impairment, physical disability, frequent falls, polypharmacy and comorbid illness can make management of these patients a daunting task. The aims of diabetic management should include the maintenance of functionality, the minimization of complications and the adequate control of comorbid conditions.