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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: pancreatic endocrine tumors (PET) are difficult to diagnose. Their accurate localization using imaging techniques is intended to provide a definite cure. The goal of this retrospective study was to review a PET series from a private institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: the medical records of 19 patients with PETs were reviewed, including 4 cases of MEN-1, for a period of 17 years (1994-2010). A database was set up with ten parameters: age, sex, symptoms, imaging techniques, size and location in the pancreas, metastasis, surgery, complications, adjuvant therapies, definite diagnosis, and survival or death. RESULTS: a total of 19 cases were analyzed. Mean age at presentation was 51 years (range: 26-67 y) (14 males, 5 females), and tumor size was 5 to 80 mm (X: 20 mm). Metastatic disease was present in 37% (7/19). Most underwent the following imaging techniques: ultrasounds, computed tomography (CT) an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fine needle aspiration punction (FNA) was performed for the primary tumor in 4 cases. Non-functioning: 7 cases (37%), insulinoma: 2 cases [1 with possible multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)], Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) from gastrinoma: 5 (3 with MEN-1), glucagonoma: 2 cases, 2 somatostatinomas; carcinoid: 1 case with carcinoide-like syndrome. Most patients were operated upon: 14/19 (73%). Four (4/14:28%) has postoperative complications following pancreatectomy: pancreatitis, pseudocyst, and abdominal collections. Some patients received chemotherapy (4), somatostatin (3) and interferon (2) before or after surgery. Median follow-up was 48 months. Actuarial survival during the study was 73.6% (14/19). CONCLUSIONS: age was similar to that described in the literature. Males were predominant. Most cases were non-functioning (37%). Most patients underwent surgery (73%) with little morbidity (28%) and an actuarial survival of 73.6% at the time of the study.
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Apudoma/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Apudoma/diagnóstico , Apudoma/patologia , Apudoma/cirurgia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla Tipo 1/epidemiologia , Pancreatectomia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirurgia , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article was to determine whether serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP) and the creation of a new ileocecal valve in extreme short bowel syndrome (SBS) cases (<45 cm) is effective in intestinal adaptation and improvement of nutritional parameters and serum citrulline levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present 2 cases of SBS treated with STEP. Enterectomy was performed for massive intestinal ischemia secondary to a gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the first case and to catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome in the second. After enterectomy, the short residual bowel measured 34 cm in the first patient and 45 cm in the second. In both cases STEP, cholecystectomy, and gastrostomy were performed. In the first case a Brooke neovalve was created, and in the other the ileocecal valve was preserved. RESULTS: Both patients could finally be weaned off total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and gastrostomy feeding, maintaining a good nutritional status 1 year after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In extreme SBS, a minimum length of 80-90 cm of functioning small bowel and an intact ileocecal valve are necessary. We plead for the use of STEP with preservation of the ileocecal valve or creation of a neovalve using the Brooke technique in order to achieve the ultimate goal, which is to wean patients off TPN. After a critical review of different surgical techniques, a treatment algorithm is proposed.
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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The effect of obesity on cardiac function is still under discussion. The objective of this study was to assess cardiopulmonary capacity in morbidly obese patients. Patients and method. A symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise stress test was carried out in 31 morbidly obese patients (BMI 50 9 kg/m2) and 30 normal controls (BMI 24 2 kg/m2. Cardiovascular function was evaluated using the oxygen pulse (oxygen uptake/heart rate). RESULTS: There were no differences in age, sex and height between both groups. During the effort the obese subjects presented greater oxygen uptake, heart rate, systolic arterial pressure and minute ventilation and shorter test duration than control group (14 3 vs 27 4 min; p < 0.001). Oxygen pulse values were higher in obese patients. However, after oxygen uptake indexation by fat free mass, these differences disappeared, suggesting a similar cardiovascular function. At the end of the exercise, the control group reached 96% of their age-predicted maximal heart rate and their respiratory exchange ratio was 1 0.2. Obese patients only reached 86% and 0.87 0.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Due to their need of more energy output to move total body mass morbidly obese patients have a reduced exercise capacity. They finish the test having done a submaximal exercise. However, during this effort they show a normal cardiopulmonar capacity.
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Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Hemodinâmica/fisiologia , Obesidade Mórbida/fisiopatologia , Mecânica Respiratória/fisiologia , Adulto , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxigênio/sangueRESUMO
Somatostatin receptors (ssts) are expressed in thyroid cancer cells, but their biological significance is not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess ssts in well differentiated (WDTC) and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) by means of imaging and molecular tools and its relationship with the efficacy of somatostatin analog treatment. Thirty-nine cases of thyroid carcinoma were evaluated (20 PDTC and 19 WDTC). Depreotide scintigraphy and mRNA levels of sst-subtypes, including the truncated variant sst5TMD4, were carried out. Depreotide scans were positive in the recurrent tumor in the neck in 6 of 11 (54%) PDTC, and in those with lung metastases in 5/11 cases (45.4%); sst5TMD4 was present in 18/20 (90%) of PDTC, being the most densely expressed sst-subtype, with a 20-fold increase in relation to sst2. In WDTC, sst2 was the most represented, while sst5TMD4 was not found; sst2 was significantly increased in PDTC in comparison to WDTC. Five depreotide positive PDTC received octreotide for 3-6 months in a pilot study with no changes in the size of the lesions in 3 of them, and a significant increase in the pulmonary and cervical lesions in the other 2. All PDTC patients treated with octreotide showed high expression of sst5TMD4. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that only sst5TMD4 discriminates between PDTC and WDTC. We conclude that sst5TMD4 is overexpressed in PDTC and may be involved in the lack of response to somatostatin analogue treatment.
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Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Receptores de Somatostatina/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Antineoplásicos Hormonais/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/secundário , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Octreotida/uso terapêutico , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is no consensus about the usefulness of postoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) determination to predict permanent hypoparathyroidism (pHPP). We evaluated the value of calcium (Ca2+) and iPTH concentration at 24 hours after total thyroidectomy (TT) for predicting pHPP. METHODS: Ca2+ and iPTH levels from 70 consecutive patients who underwent TT were measured at 24 hours and 6 months after TT. RESULTS: Five patients (7.1%) developed pHPP. An iPTH concentration ≤5.8 pg/mL at 24 hours after TT identified patients at risk for pHPP (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 81.5%), but it was not accurate enough to predict its development (positive predictive value, 30%). Conversely, an iPTH level >5.8 pg/mL predicted normal parathyroid function at 6 months (negative predictive value, 100%). Compared with iPTH, a postoperative Ca2+ level ≤1.95 mmol/L was 60% sensitive and 78.5% specific to predict pHPP. CONCLUSIONS: An iPTH concentration >5.8 pg/mL on the first postoperative day rules out pHPP with much better diagnostic accuracy than Ca2+. Postoperative iPTH could be helpful in identifying patients at risk for developing pHPP.
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Cálcio/sangue , Hipoparatireoidismo/diagnóstico , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Tireoidectomia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Operatório , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Curva ROC , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: IGF1 is decreased in morbidly obese (MO) patients and its changes after bariatric surgery weight loss (WL) are not well known. The aim of this study was to analyse IGF1 modifications in MO patients after WL and its relationship to ghrelin and to different types of surgeries. DESIGN: Retrospective follow-up study at the University Medical Center. METHODS: One hundred and nine MO patients (age 44.19.3, BMI 51.748.75KG/M(2)) were evaluated at baseline and 1 year after surgery: 28 sleeve gastrectomy (SG), 31 distal modified (m), and 50 ringed (r) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) surgery. Changes in IGF1, IGFBP3, ratio IGF1:IGFBP3, and ghrelin were evaluated 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: Baseline prevalence of low IGF1 (defined by s.d. IGF1<-2) was 22%, and %WL 1 year after surgery was 34.9±8.9%. There was a significant decrease in IGFBP3 in all the procedures, an increase in IGF1:IGFBP3 ratio in rRYGBP and SG, but total IGF1 only increased significantly in SG. Albumin concentrations decreased in mRYGBP, did not change in rRYGBP, but increased in SG after surgery. Total ghrelin concentrations increased after both RYGBPs and decreased after SG (P<0.05 in all cases). The prevalence of low IGF1 decreased in SG (28.6 vs 10.1%, P=0.03) and did not change in RYGPBP techniques. The %albumin change was the only dependent variable associated with the % total IGF1 change. CONCLUSIONS: Recovery of low IGF1 after bariatric surgery was specifically related to the albumin modifications induced by surgery and was not related to ghrelin modifications.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica/métodos , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade Mórbida/sangue , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Grelina/sangue , Homeostase , Humanos , Hipertensão/sangue , Hipertensão/complicações , Insulina/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Proteína 3 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Regressão , Albumina Sérica/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To study the effects of two variants of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) on plasma ghrelin concentrations according to different exposure of gastric fundus to the nutrient pathway. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal 2-year follow-up study was conducted. Ninety-six morbidly obese (MO) patients (age range: 41.6 +/- 9.6 years, body mass index: 53 +/- 9.5 kg/m(2)) were assigned to two bariatric surgical (BS) procedures: one that preserves food contact with gastric fundus (ringed RYGBP, n = 50) and the other that avoids it (modified RYGBP, n = 46). Different anthropometric and biochemical parameters were studied, focusing on ghrelin concentrations at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months post-BS. RESULTS: At 24 months post-BS, all metabolic parameters studied had improved in all patients compared with those at 1-year follow-up and baseline (p < 0.05). However, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations took 2 years to normalise in 80% of patients, interleukin-6 decreased significantly in relation to baseline only after 2 years from BS (p < 0.001), and tumour necrosis factor alpha concentrations did not significantly decrease during the 2 years of follow-up. Plasma ghrelin concentrations increased in both surgical groups compare to baseline during the first year (24.6% in modified RYGBP and 36.62% in ringed RYGBP) and remained stable at the second year of follow-up, with no statistical differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the second year of follow-up after BS, morbidity continued to improve in MO patients despite a lesser weight loss in relation to the first year. An increase in plasma ghrelin concentrations was found, regardless of nutrient contact with gastric fundus. Furthermore, changes in plasma ghrelin concentrations appeared to be independent of weight loss.
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Derivação Gástrica/métodos , Grelina/sangue , Obesidade Mórbida/sangue , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Estômago/anatomia & histologia , Adulto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Estômago/fisiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of surgically induced weight loss on exercise capacity in patients with morbid obesity (MO). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A prospective 1-year follow-up study was carried out, with patients being their own controls. A symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise stress test was performed in 31 MO patients (BMI > 40 kg/m2) before and 1 year after undergoing bariatric surgery. RESULTS: At 1 year after surgery, weight was reduced from 146 +/- 33 to 95 +/- 19 kg (p < 0.001), and BMI went from 51 +/- 4 to 33 +/- 6 kg/m2 (p < 0.001). After weight loss, obese patients performed each workload with lower oxygen consumption, heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, and ventilatory volume (p < 0.001). This reduced energy expenditure allowed them to increase the duration of their effort test from 13.8 +/- 3.8 to 21 +/- 4.2 minutes (p < 0.001). Upon finishing the exercise, MO patients before surgery were able to reach only 83% of their age-predicted maximal heart rate, and their respiratory exchange ratio was 0.87 +/- 0.06. After weight loss, those values were 90% and 1 +/- 0.08, respectively (p < 0.01). When we compared the peak O2 pulse corrected by fat free mass before and after surgery, no significant differences between the groups were found. DISCUSSION: After surgically induced weight loss, MO patients markedly improved their exercise capacity. This is due to the fact that they were able to perform the external work with lower energy expenditure and also to increase cardiovascular stress, optimizing the use of cardiac reserve. There were no differences in cardiac function before and after surgery.