Osilodrostat in Cushing's disease: The risk of delayed adrenal insufficiency should be carefully monitored.

Antisecretory data shows a highly effective and prolonged blockade of cortisol secretion with osilodrostat. The drawback is the occurrence of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in roughly a quarter of treated patients. In this short manuscript, we report three cases of atypical adrenal insufficiency with osilodrostat.

Fully endoscopic endonasal approach for the treatment of intrasellar arachnoid cysts.

PURPOSE: To report our experience of endoscopic endonasal obliteration of symptomatic sellar arachnoid cyst (SAC). METHODS: From 2002 to 2019, we retrospectively reported the data of 17 cases of SAC operated in Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France. Preoperative clinical findings were collected including main symptoms, visual function and endocrinological assessment. Surgical procedure was homogeneous and consisted in endonasal fully endoscopic surgical obliteration of the cyst cavity with fat graft. Post-operative outcomes, complication and follow-up was reported. RESULTS: Visual disorders and/or headaches were the main symptoms. Our technique provided improvement for 83.3% of the patients suffering from visual disturbance and for 87.5% of those suffering from headaches. We reported 2 cases of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage (11.8%), but no meningitis. One case of definitive diabetes insipidus occurred and one case of postoperative syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion was temporary. There was one case of recurrence reported. The mean follow-up was 39 months. CONCLUSION: Patients with symptomatic SAC can be treated successfully by endoscopic endonasal obliteration of the cyst. This simple technique offers true benefits for the patients without craniotomy, but the complication rate remains high especially with the risk of CSF leakage. Special attention to skull base opening and closing could reduce this risk.

Risk stratification of adrenal masses by [18 F]FDG PET/CT: Changing tactics.

CONTEXT: [18 F]FDG PET/CT improves adrenal tumour characterization. However, there is still no consensus regarding the optimal imaging biomarkers of malignancy. OBJECTIVES: To assess the performance of Tumour standardized uptake value (SUV)max :Liver SUVmax for malignancy-risk and to build and evaluate a prediction model. DESIGN/METHODS: The cohort consisted of consecutive patients with adrenal masses evaluated by [18 F]FDG PET/CT. The gold standard for malignancy was based on histology or a multidisciplinary consensus in nonoperated cases. The performance of the previously reported cut-off for Tumour SUVmax :Liver SUVmax (>1.5) was evaluated in this independent cohort. Additionally, a predictive model of malignancy was built from the training cohort (previous study) and evaluated in the validation cohort (current study). RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were evaluated; 28% of them had a Cushing's syndrome. Fifty-four adrenal masses were classified as benign and 10 as malignant (including 7 adrenocortical carcinomas). Compared to benign masses, malignant lesions were larger in size, had higher unenhanced densities and higher [18 F]FDG uptake. CT-derived anthropometric parameters did not differ between benign and malignant masses. A tumour SUVmax :Liver SUVmax  > 1.5 showed a good diagnostic performance: Se = 90.0%/Sp = 92.6%/PPV = 69.2%/NPV = 98.0% and accuracy = 92.2%. A predictive model based on tumour size and tumour-to-liver uptake SUVmax ratio for malignancy-risk was validated and provides a complementary approach to the ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Tumour SUVmax :Liver SUVmax uptake ratio is a useful biomarker for diagnosis of adrenal masses. Another tactic would be to calculate with the model an individual risk of malignancy and integrate this information into a shared decision-making process.

Exploring the link between tumour metabolism and succinate dehydrogenase deficiency: A 18 F-FDOPA PET/CT study in head and neck paragangliomas.

OBJECTIVES: Nuclear imaging findings by virtue of phenotyping disease heavily depend on genetic background, metabolites, cell membrane specific targets and signalling pathways. PPGL related to succinate dehydrogenase subunits mutations (SDHx mutations) are less differentiated than other subgroups and therefore may lack to concentrate 18 F-FDOPA, a precursor of catecholamines biosynthesis. However, this 18 F-FDOPA negative phenotype has been reported mostly in SDHx-PPGL of sympathetic origin, suggesting that both genotype status and location (from sympathetic vs parasympathetic paraganglia; adrenal vs extra-adrenal) could influence 18 F-FDOPA uptake. The aim of this study was to test if SDHx drives 18 F-FDOPA uptake in presence of normal epinephrine/norepinephrine concentrations. DESIGN: Retrospective study PATIENTS: A cohort of 86 head and neck PPGL patients (including three metastatic) with normal metanephrines underwent 18 F-FDOPA PET/CT. The relationships between 18 F-FDOPA uptake and tumour genotype were evaluated. RESULTS: In nonmetastatic HNPGL (50 non-SDHx/33 SDHx), no significant difference was observed between these two groups for SUVmax (P = .256), SUVmean (P = .188), MTV 42% (P = .596) and total lesion uptake (P = .144). Metastatic HNPGL also had high elevated uptake values. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that SDH deficiency or metastatic behaviour have no influence on 18 F-FDOPA uptake in HNPGL probably due to their very-well differentiation status, even at metastatic stage. The potential prognosticator value of 18 F-FDOPA uptake would need to be further explored in the setting of metastatic PPGL of sympathetic origin.

Early 18F-FDOPA PET/CT imaging after carbidopa premedication as a valuable diagnostic option in patients with insulinoma.

PURPOSE: Data on the diagnostic value of 18F-FDOPA PET/CT in patients with insulinoma are limited and are focused on small patient populations explored using different PET/CT protocols and the inconsistent use of carbidopa premedication. The aim of this study was to improve the current knowledge about the diagnostic value of 18F-FDOPA PET/CT combined with oral carbidopa premedication and early pancreatic imaging for tumour localization in patients with insulinoma-related hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH). The relationships among 18F-FDOPA quantitative uptake parameters, insulin secretion and tumour pathological features were also investigated. METHODS: Of 34 patients with suspicion of insulinoma-related HH examined by dual time-point carbidopa-assisted 18F-FDOPA PET/CT, 24 with histologically proven insulinoma were retrospectively included. One patient underwent two PET/CT examinations for relapsing insulinoma after surgical excision. Thus, 25 preoperative 18F-FDOPA PET/CT studies were finally retained and analysed. All studies were performed under carbidopa premedication (200 mg orally, 1-2 h prior to tracer injection). The PET/CT acquisition protocol included an early acquisition (5 min after 18F-FDOPA injection) over the upper abdomen and a delayed whole-body acquisition starting 20-30 min later. The cytological and/or histopathological diagnosis of insulinoma was the diagnostic standard of truth. RESULTS: 18F-FDOPA PET/CT localized insulinoma in 21 of the 25 studies, leading to a primary lesion detection rate of 84%. Four lesions (19%) were detected only on early acquisitions. The false-negative tumour detection rates were, respectively, 22% and 12.5% in patients receiving and not receiving treatment for hypoglycaemic symptoms at the time of PET/CT. In benign insulinomas, the early maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was significantly higher than the delayed SUVmax. Compared to the 21 benign lesions, four malignant insulinomas showed significantly higher 18F-FDOPA uptake. Lesion size, fasting-end insulin and C-peptide levels correlated with tumour 18F-FDOPA uptake, dopaminergic tumour volume and metabolic burden. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that 18F-FDOPA PET/CT combined with carbidopa premedication and early pancreatic acquisitions is a valuable diagnostic option in patients with insulinoma when GLP1R-based imaging is not available. The results also provide new insights into the relationships between tumour secretion and imaging phenotype in insulinomas.

LARGE ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMAS REQUIRE A DEDICATED DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE.

Objective: The management of large nonsecreting adrenal tumors (at least 4 cm) is still a matter of debate as it is unclear whether imaging, especially 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), can be used to characterize their potential malignancy. Moreover, the risk of new hypersecretion in nonoperated tumors is uncertain. Our aim was to better characterize these large adrenal incidentalomas. Methods: Patients followed in our center for a nonsecreting large (at least 4 cm) adrenal incidentaloma, with an initial computed tomography (CT) and 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) CT, were retrospectively included. Patients who were not operated after initial diagnosis had to be followed with clinical, biological, and imaging evaluations for at least 3 years or until delayed surgery. Results: Eighty-one patients were included in the study: 44 patients (54.3%) had initial surgery while 37 were followed, including 21 (25.9%) who were operated after a mean of 19 months. Among the 65 operated patients, 13 (20%) had a malignant lesion (3 with metastasis, and 10 with adrenocortical carcinoma). Unenhanced CT <10 showed 85.6% sensitivity and 78.8% specificity; all had a 18F-FDG uptake ratio >1.5. Among the 24 patients who were followed for at least 3 years, 5 (20.8%) finally presented hypercortisolism (4 subclinical). Conclusion: As expected, large adrenal tumors are at a higher risk of malignancy. The combination of unenhanced CT <10 and 18F-FDG PET ratio <1.5 prove to be reassuring and might lead to a close follow-up rather than immediate surgery. Hormonal follow-up should be focused on the risk of hypercortisolism. Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; CT = Computed Tomography; ENSAT = European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors; ESE = European Society of Endocrinology; FDG = fluorodeoxyglucose; HU = Hounsfield units; PET = positron emission tomography; ROI = regions of interest; SUV = standard uptake value.

Quantitative 18F-DOPA PET/CT in pheochromocytoma: the relationship between tumor secretion and its biochemical phenotype.

INTRODUCTION: 18F-FDOPA illustrates the properties of uptake and storage of catecholamines in pheochromocytomas (PHEOs). Until now, the relationship between 18F-FDOPA quantitative parameters and a PHEO secretory profile has not been specifically evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients (56% females, median age: 47.5 yrs) with non-metastatic PHEO, evaluated by 18F-FDOPA PET/CT, were included in this retrospective study. Forty-five patients had negative genetic testing (80.4%); five patients (8.9%) had RET, two patients (3.6%) had SDHB, two had SDHD (3.6%), one patient (1.8%) had NF1, and one patient had a VHL (1.8%) mutation. Correlation between 18F-FDOPA metabolic parameters (tumor SUVmax, tumor SUVmean, tumor SUVmax/liver SUVmax, MTV 42%, total lesion uptake), urinary metanephrines (MNs), and plasma chromogranin A (CgA) were evaluated. RESULTS: All patients had positive 18F-FDOPA PET/CT. On univariate analysis, there was a strong correlation between all metabolic parameters and urinary MNs and plasma chromogranin A (CgA). The highest correlations were observed between total lesion (TL) uptake and the value of urinary MNs regardless of their nature (p = 8.10-15 and r = 0.80) and between MTV 42% and plasma CgA levels (p = 2.10-9, r = 0.74). On multivariate analysis, the correlation of uptake parameters and CgA levels did not persist further due to the relation of CgA and tumor diameter. A correlation between TL uptake and the normetanephrine/metanephrine ratio (NMN/MN) was also found, a finding that was in accordance with in vitro studies, which were found to have a higher catecholamine content in epinephrine producing PHEOs. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study shows a correlation between 18F-FDOPA uptake, especially using TL uptake, urinary MNs, and a PHEO biochemical phenotype. This illustrates that beyond its localization value, 18F-FDOPA PET further enables PHEO characterization at a specific metabolic level.

Evaluation of bone-related mechanical properties in female patients with long-term remission of Cushing's syndrome using quantitative computed tomography-based finite element analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hypercortisolism in Cushing's syndrome (CS) is associated with bone loss, skeletal fragility, and altered bone quality. No studies evaluated bone geometric and strain-stress values in CS patients after remission thus far. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two women with CS in remission (mean age [±SD] 51 ± 11; body mass index [BMI], 27 ± 4 kg/m2; mean time of remission, 120 ± 90 months) and 32 age-, BMI-, and gonadal status-matched female controls. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) was used to assess volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and buckling ratio, cross-sectional area, and average cortical thickness at the level of the proximal femur. Finite element (FE) models were generated from QCT to calculate strain and stress values (maximum principal strain [MPE], maximum strain energy density [SED], maximum Von Mises [VM], and maximum principal stress [MPS]). Areal BMD (aBMD) and trabecular bone score (TBS) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (2D DXA). RESULTS: Trabecular vBMD at total hip and trochanter were lower in CS as compared with controls (P < .05). Average cortical thickness was lower, and buckling ratio was greater in CS vs controls (P < .01). All strain and stress values were higher in CS patients vs controls (P < .05). 2D DXA-derived measures were similar between patients and controls (P > .05). Prior hypercortisolism predicted both VM (ß .30, P = .014) and MPS (ß .30, P = .015), after adjusting for age, BMI, menopause, delay to diagnosis, and duration of remission. CONCLUSIONS: Women with prior hypercortisolism have reduced trabecular vBMD and impaired bone geometrical and mechanical properties, which may contribute to an elevated fracture risk despite long-term remission.

Gut microbial dysbiosis in patients with Cushing's disease in long-term remission. Relationship with cardiometabolic risk.

Background: Patients with Cushing's disease (CD) in remission maintain an increased cardiovascular risk. Impaired characteristics of gut microbiome (dysbiosis) have been associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: Twenty-eight female non-diabetic patients with CD in remission with a mean ± SD) age of 51 ± 9 years, mean ( ± SD) BMI, 26 ± 4, median (IQR) duration of remission, 11(4) years and 24 gender-, age, BMI-matched controls were included. The V4 region of the bacterial 16S rDNA was PCR amplified and sequenced to analyse microbial alpha diversity (Chao 1 index, observed number of species, Shannon index) and beta diversity analysis through the Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances. Inter-group difference in microbiome composition was analysed using MaAsLin2. Results: The Chao 1 index was lower in CD as compared with controls (Kruskal-Wallis test, q = 0.002), indicating lower microbial richness in the former. Beta diversity analysis showed that faecal samples from CS patients clustered together and separated from the controls (Adonis test, p<0.05). Collinsella, a genus form of the Actinobacteria phylum was present in CD patients only, whereas Sutterella, a genus from Proteobacteria phylum, was scarcely detectable/undetectable in CD patients as well as Lachnospira, a genus of the Lachnospiraceae family of the Firmicutes phylum. In CS, the Chao 1 index was associated with fibrinogen levels and inversely correlated with both triglyceride concentrations and the HOMA-IR index (p<0.05). Conclusions: Patients with CS in remission have gut microbial dysbiosis which may be one of the mechanisms whereby cardiometabolic dysfunctions persist after "cure".

Cushing's syndrome in the elderly: data from the European Registry on Cushing's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether age-related differences exist in clinical characteristics, diagnostic approach, and management strategies in patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) included in the European Registry on Cushing's Syndrome (ERCUSYN). DESIGN: Cohort study. METHODS: We analyzed 1791 patients with CS, of whom 1234 (69%) had pituitary-dependent CS (PIT-CS), 450 (25%) adrenal-dependent CS (ADR-CS), and 107 (6%) had an ectopic source (ECT-CS). According to the WHO criteria, 1616 patients (90.2%) were classified as younger (<65 years old) and 175 (9.8%) as older (≥65 years old). RESULTS: Older patients were more frequently males and had a lower Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference when compared with the younger. Older patients also had a lower prevalence of skin alterations, depression, hair loss, hirsutism, and reduced libido, but a higher prevalence of muscle weakness, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, venous thromboembolism, and bone fractures than younger patients, regardless of sex (P < .01 for all comparisons). Measurement of urinary free cortisol supported the diagnosis of CS less frequently in older patients when compared with the younger (P < .05). An extrasellar macroadenoma (macrocorticotropinoma with extrasellar extension) was more common in older PIT-CS patients than in the younger (P < .01). Older PIT-CS patients more frequently received cortisol-lowering medications and radiotherapy as a first-line treatment, whereas surgery was the preferred approach in the younger (P < .01 for all comparisons). When transsphenoidal surgery was performed, the remission rate was lower in the elderly when compared with their younger counterpart (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Older CS patients lack several typical symptoms of hypercortisolism, present with more comorbidities regardless of sex, and are more often conservatively treated.

Dysthyroidism during immune checkpoint inhibitors is associated with improved overall survival in adult cancers: data mining of 1385 electronic patient records.

BACKGROUND: Dysthyroidism (DT) is a common toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and prior work suggests that dysthyroidism (DT) might be associated with ICI efficacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ConSoRe, a new generation data mining solution, was used in this retrospective study, to extract data from electronic patient records of adult cancer patients treated with ICI at Institut Paoli-Calmettes (Marseille, France). Every DT was verified and only ICI-induced DT was retained. Survival analyses were performed by Kaplan-Meier method (log-rank test) and Cox model. To account for immortal time bias, a conditional landmark analysis was performed (2 months and 6 months), together with a time-varying Cox model. RESULTS: Data extraction identified 1385 patients treated with ICI between 2011 and 2021. DT was associated with improved overall survival (OS) (HR 0.46, (95% CI 0.33 to 0.65), p<0.001), with a median OS of 35.3 months in DT group vs 15.4 months in non-DT group (NDT). Survival impact of DT was consistent using a 6-month landmark analysis with a median OS of 36.7 months (95% CI 29.4 to not reported) in the DT group vs 25.5 months (95% CI 22.8 to 27.8) in the NDT group. In multivariate analysis, DT was independently associated with improved OS (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.69, p=0.001). After adjustment in time-varying Cox model, this association remained significant (adjusted HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.90, p=0.010). Moreover, patients with DT and additional immune-related adverse event had increased OS compared with patients with isolated DT, with median OS of 38.8 months vs 21.4 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Data mining identified a large number of patients with ICI-induced DT, which was associated with improved OS accounting for immortal time bias.

Teriparatide administration by the Omnipod pump: preliminary experience from two cases with refractory hypoparathyroidism.

CONTEXT: Hypoparathyroidism (hypoPTH) in adults is mainly due to total thyroidectomy. Conventional therapies (calcium, active vitamin D) can fail to normalize calcemia, expose the patient to hypercalciuria and impact quality-of-life. Human parathormone (PTH) replacement therapy is a suitable option in these cases, although few clinical reports have been published so far. METHODS: We describe two cases of patients with refractory postsurgical hypoPTH, in whom subcutaneous infusion of recombinant PTH (teriparatide) through the Omnipod® pump was initiated after failure of all other therapeutic options. Besides, we performed a review of literature of hypoPTH cases treated by continuous infusion of teriparatide. RESULTS: Two women aged 46 and 61 years old failed to normalize calcemia either with conventional treatments (calcium 8 g/day + calcitriol 9 mcg/day and calcium 5 g/day + calcitriol 12 mcg/day) or with thrice daily subcutaneous injections of teriparatide. As a last resort, teriparatide infusion via Omnipod® device normalized their calcemia and allowed calcium/vitamin D withdrawal, with average teriparatide dose of 23 and 32 mcg/day, respectively. The flow of teriparatide was adapted according to a protocol based on measured calcemia, under medical supervision. In the literature, 15 adult cases (13 women, mean age 44.5 ± 5.2 years old) are reported. HypoPTH was consecutive to surgery in all of them. Mean dose of teriparatide administered was 25 ± 6 mcg/day with improvement of calcemia level and quality-of-life in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous administration of teriparatide through Omnipod® appears as an efficient therapeutic option in refractory hypoPTH, whose administration to the patient can be assisted by medically-supervised protocol.

Patient journey experiences may contribute to improve healthcare for patients with rare endocrine diseases.

Patient journeys are instruments developed by EURORDIS, The Voice of Rare Disease Patients in Europe, to collect patients' experiences; they may identify gaps and areas deserving improvement, as well as elements positively considered by affected persons. As with other patient-reported experiences, they can complete the clinical evaluation and management of a specific disease, improving the often long diagnostic delay, therapy, patient education and access to knowledgeable multidisciplinary teams. This review discusses the utility of such patient-reported experience measures and summarises the experiences of patients with acromegaly, Addison's disease and congenital adrenal hyperplasia from different European countries. Despite rare endocrine diseases being varied and presenting differently, feelings of not having been taken seriously by health professionals, family and friends was a common patient complaint. Empathy and a positive patient-centred environment tend to improve clinical practice by creating a trustworthy and understanding atmosphere, where individual patient needs are considered. Offering access to adequate patient information on their disease, treatments and outcome helps to adapt to living with a chronic disease and what to expect in the future, contemplating the impact of a disease on patients' everyday life, not only clinical outcome but also social, financial, educational, family and leisure issues is desirable; this facilitates more realistic expectancies for patients and can even lead to a reduction in health costs. Patient empowerment with patient-centred approaches to these complex or chronic diseases should be contemplated more and more, not only for the benefit of those affected but also for the entire health system.

Synergistic cortisol suppression by ketoconazole-osilodrostat combination therapy.

SUMMARY: Here, we describe a case of a patient presenting with adrenocorticotrophic hormone-independent Cushing's syndrome in a context of primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia. While initial levels of cortisol were not very high, we could not manage to control hypercortisolism with ketoconazole monotherapy, and could not increase the dose due to side effects. The same result was observed with another steroidogenesis inhibitor, osilodrostat. The patient was finally successfully treated with a well-tolerated synergitic combination of ketoconazole and osilodrostat. We believe this case provides timely and original insights to physicians, who should be aware that this strategy could be considered for any patients with uncontrolled hypercortisolism and delayed or unsuccessful surgery, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. LEARNING POINTS: Ketoconazole-osilodrostat combination therapy appears to be a safe, efficient and well-tolerated strategy to supress cortisol levels in Cushing syndrome. Ketoconazole and osilodrostat appear to act in a synergistic manner. This strategy could be considered for any patient with uncontrolled hypercortisolism and delayed or unsuccessful surgery, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the current cost of newly-released drugs, such a strategy could lower the financial costs for patients and/or society.

Aggressive pituitary tumours and pituitary carcinomas.

Although usually benign, anterior pituitary tumours occasionally exhibit aggressive behaviour, with invasion of surrounding tissues, rapid growth, resistance to conventional treatments and multiple recurrences. In very rare cases, they metastasize and are termed pituitary carcinomas. The time between a 'classical' pituitary tumour and a pituitary carcinoma can be years, which means that monitoring should be performed regularly in patients with clinical (invasion and/or tumour growth) or pathological (Ki67 index, mitotic count and/or p53 detection) markers suggesting aggressiveness. However, although both invasion and proliferation have prognostic value, such parameters cannot predict outcome or malignancy without metastasis. Future research should focus on the biology of both tumour cells and their microenvironment, hopefully with improved therapeutic outcomes. Currently, the initial therapeutic approach for aggressive pituitary tumours is generally to repeat surgery or radiotherapy in expert centres. Standard medical treatments usually have no effect on tumour progression but they can be maintained on a long-term basis to, at least partly, control hypersecretion. In cases where standard treatments prove ineffective, temozolomide, the sole formally recommended treatment, is effective in only one-third of patients. Personalized use of emerging therapies, including peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, angiogenesis-targeted therapy and immunotherapy, will hopefully improve the outcomes of patients with this severe condition.

Medical management of adrenocortical carcinoma: Current recommendations, new therapeutic options and future perspectives.

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor of poor prognosis, frequently requiring additional treatments after initial surgery. Due to its adrenolytic action, mitotane has become the first-line medical treatment in patients with aggressive adrenocortical carcinoma. Over the last 2years, apart from the classical chemotherapy based on etoposide and platinum salts, several studies reported the use of drugs such as temozolomide, tyrosine kinase inhibitors or immunotherapy, with more or less convincing results. The aim of this review is to give further insights in the use of these drugs, and to describe potential therapeutic perspectives based on recent pangenomic studies, for the future management of these still difficult to treat tumors.

The risks of medical treatment of prolactinoma.

First-line treatment of prolactinoma is usually medical, based on dopamine agonists receptors, mainly cabergoline. The classical side-effects of cabergoline (low blood pressure and nausea) have been well known since it was first introduced. Other side-effects, however, are more controversial or simply less frequent, but need to be considered during monitoring. This review will focus on these side-effects: cardiac valvular fibrosis, pleural, pericardial and retroperitoneal fibrosis, addictive/compulsive behaviors, and risks secondary to significantly decreased tumor volume. We will also describe how such side-effects should be monitored and managed. In our opinion, the low prevalence of these side-effects should not cast doubt on the role of cabergoline in the therapeutic algorithm of prolactinoma.

Acromegaly in remission: a view from the partner.

OBJECTIVE: A relative can be an asset in dealing with chronic illnesses, such as acromegaly, where quality of life (QoL) is altered even after remission. However, it has been shown that quality of life of caregivers can also be impacted. Our main objective was to compare the perception of acromegaly in remission in the patient-relative dyad. METHODS: In this observational study, 27 patients in remission and relatives were first asked to complete QoL, anxiety/depression and coping strategy questionnaires. Then, the patient's body image and self-esteem were evaluated from both the patient's and the relative's point of view using the same questionnaires with modified instructions. RESULTS: Relatives had overall an accurate estimation of patient body image using the Figure Rating Scale by Stunkard. However, there were wide variations between the patient's and the relative's responses regarding self-esteem and body perception. The QoL of relatives was not altered and was significantly higher in the social domain than for the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that relatives require education concerning all the steps involved in the management of acromegaly, as they likely do not fully understand the sequelae of acromegaly.

Lack of delayed neurocognitive side effects of Gamma Knife radiosurgery in acromegaly: the Later-Ac study.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent growth hormone hypersecretion can be observed in roughly 50% of patients operated for somatotroph adenomas, requiring additional treatments. Despite its proven antisecretory efficacy, the use of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GK) is limited probably due to the lack of data on long-term side effects, including potential cognitive consequences. METHODS: The LATe Effects of Radiosurgery in Acromegaly study was a cross-sectional exposed/unexposed non-randomized study. The primary objective was to determine the long-term neurocognitive effects of GK focusing on memory, executive functions, and calculation ability. Exposed patients had been treated by GK for acromegaly at least 5 years before inclusion. Unexposed patients (paired for age) had to be cured or controlled at last follow-up without any radiation technique. Patients of both groups were cured or controlled at the last follow-up. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were evaluated (27 exposed and 37 unexposed). Mean follow-up after GK was 13 ± 6 years (including 24 patients followed for at least 10 years). While up to 23.8% of the patients of the whole cohort presented at least one abnormal cognitive test, we did not observe any significant difference in neurocognitive function between both groups. During the follow-up, 11 patients presented at least one new pituitary deficiency (P = 0.009 for thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency with a higher rate in exposed patients), two presented a stroke (1 in each group), and one presented a meningioma (12 years after GK). CONCLUSIONS: While GK exposes patients to a well-known risk of pituitary deficiency, it does not seem to induce long-term cognitive consequences in patients treated for acromegaly.