Circulating neutrophils maintain physiological blood pressure by suppressing bacteria and IFNgamma-dependent iNOS expression in the vasculature of healthy mice.

Whether leukocytes exert an influence on vascular function in vivo is not known. Here, genetic and pharmacologic approaches show that the absence of neutrophils leads to acute blood pressure dysregulation. Following neutrophil depletion, systolic blood pressure falls significantly over 3 days (88.0 +/- 3.5 vs 104.0 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, day 3 vs day 0, mean +/- SEM, P < .001), and aortic rings from neutropenic mice do not constrict properly. The constriction defect is corrected using l-nitroarginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) or the specific inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor 1400W, while acetylcholine relaxation is normal. iNOS- or IFNgamma-deficient mice are protected from neutropenia-induced hypotension, indicating that iNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO) is responsible and that its induction involves IFNgamma. Oral enrofloxacin partially inhibited hypotension, implicating bacterial products. Roles for cyclooxygenase, complement C5, or endotoxin were excluded, although urinary prostacyclin metabolites were elevated. Neutrophil depletion required complement opsinization, with no evidence for intravascular degranulation. In summary, circulating neutrophils contribute to maintaining physiological tone in the vasculature, at least in part through suppressing early proinflammatory effects of infection. The speed with which hypotension developed provides insight into early changes that occur in the absence of neutrophils and illustrates the importance of constant surveillance of mucosal sites by granulocytes in healthy mice.

Butanol-extracted lipoteichoic acid induces in vivo leukocyte adhesion.

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), an immunostimulatory component of the cell walls of gram positive bacteria, has pro-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. However, one in vivo study concluded that LTA had no noticeable effects on leukocyte recruitment. In this study we investigated the effects of highly purified LTA, prepared by butanol extraction (Bu-LTA) at room temperature, on in vivo leukocyte adhesion. Using intravital microscopy we measured adhesion of leukocytes in mesenteric post-capillary venules of rats and mice. Topical superfusion of Bu-LTA (1 microg/ml) in rats significantly (p<0.05) increased adhesion within 30 min. By contrast, hot phenol-extracted LTA did not increase adhesion. Alkaline hydrolysis of Bu-LTA removed alanine residues and prevented adhesion. Also, pre-administration of anti-rat beta2-integrin antibody abolished Bu-LTA-induced adhesion. Finally, intraperitoneal injection of Bu-LTA (100 microg/ml) into mice also significantly (p<0.01) increased leukocyte adhesion measured at 60 min. In conclusion, Bu-LTA with intact alanine residues promotes beta2-integrin-dependent leukocyte adhesion in vivo.

Depletion of iNOS-derived nitric oxide by prostaglandin H synthase-2 in inflammation-activated J774.2 macrophages through lipohydroperoxidase turnover.

PGHS-2 (prostaglandin H synthase-2) is induced in mammalian cells by pro-inflammatory cytokines in tandem with iNOS [high-output ('inducible') nitric oxide synthase], and is co-localized with iNOS and nitrotyrosine in human atheroma macrophages. Herein, murine J774.2 macrophages incubated with lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma showed induction of PGHS-2 and generated NO using iNOS that could be completely depleted by 12(S)-HPETE [12(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 2.4 muM] or hydrogen peroxide (500 microM) (0.42+/-0.084 and 0.38+/-0.02 nmol x min(-1) x 10(6) cells(-1) for HPETE and H2O2 respectively). COS-7 cells transiently transfected with human PGHS-2 also showed HPETE- or H2O2-dependent NO decay (0.44+/-0.016 and 0.20+/-0.04 nmol x min(-1) x 10(6) cells(-1) for 2.4 microM HPETE and 500 microM H2O2 respectively). Finally, purified PGHS-2 consumed NO in the presence of HPETE or H2O2 (168 and 140 microM x min(-1) x microM enzyme(-1) for HPETE and H2O2 respectively), in a haem-dependent manner, with 20 nM enzyme consuming up to 4 microM NO. K(m) (app) values for NO and 15(S)-HPETE were 1.7+/-0.2 and 0.45+/-0.16 microM respectively. These data indicate that PGHS-2 catalytically consumes NO during peroxidase turnover and that pro-inflammatory cytokines simultaneously upregulate NO synthesis and degradation pathways in murine macrophages. Catalytic NO consumption by PGHS-2 represents a novel interaction between NO and PGHS-2 that may impact on the biological effects of NO in vascular signalling and inflammation.

Fluids reverse the early lipopolysaccharide-induced albumin leakage in rodent mesenteric venules.

OBJECTIVE: Volume resuscitation is clinically beneficial in patients with sepsis, but few data exist concerning the effects of fluid administration on early events in the inflammatory process. Vascular permeability, leukocyte rolling and leukocyte adhesion in the rodent mesenteric microcirculation were assessed in vivo using intravital microscopy, and the effect of fluid administration on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced changes recorded. DESIGN: Prospective, repeated measures study. SETTING: University hospital laboratory. SUBJECTS: Male Wistar rats in six groups. INTERVENTIONS: All animals underwent intravital microscopic examination of mesenteric post-capillary venules. LPS or vehicle was applied topically. Animals received either no additional fluids, 0.9% saline (16 ml/kg per h) or 5% human albumin (16 ml/kg per h) commencing 30 min prior to LPS/vehicle administration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Leukocyte rolling, firm adhesion and blood velocity were observed directly. Vascular permeability was assessed using the flux of fluorescently labelled albumin into the interstitium. LPS significantly increased the median (IQR) number of leukocytes rolling and firmly adherent relative to baseline (at 60 min rolling increased from 12.0 (10.3-13.8) to 40.3 (36.0-47.5) cells/min; adhesion increased from 1 (1-2) to 17 (12-26) cells/100 microm; n=5, p<0.01). Transvascular albumin flux was significantly increased 45 min after LPS application (p<0.01), but not after vehicle. Administration of either 0.9% saline (n=5) or 5% human albumin (n=6), significantly attenuated LPS-induced increases in albumin flux (p<0.05), leukocyte rolling (p<0.01) and adhesion (p<0.01). Fluid administration did not appear to alter shear rates. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-emptive volume administration with either saline or albumin prevented early LPS-induced microcirculatory changes by an undefined effect that is unrelated to changes in microvascular flow.

Type II nitric oxide synthase activity is cardio-protective in experimental sepsis.

Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) via the induction of NO synthase (NOS) II is implicated in the pathogenesis of the refractory hypotension that characterizes septic shock. However, clinical trials of nonselective NOS inhibitors have failed to afford a mortality benefit in patients with sepsis, and in those with depressed left ventricular function, death rates were increased. Such observations have led to the suggestion that a selective inhibitor of NOSII would be more effective in treating septic shock, although precisely how NO modulates cardiac function in these circumstances remains unclear. We therefore used an isolated ejecting rodent heart model to study the effects of NO and experimental sepsis (endotoxin 20 mg kg i.p.) on cardiac functions. Coronary flow and cardiac output and ventricular functions were reduced by LPS, effects that were partially obviated by supplementation of perfusate with the NO substrate, L-arginine. These improvements were partially blocked by the selective NOSII inhibitor N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine (1400W) and further reduced by the combined NOSI, II and III inhibitor L-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). These findings suggest that NOSII is cardio-protective in the heart in sepsis and explain why its inhibition in man led to increased mortality in a subpopulation of patients.

CD59 or C3 are not requred for angiotensin II-dependent hypertension or hypertrophy in mice.

Complement is a major pro-inflammatory innate immune system whose serum activity correlates with systolic blood pressure in humans. To date, no studies using in vivo models have directly examined the role of individual complement components in regulating vessel function, hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Herein, in vivo responses to angiotensin (ang) II were characterized in mice deficient in CD59a or C3. CD59a(-/-) mice had slightly but significantly elevated systolic blood pressure (107.2 +/- 1.7 mmHg versus 113.8 +/- 1.31 mmHg, P < 0.01, for wild-type and CD59a(-/-), respectively). Aortic rings from CD59a(-/-) mice showed significantly less platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) expression, with elevated deposition of membrane attack complex. However, acetylcholine- and sodium nitroprusside-dependent dilatation, plasma nitrate/nitrite and aortic cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels were unchanged from wild-type. Also, in vivo infusion with either ang II or noradrenaline caused similar hypertension and vascular hypertrophy to wild-type. Mice deficient in C3 had similar basal blood pressure to wild type and showed no differences in hypertension or hypertrophy responses to in vivo infusion with ang II. These data indicate that CD59a deficiency is associated with some vascular alterations that may represent early damage occurring as a result of increased complement attack. However, a direct role for CD59a or C3 in modulating development of ang II-dependent hypertension or hypertrophy in vivo is excluded and we suggest caution in development of complement intervention strategies for hypertension and heart failure.

Nitric oxide deficiency promotes vascular side effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors.

The cardiovascular safety of COX-2 selective and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has recently been called into question. The factors that predispose to adverse events by NSAIDs are unknown. Because patients with arthritis have decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, the in vivo effects of NSAIDs on murine vascular tone and platelet activity in the presence or absence of NO were examined. Here, we show that acute hypertensive and prothrombotic activities of the COX-2-selective inhibitor celecoxib are revealed only after in vivo inhibition of NO generation. The nonselective NSAID indomethacin was hypertensive but antithrombotic when NO was absent. In vitro myography of aortic rings confirmed that vasoconstriction required inhibition of both NOS and COX-2 and was abolished by supplementation with exogenous NO. These data indicate that NO suppresses vascular side effects of NSAIDs, suggesting that risk will be greatest in patients with impaired vascular function associated with decreased NO bioavailability.

Elevated endothelial nitric oxide bioactivity and resistance to angiotensin-dependent hypertension in 12/15-lipoxygenase knockout mice.

12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) plays a pathogenic role in atherosclerosis. To characterize whether 12/15-LOX also contributes to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension, regulation of vessel tone and angiotensin II (ang II) responses were characterized in mice deficient in 12/15-LOX. There was a twofold increase in the magnitude of l-nitroarginine-methyl ester-inhibitable, acetylcholine-dependent relaxation or phenylephrine-dependent constriction in aortic rings isolated from 12/15-LOX(-/-) mice. Plasma NO metabolites and aortic endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression were also elevated twofold. Angiotensin II failed to vasoconstrict 12/15-LOX(-/-) aortic rings in the absence of L-nitroarginine-methyl ester, and ang II impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation in wild-type, but not 12/15-LOX(-/-) rings. In vivo, 12/15-LOX(-/-) mice had similar basal systolic blood pressure measurements to wild type, however, blood pressure elevations in response to ang II infusion (1.1 mg/kg/day) were significantly attenuated (maximal pressure, 143.4 +/- 4 mmHg versus 122.1 +/- 5.3 mmHg for wild type and 12/15-LOX(-/-), respectively). In contrast, vascular hypertrophic responses to ang II, and ang II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) expression were similar in both strains. This study shows that 12/15-LOX(-/-) mice have increased NO biosynthesis and impaired ang II-dependent vascular responses in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that 12/15-LOX signaling contributes to impaired NO bioactivity in vascular disease in vivo.