Onset of leukocytoclastic vasculitis following covid-19 vaccination: case based comprehensive review.

With the global introduction and widespread administration of COVID-19 vaccines, there have been emerging reports of associated vasculitis, including leukocytoclastic cutaneous vasculitis (LCV). In this paper, we present a case of a 68-year-old female patient who developed painful purpuric skin lesions on her feet 12 days after administration of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BBIBP Cor-V with histopathological confirmation of LCV and no signs of systemic involvement. The case is followed by a comprehensive literature review of documented LCV cases associated with COVID-19 vaccination with overall 39 articles and 48 cases of LCV found in total. In the majority of cases (56.3%) the first symptom occurred after the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, with symptoms manifesting within an average of seven days (6.8 ± 4.8) post-vaccination. The adenoviral vaccine Oxford-AstraZeneca (41.7%) and the mRNA vaccine Pfizer-BioNTech (27.1%) were most frequently associated with LCV occurrences. On average, LCV resolved within 2.5 (± 1.5) weeks. The preferred treatment modality were glucocorticoids, used in 70.8% of cases, resulting in a positive outcome in most cases, including our patient. While the safety of a subsequent dose appears favorable based on our review, individual risk-benefit assessment is crucial. This review emphasis the importance of considering COVID-19 vaccination as a potential trigger for the development of cutaneous vasculitis. Despite rare adverse events, the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the risks, highlighting the importance of immunization programs.

Biomarkers of disease activity in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have examined biomarkers of coagulation, inflammation and immunity in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), but no recommended biomarkers for disease activity have been established yet. AIM: To find the relationship between certain laboratory parameters and disease activity in patients with CSU. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum concentrations of D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), C3, C4, and prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values were measured in 44 CSU patients and compared with 33 healthy controls. Correlation between biomarkers and urticaria activity score during 7 consecutive days (UAS7) was calculated. RESULTS: Our study included 44 CSU patients (38 females and 6 males), mean age of 50.4 years and the average disease duration of 3.1 years. Based on UAS7, 23 (52.3%) CSU patients had mild urticaria, 8 (18.2%) well-controlled, 7 (15.9%) moderate and 6 (13.6%) severe urticaria. Fourteen (31.8%) patients had elevated CRP, 21 (47.7%) had elevated D-dimer and 14 (13.6%) CSU patients had elevated C4 levels. Patients with CSU had statistically significant elevated D-dimer, CRP and PT as compared with controls (p = 0.007, p = 0.005 and p = 0.029, respectively). There was no correlation between PT, aPTT, D-dimer, CRP, C3 and disease activity. Statistically significant differences in C4 levels between patients with severe and well-controlled, mild, moderate urticaria were determined (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: CRP, D-dimer, and PT may be considered as biomarkers for distinguishing patients with CSU from controls. The C4 levels correlate with disease activity and may be useful as a potential biomarker of disease activity.

Successful Desensitization to Sorafenib and Imatinib-A Report of Two Cases and a Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Drug desensitization allows for safe administration of a drug to a patient with a previous hypersensitivity reaction. Successful desensitization protocols have been described for different medications, including protocols for oncology patients. Few cases of desensitization to sorafenib and imatinib have been described in the literature so far. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to describe the process of the sorafenib and imatinib drug hypersensitivity diagnosis and desensitization process in two patients. METHODS: Two oncology patients who experienced non-immediate hypersensitivity reactions to sorafenib and imatinib underwent desensitization to these drugs. We designed a protocol for the first patient and used a modified protocol from the literature for the second patient. RESULTS: By using a slow desensitization technique and gradual tapering of corticosteroids and antihistamines, both patients reached the target dose of the incriminated drug. CONCLUSIONS: Desensitization to sorafenib and imatinib can be an effective therapeutic option in patients with hypersensitivity to those medications, without alternative treatment options.

Asthma Inflammatory Phenotypes: How Can We Distinguish Them?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: induced sputum is used to assess different inflammatory phenotypes in asthma, but is not used routinely. We aimed to determine the proportion of inflammatory asthma phenotypes based on induced sputum, to find biomarkers that can discriminate between phenotypes, and to evaluate biomarkers in patients with and without biological therapy in different inflammatory asthma phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this cross-sectional study investigated clinical characteristics, asthma control tests, skin prick test, impulse oscillometry (IOS), spirometry, induced sputum, biomarkers (IgE, eosinophils, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), serum periostin, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IL-33) in 80 asthmatics. A total of 17/80 patients were treated with biologics (10 with omalizumab, 7 with benralizumab). RESULTS: a total of 31% of patients had eosinophilic asthma (EA), 30% had mixed granulocytic asthma (MGA), 24% had paucigranulocytic asthma (PGA), and 15% had neutrophilic asthma (NA). The difference was found in blood eosinophils (p = 0.002), the highest observed in EA. The cut-off ≥ 240/µL eosinophils, with 64% sensitivity and 72.7% specificity, identified EA (AUC = 0.743, p = 0.001). A higher IL-8 level was associated with NA (p = 0.025). In 63 non-biologic asthma group, eosinophils were higher in EA than in NA, MGA, and PGA (p = 0.012, p = 0.028, and p = 0.049, respectively). A higher IL-17A was associated with EA without biologics (p = 0.004). A significantly higher IL-5 was found in EA treated with biologics, in comparison with EA without biologics (p = 0.043). The number of leucocytes and neutrophils was higher in MGA without biologics (p = 0.049, p = 0.019), while IL-5, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were higher in MGA treated with biologics (p = 0.012, p = 0.032, p = 0.038, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: EA and MGA were the most prevalent asthma phenotypes. Blood eosinophils can identify EA, both in patients with and without biologics. Apart from the clinical profile, a broad spectrum of biomarkers for assessing inflammatory phenotypes is necessary for an adequate therapy approach to patients with asthma.

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants in a woman with Hashimoto thyroiditis and familial autoimmunity-a case report and literature review.

Introduction: Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) consists of a wide spectrum of symptoms and immunological features that are believed to develop in predisposed individuals after exposure to an adjuvant, including a silicone breast implant (SBI). Different autoimmune diseases (AIDs) have been associated with ASIA, but ASIA development after SBI in women with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and familial autoimmunity has rarely been described. Case report: A 37-year-old woman presented in 2019 with arthralgia, sicca symptoms, fatigue, + antinuclear antibody (ANA), + anti SSA, and + anticardiolipin Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. She was diagnosed with HT and vitamin D deficiency in 2012. The familial autoimmunity was present: the patient's mother had been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary Sjogren's syndrome and her grandmother with cutaneous lupus and pernicious anemia. In 2017, the patient had a cosmetic SBI procedure that was complicated by repeated right breast capsulitis. After 2 years of irregular visits due to COVID-19, she presented with + ANA, + anticentromere antibodies both in sera and seroma, sicca syndrome, arthralgias, twinkling in extremities, abnormal capillaroscopic findings, and reduced diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide. She was diagnosed with ASIA, and antimalarial and corticosteroid therapy were introduced. Conclusion: In patients with HT and familial autoimmunity, SBI should be carefully considered due to the possibility of ASIA development. Hashimoto thyroiditis, familial autoimmunity, and ASIA seem to be interconnected in the complex mosaic of autoimmunity in predisposed individuals.

HCV related severe cryoglobulinemic vasculitis treated with plasma exchange and rituximab: case report and literature review.

Mixed cryoglobulinemia is the most prevalent extrahepatic manifestation of chronic HCV infection. It is usually a benign lymphoproliferative disorder which presents as vasculitis affecting different organs. Although life-threatening cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CryoVas) is rare, it is sometimes the first and possibly lethal complication. Its treatment depends on the severity of vasculitis and can be challenging. High dose of corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents and plasma exchange represent the first-line treatment, which should be followed by antiviral therapy. Rituximab is an effective and safe treatment option. However, the data about its use in life-threatening conditions are scarce. We report the case of a patient with severe, relapsing and life-threatening HCV-related CryoVas  resistant to standard therapy who had had an initial beneficial response to rituximab added to plasma exchange that was later compromised by the development of sepsis. We also review the literature and discuss manifestations and therapy of life-threatening Cryovas with focus on rituximab use.

Onset of Microscopic Polyangiitis in Binephrectomied Patient on Chronic Hemodialysis-Case Report.

INTRODUCTION: Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is one of the causes of the pulmonary-renal syndrome associated with elevated non-specific markers of inflammation and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) positivity in 50-75%. De novo occurrence of the disease in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD) has not been described. CASE PRESENTATION: We presented patient who developed MPO-ANCA-associated MPA with lung and musculoskeletal involvement after 4 years on regular HD due to bilateral nephrectomy. After excluding the other causes of MPO-ANCA positivity, diagnosis was confirmed even without renal biopsy. Patient received standard immunosuppression therapy and he is still in remission after 27 months. CONCLUSION: The onset of immune-mediated disease could be observed even after introduction of renal replacement therapy, which may be a diagnostic problem. Early recognition and traditional immunosuppressive regiment may provide successful outcome.

[Laboratory and morphologic parameters in patients with lupus nephritis]. / Laboratorijski i morfoloski parametri kod bolesnika s lupusnim nefritisom.

INTRODUCTION: Lupus nephritis is an example of glomerulonephritis mediated by immune complexes. The information obtained by kidney biopsy corroborates diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity, specify of prognosis and mode of treatment. The object of our study was to determine the prevalence of particular pathohistological types of lupus nephritis in our group of patients, to establish if there was a correlation of laboratory and morphological parameters, and to present the use of specific therapeutical protocols. METHOD: The study included 58 patients with diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis, who had biopsy of kidneys. The indications for biopsy were the following: proteinuria level over 0.5 g/24 hrs, erythrocyturia and cylindruria. The patients were examined and treated at the Institute of Allergology and Immunology, Clinical Centre in Belgrade, over the period 1994-2001. Within the testing, besides standard laboratory tests, the immunological evaluation was also performed as follows: the level of standard serum immunoglobulins, C3 and C4 components of complement, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), were determined. RESULTS: There was 84.48% of female patients in the studied group. The mean-age was 36.5 years, while the average duration of disease (SLE) to kidney biopsy was 28.3 months. Considering cytopenia, leukopenia was found in 26.79% of patients, lymphopenia was recorded in 62.26% of cases while anaemia was noted in 52.63% of patients. The values of serum creatinine were elevated in 25.86% of patients, while creatinine clearance rate was lower (below 80 ml/min) in 75% of cases. The values of proteinuria are illustrated in Graph I. Cylindruria was found in 20.69% of subjects, massive erythrocyturia in 44.83%, and 46.55% of patients had more than 5 red blood cells in urinary sediment. Regarding the pathohistological findings, according to WHO classification, the biopsy of kidneys revealed the following distribution: class I--3.45% of patients, class IIA--24.14%, class IIB--31.03%, class III--12.07%, class IV--24.14%, class V--3.35%, and class VI 1.72% of cases. DISCUSSION: Within the immunological evaluation, the increased serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) level was found in 26.79% of subjects, suggesting that the consumption of complements in formation of immune complexes was the basic pathogenetic mechanism of lupus nephritis. Positive finding of ANA was recorded in about 95% of subjects, what was typical for SLE, while antibodies to dsDNA were positive in no less than 72.72% of cases, arguing for the fact that they were one of major nephritogenic antibodies. Considering the correlation analysis, no correlation between pathohistological findings and serum creatinine level was found, but there was the correlation between pathohistological findings and decreased creatinine clearance rate. The correlation between pathohistological findings and proteinuria up to 0.5 g/24 hrs was verified. There was no correlation between the increased IgG level and kidney biopsy findings, but it was found that decreased level of C4 complement component correlated with the degree of kidney lesion. The value of diastolic pressure also correlated with pathohistological findings. Concerning the applied mode of treatment, 46.55% of patients were administered pulse doses of cyclophosphamide combined with pulse doses of methylprednisolone, 5.17% had pulse doses of cyclophosphamide and 32.76% pulse doses of methylprednisolone, while 12.07% received glucocorticoid drugs combined with azathioprine, and glucocorticoids only were given to 3.45% of them. The conclusion will be that the biopsy of kidneys is the imperative in the evaluation of lupus nephritis, because the complete insight into the degree and type of kidney lesion as well as search for an optimal mode of treatment may be achieved only by assessment of combined clinical, laboratory and morphological parameters.