Factores que afectan el estado nutricional en personas mayores mexicanas: Enasem, 2018.

OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores que afectan el estado nutricional en personas mayores mexicanas del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México 2018 (Enasem 2018). Material y métodos. Análisis transversal secundario de determinantes sociales, factores relativos a la salud y eventos estresantes de la vida con dos problemas nutricionales relevantes en personas mayores: 1) desnutrición y 2) exceso de peso considerando sobrepeso y obesidad, mediante regresión logística múltiple. RESULTADOS: 4 587 participantes. La prevalencia de desnutrición fue 16.1% y está relacionada con edad ≥80 años, sin pareja, sin escolaridad, sobrestimación de índice de masa corporal (IMC), dificultad motriz, dependencia funcional instrumental, hospitalización en año previo y caídas en los últimos dos años, autorreporte de fuerza prensil débil, reporte de desastre que afectó vivienda o accidente que afectó la salud. La prevalencia de exceso de peso fue 43.6%, relacionada con ser mujer, tener 60 a 79 años, percibirse sin sobrepeso u obesidad y subestimarlo contra IMC, tener ≥3 enfermedades, síntomas somáticos e inactividad física. CONCLUSIONES: Los factores que afectan el estado nutricional hacia desnutrición o exceso de peso en las personas mayores requieren considerarse como áreas de intervención importante en el envejecimiento.

Smart technology and the meaning in life of older adults during the Covid-19 public health emergency period: a cross-cultural qualitative study.

The exponential increase of the older segment of the population is coinciding with the growing challenges of a digital society in different socio-cultural contexts. This exploratory study aims to analyze older adult perspectives of how smart technology influenced their meaning in life during the Covid-19 Public Health Emergency period, using qualitative research at a cross-national level. Three hundred and fifty-one community-dwelling older participants aged 65-87 years were included in the study. Participants were Italian, Mexican, Portuguese and Spanish. All the narratives went through a process of content analysis. Findings of content analysis produced six themes: Meaningful relations, rewarding activities, spirituality, health and safety-related support, self-growth, and physical activity. Smart technology was important in promoting significant relations for Mexican older adults (71.3%), rewarding activities for Portuguese older adults (57.1%), spirituality for Spanish older participants (71.6%), and physical activity for Italian older adults (29.5%). This study indicated that smart technology during the Health Emergency period was important for the meaning in life of older populations, mostly by facilitating meaningful relations, rewarding activities and spirituality. Future interventions with older adults during pandemic periods should consider the diversity of themes associated with increasing older adult well-being, from a cross-cultural perspective.

Effects of a Multicomponent Preventive Intervention in Women at Risk of Sarcopenia: A Pilot Study.

Sarcopenia is defined by the presence of decreased skeletal muscle mass, strength, and functionality in older people. Multicomponent interventions represent an alternative to non-pharmacological treatment for preventing disease progression. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a multicomponent intervention approach in women at risk of sarcopenia. METHODS: A quasi-experimental pilot study of 12 weeks was conducted, with 24 sessions of dancing and resistance exercises and 12 sessions of nutritional education. The outcomes were changes in muscle mass, grip strength, gait speed, and body composition. The project was registered on Clinical Trials: NCT06038500 (14 September 2023). RESULTS: Twelve women aged 55-75 years participated in this study; after the intervention, changes were found in the following variables: grip strength, from 18.70 (17.98-19.23) at baseline to 21.57 (20.67-23.16) kg (p = 0.002); gait speed, from 0.95 (0.81-1.18) at baseline to 1.34 (1.20-1.47) m/s (p = 0.003); and hip circumference, from 99.75 (94.75-110.37) at baseline to 97.65 (93.92-109.50) cm (p = 0.023). Other measurements that appeared without changes were appendicular skeletal muscle mass, from 21.17 (18.58-22.33) at baseline to 20.77 (18.31-22.39) kg (p = 0.875), and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index, from 8.64 (8.08-9.35) at baseline to 8.81 (7.91-9.38) kg/m2 (p = 0.875) after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The three-month multicomponent intervention in women at risk of sarcopenia improved their grip strength and gait speed.

The Upside of Negative Emotions: How Do Older Adults From Different Cultures Challenge Their Self-Growth During the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Background and Objective: The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised increased challenges for older adults' personal growth in diverse cultural settings. The aim of this study was to analyze negative emotions and their role on older adults' self-growth in Mexico, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, a cross-national qualitative research was carried out. Methods: Data were collected from 338 community-dwelling participants aged 65 years and older, using a semi-structured interview protocol. Older adults were asked about negative emotions that significantly contribute to their self-growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Content analysis was used to identify key themes. Results: Seven main negative emotions (fear, sadness, anger, grief, boredom, loneliness, and shame) significantly contributed to seven themes of self-growth, across the samples: sharing difficult experiences with others, supportive partner, spiritual practices, engagement with life, generativity, volunteering activities, and intimacy and sexual satisfaction. Sharing difficult experiences with others was most pertinent to Mexican (13.9%) and to Italian (3.0%) participants, and a supportive partner to Portuguese (12.1%), and to Spanish participants (6.5%). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to their older adults' self-growth. This study highlighted the cultural diversity of experiences during the pandemics and underlined the upside of negative emotions and its relation to older adults' self-growth during this period.

[Musculoskeletal injuries in elderly caregivers]. / Lesiones musculoesqueléticas en cuidadores adultos mayores.

BACKGROUND: The scarce studies regarding the non-professional caregivers health have focused more on the repercussions of care on their mental health than on the study of musculoskeletal injuries (MSI), despite the fact that care can cause the development of MSI, due to the personal characteristics of the caregiver or the environment that surrounds them. OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with MSI in elderly caregivers in a second-level hospital in Mexico and to know its prevalence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analytical observational study; a questionnaire was administered to 283 elderly caregivers and their dependents. The survey included 62 variables related to environmental factors, factors inherent to care, and personal factors, in addition to the site of MSI; statistical analysis was descriptive and analytical (multivariate model). RESULTS: Prevalence of MSI in older adult caregivers was 34.6%. Main factors associated were being female, having some comorbidity, duration of care greater than 13 hours a day for more than 13 months, a physical area reduced to provide care and social isolation. These factors increased between 1.9 and 12 the risk of suffering an MSI. Musculoskeletal injuries occurred mainly at the lumbar level of the spine. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report in Mexico that identifies the prevalence of MSI in older adult caregivers and the factors associated with them.

INTRODUCCIÓN: los escasos estudios sobre la salud de los cuidadores no profesionales se han enfocado más en las repercusiones del cuidado en su salud mental que en el estudio de lesiones musculoesqueléticas (LME), no obstante que el cuidado puede provocar el desarrollo de LME por las características personales del cuidador o debidas al medio que los rodea. OBJETIVO: Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados a LME en cuidadores adultos mayores en un hospital de segundo nivel en México y conocer su prevalencia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio analítico observacional; se aplicó un cuestionario a 283 cuidadores adultos mayores y sus dependientes. El instrumento incluyó 62 variables relacionadas con los factores ambientales, inherentes al cuidado, personales y el sitio de lesión musculoesquelética. El análisis estadístico fue de tipo descriptivo y analítico (modelo multivariado). RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de LME en cuidadores adultos mayores fue de 34.6%. Se encontraron como principales factores asociados ser del sexo femenino, tener alguna comorbilidad, duración del cuidado superior a 13 horas diarias por más de 13 meses, un área física reducida al brindar cuidados y el aislamiento social; tales factores incrementaron entre 1.9 y 12 el riesgo de sufrir alguna lesión. Las LME se produjeron principalmente en el nivel lumbar de la columna vertebral. CONCLUSIONES: este es el primer reporte en México que identifica tanto la prevalencia de LME en cuidadores adultos mayores como los factores asociados a ellas.

Associated factors with sarcopenia among Mexican elderly: 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey / Factores asociados a sarcopenia en adultos mayores mexicanos: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012

Background: Sarcopenia involves the loss of skeletal muscle mass and age-related functionality; it diminishes physical independence, health and quality of life. In 2016 it was added to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Information about the frequency of sarcopenia among Mexican older adults is scarce. The objective was to analyze associated factors with sarcopenia in Mexican older adults through the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey data. Methods: Cross-sectional study which included subjects of 60 years of age or more with simultaneous information on health and anthropometry questionnaires from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Sarcopenia was diagnosed through a gait speed test and calf circumference. It was assessed the prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and variables related to health, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. The analysis was performed with SPSS v. 16. Results: We analyzed a sample of 5046 older adults who represented 7 439 686 older adults nationwide. Among subjects 53.9% (n = 2718) were women (mean age 69.92 ± 7.56 years) and 46.1% (n = 2328), men (mean age 70.43 ± 7.73 years). Prevalence of presarcopenia was 8.70% and sarcopenia, 13.30%. Conclusion: Sarcopenia was more prevalent in women and it increases with age. It has a significant relationship with falls, cognitive impairment, central obesity and high levels of marginalization.

Introducción: la sarcopenia es la pérdida de masa muscular esquelética y de funcionalidad relativa a la edad; disminuye la independencia funcional, la salud y la calidad de vida. En 2016 se integró a la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades. La información epidemiológica de la sarcopenia entre adultos mayores mexicanos es escasa. El objetivo fue analizar los factores asociados a la presencia de sarcopenia en adultos mayores mexicanos, mediante datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. Métodos: estudio transversal en el que participaron sujetos de 60 años o más con información simultánea en cuestionarios de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. La sarcopenia se determinó por la velocidad de la marcha y la circunferencia de pantorrilla. Se evaluó la prevalencia de sarcopenia y su asociación con características sociodemográficas y de salud, tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol. El análisis se realizó con el programa de IBM SPSS, versión 16. Resultados: se analizó una muestra de 5046 adultos mayores, que representaban a 7 439 686 adultos mayores a nivel nacional. Entre los sujetos el 53.9% (n = 2718) fueron mujeres (edad promedio 69.92 ± 7.56 años) y 46.1% (n = 2328) fueron hombres (edad promedio 70.43 ± 7.73 años). La prevalencia de presarcopenia fue 8.70% y la de sarcopenia 13.30%. Conclusión: la sarcopenia es prevalente en mujeres e incrementa con la edad, tiene asociación con caídas, deterioro cognitivo, obesidad abdominal y marginación alta.

Lesiones musculoesqueléticas en cuidadores adultos mayores / Musculoskeletal injuries in elderly caregivers

Introducción: los escasos estudios sobre la salud de los cuidadores no profesionales se han enfocado más en las repercusiones del cuidado en su salud mental que en el estudio de lesiones musculoesqueléticas (LME), no obstante que el cuidado puede provocar el desarrollo de LME por las características personales del cuidador o debidas al medio que los rodea. Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados a LME en cuidadores adultos mayores en un hospital de segundo nivel en México y conocer su prevalencia. Material y métodos: estudio analítico observacional; se aplicó un cuestionario a 283 cuidadores adultos mayores y sus dependientes. El instrumento incluyó 62 variables relacionadas con los factores ambientales, inherentes al cuidado, personales y el sitio de lesión musculoesquelética. El análisis estadístico fue de tipo descriptivo y analítico (modelo multivariado). Resultados: la prevalencia de LME en cuidadores adultos mayores fue de 34.6%. Se encontraron como principales factores asociados ser del sexo femenino, tener alguna comorbilidad, duración del cuidado superior a 13 horas diarias por más de 13 meses, un área física reducida al brindar cui- dados y el aislamiento social; tales factores incrementaron entre 1.9 y 12 el riesgo de sufrir alguna lesión. Las LME se produjeron principalmente en el nivel lumbar de la columna vertebral. Conclusiones: este es el primer reporte en México que identifica tanto la prevalencia de LME en cuidadores adultos mayores como los factores asociados a ellas.

Background: The scarce studies regarding the non-professional caregivers health have focused more on the repercussions of care on their mental health than on the study of musculoskeletal injuries (MSI), despite the fact that care can cause the development of MSI, due to the personal characteristics of the caregiver or the environment that surrounds them. Objective: To identify the factors associated with MSI in elderly caregivers in a second-level hospital in Mexico and to know its prevalence. Material and methods: Analytical observational study; a questionnaire was administered to 283 elderly caregivers and their dependents. The survey included 62 variables related to environmental factors, factors inherent to care, and personal factors, in addition to the site of MSI; statistical analysis was descriptive and analytical (multivariate model). Results: Prevalence of MSI in older adult caregivers was 34.6%. Main factors associated were being female, having some comorbidity, duration of care greater than 13 hours a day for more than 13 months, a physical area reduced to provide care and social isolation. These factors increased between 1.9 and 12 the risk of suffering an MSI. Musculoskeletal injuries occurred mainly at the lumbar level of the spine. Conclusions: This is the first report in Mexico that identifies the prevalence of MSI in older adult caregivers and the factors associated with them.

"I am active": effects of a program to promote active aging.

BACKGROUND: Active aging involves a general lifestyle strategy that allows preservation of both physical and mental health during the aging process. "I am Active" is a program designed to promote active aging by increased physical activity, healthy nutritional habits, and cognitive functioning. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this program. METHODS: Sixty-four healthy adults aged 60 years or older were recruited from senior centers and randomly allocated to an experimental group (n=31) or a control group (n=33). Baseline, post-test, and 6-month follow-up assessments were performed after the theoretical-practical intervention. Effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS: At the conclusion of the program, the experimental group showed significant improvement compared with the control group in the following domains: physical activity (falls risk, balance, flexibility, self-efficacy), nutrition (self-efficacy and nutritional status), cognitive performance (processing speed and self-efficacy), and quality of life (general, health and functionality, social and economic status). Although some declines were reported, improvements at follow-up remained in self-efficacy for physical activity, self-efficacy for nutrition, and processing speed, and participants had better nutritional status and quality of life overall. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that this program promotes improvements in domains of active aging, mainly in self-efficacy beliefs as well as in quality of life in healthy elders.

[Impact of participatory education on body mass index and blood glucose in obese type-2 diabetics]. / Impacto de la educación participativa en el índice de masa corporal y glicemia en individuos obesos con diabetes tipo 2.

Exogenous obesity increases morbidity and mortality risk and has been associated with nutritional habits, which in turn can be affected by health education. Health education aims to promote patient participation in achieving behavior change and healthy lifestyles. The objective of this study is to show the advantages of participatory education in the modification of body mass index (BMI) in obese type-2 diabetics. A quasi-experimental study was performed with random allocation of two patient groups. The educational intervention was organized through a reflection-action process. BMI was measured at baseline and then monthly for 9 months during the intervention. The groups were analyzed by age and sex. Statistical analysis used the Student t test, with the mean difference for related groups. The control group showed a mean BMI of 33.89 + 1.96 and a final BMI of 33.2 +/- 2.15 (t:22.4; p:0.16). The experimental group had an initial value of 33.63 +/- 2.12 and a final BMI of 31.54 +/- 1.71; statistical difference: (t:11.55; p:0.003). The participatory educational intervention thus helped improve the BMI in obese type-2 diabetics.

Prevalence of successful aging in the elderly in Western Mexico.

Objectives. The aim of this paper is to estimate the prevalence of successful aging in the elderly in Western Mexico and to analyze its variability by age, sex, education, marital status, and pension. Methods. This study employs data from the Health, Wellbeing, and Aging Study (SABE) in Jalisco and Colima, Mexico. Successful aging was operationalized in accordance with no important disease, no disability, physical functioning, cognitive functioning, and being actively. There were a total of 3116 elderly. Results. 12.6% of older adults were "successful" aging. The old-old is a lower proportion of successful aging people; it ranges from 18.9% among people aged 60-69 years to 3.9% in the 80-89 years and up to 1% in people 90 and older. There were also differences according to sex (P = .000), with a higher proportion of successful aging men (18.4% compared with 9.2% of women). There were differences in educational level (P = .000); those higher with education were found to be more successful aging, and also there were differences in marital status for married people (P = .000). Discussion. A small number of older adults meet the criteria definition of successful aging, suggesting the need to analyze in depth the concept and the indicators.

Physical function and associated factors in community-dwelling elderly people in Jalisco, Mexico.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of disability in Basic Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADL and IADL, respectively), as well as associated factors in the Mexican community-dwelling elderly population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of a population 60 years and older who live in the State of Jalisco (Mexico). A total of 2553 persons were assessed regarding their functional and health conditions. The ADL and IADL were classified as dependent and non-dependent, and crude and adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) were calculated. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 71.6±8.7, 61.2% were women. A disability prevalence of 9.6% was found to perform ADL and of 31.5% for the IADL, 14.3% had cognitive impairment and 30.9% depression. Risk factors were found for dependence: being a woman, being ≥75 years old, low education level, having at least one chronic disease, cognitive impairment, depression, previous history of disability, and having been a lifelong housewife. CONCLUSIONS: Functional difficulties are common in Mexican elderly population. These data show key variables for functional disability risk. A better understanding of functional capabilities, as well as of risk factors older adults face every day provide us with a guide to devise a prevention plan, to implement adequate interventions, or to provide appropriate care.

Risk factors of foot ulceration in patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 / Factores de riesgo de ulceración de pies en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 / Fatores de risco de ulceração de pés em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2

Objective. Identify the risk factors for foot ulceration in patients with diabetes type 2 (DM2) who attended a primary care center in the city of Colima (Mexico). Methodology. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted during 2012 with the participation of 87 patients with DM2 from both sexes and older than 30 years of age. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical variables were measured. The study inquired about prior evaluation of the feet and prior education on diabetes by the healthcare team. Results. The mean age was 59 years and 70% were women. The average number of years since diagnosis was nine years; only 35% had good glycemia control; 66% engage in exercise; 51% wear open shoes; none had temperature differences in the feet; 82% had some type of dermatological abnormality; 50% had deformities in their feet. A total of 24% had been diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy and another 11% had peripheral vascular disease. Sixty percent of all the patients had risk of foot ulceration. Only 23% of the participants had had previous foot exams. One of every three diabetic patients had received education about the disease. Conclusion. An important proportion of the patients had risk of foot ulceration, contrary to the insufficient percentage of individuals with previous inspection and education about foot care. For nursing, it is an area of opportunity in this level of care to improve the inspection and education on diabetes, specifically on foot care, mainly in those patients with a prolonged evolution of the disease, deficient glycemia control, and risk of ulceration.

Objetivo. Identificar los factores de riesgo para la ulceración del pie en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) quienes asisten a un centro de primer nivel de atención en la ciudad de Colima (México). Metodología. Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado durante 2012 con la participación de 87 pacientes con DM2 de ambos sexos y mayores de 30 años. Se midieron variables socio-demográficas, antropométricas, clínicas y bioquímicas. Se indagó valoración previa de pies y educación previa en diabetes por parte del equipo de salud. Resultados. La edad promedio fue de 59 años; el 70%, mujeres. El promedio de años desde el diagnóstico fue 9; tan solo un 35% tenía buen control glucémico, el 66% realiza ejercicio, un 51% usa zapato abierto, ninguno tuvo diferencias de temperatura en los pies, un 82% tuvo algún tipo de anormalidad dermatológica, el 50% tenía deformidad en sus pies. Un 24% tenía diagnóstico de neuropatía periférica y otro 11% tenía enfermedad vascular periférica. El 60% de todos los pacientes tuvo riesgo de ulceración de los pies. A solo el 23% de los participantes se le había realizado revisión previa de pies. Uno de cada tres diabéticos había recibido educación sobre su enfermedad. Conclusión. Una proporción importante de los pacientes tuvo riesgo de ulceración de pies, en contradicción al porcentaje insuficiente de personas con revisión y educación previa sobre cuidado de pies. Para enfermería es una oportunidad trabajar en esta área y en este nivel de atención para mejorar la revisión y educación en diabetes, específicamente en el cuidado de pies, principalmente en aquellos pacientes con una larga evolución de la enfermedad, deficiente control glucémico y riesgo de ulceración.

Objetivo. Identificar os fatores de risco para a ulceração do pé em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) que assistem a um centro de primeiro nível de atendimento na cidade de Colima (México). Metodologia. Estudo descritivo transversal realizado durante 2012 com a participação de 87 pacientes com DM2 de ambos sexos e maiores de 30 anos. Mediram-se variáveis sócio-demográficas, antropométricas, clínicas e bioquímicas. Indagou-se valoração prévia de pés e educação prévia em diabete por parte da equipe de saúde. Resultados. A idade média foi 59 anos, o 70% foram mulheres. A média de anos desde o diagnóstico foi 9 anos, tão só um 35% tinham bom controle glicêmico, o 66% realiza exercício, um 51% usa sapato aberto, nenhum teve diferenças de temperatura nos pés, 82% tiveram algum tipo de anormalidade dermatológica, 50% tinha deformidade em seus pés. Um 24% tinha diagnóstico de neuropatia periférica e outro 11% tinha doença vascular periférica. O 60% de todos os pacientes tiveram risco de ulceração dos pés. A só o 23% dos participantes se lhe tinha realizado revisão prévia de pés. Um de cada três diabéticos tinha recebido educação sobre sua doença. Conclusão. Uma proporção importante dos pacientes tiveram risco de ulceração de pés, em contradição à percentagem insuficiente de pessoas com revisão e educação prévia sobre cuidado de pés. Para enfermaria é um área de oportunidade neste nível de atendimento o melhorar a revisão e educação em diabete, especificamente no cuidado de pés, principalmente naqueles pacientes com uma longa evolução da doença, deficiente controle glicêmico e risco de ulceração.

Impacto de la educación participativa en el índice de masa corporal y glicemia en individuos obesos con diabetes tipo 2 / Impact of participatory education on body mass index and blood glucose in obese type-2 diabetics

La obesidad eleva el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad y se ha relacionado con los hábitos alimentarios y estos con la educación en salud. Esta última tiene como propósito promover la participación de los enfermos en mejorar los comportamientos humanos y estilos de vida saludables y mostrar las ventajas de la educación participativa en la modificación del índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) en el diabético obeso tipo 2. Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental con asignación aleatoria de dos grupos de pacientes diabéticos obesos. La intervención educativa-participativa se organizó mediante el proceso de reflexión-acción. Se efectuaron mediciones del IMC basal y mensuales durante los 9 meses de la intervención educativa. Los grupos fueron controlados tomando en cuenta edad y sexo. El análisis estadístico se efectuó con el estadígrafo de t de students con diferencia de media para grupos relacionados. El grupo control logra un valor promedio de IMC basal de 33.89 ± 1.96 y al final de 33.2 ± 2.15 (t: 22.4; p: 0.16), el grupo de experimento con valor inicial de 33.63 ± 2.12 y final de 31.54 ± 1.71 (t: 11.55; p = 0.003). La intervención educativa participativa contribuye a mejorar el nivel de IMC en los diabéticos obesos 2.