A low-dose biplanar X-ray imager has RSA level precision in total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The low radiation biplanar X-ray imager (EOS imaging, Paris, France) scans patients in a weight-bearing position, provides calibrated images, and limits radiation, an asset for serial radiostereometric analysis (RSA) studies. RSA in vivo precision values have not been published for this type of imaging system, thus the goal of this study was to assess the precision of RSA in vivo utilizing a low radiation biplanar imager. PATIENTS AND METHODS: At a mean of 5 years post-surgery (range 1.4-7.5 years), 15 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) participants (mean age 67 years at the time of imaging, 12 female, 3 male) with RSA markers implanted during index surgery were scanned twice at the same visit in the EOS imager. Precision of marker-based analysis was calculated by comparing the position of the implant relative to the underlying bone between the 2 examinations. RESULTS: The 95% limit of precision was 0.11, 0.04, and 0.15 mm along the x, y, and z axes, respectively and 0.15°, 0.20°, and 0.14° around the same axes. CONCLUSION: This precision study has shown an in vivo RSA precision of ≤ 0.15 mm and ≤ 0.20°, well within published uniplanar values for conventional arthroplasty RSA, with the added benefit of weight-bearing imaging, a lower radiation dose, and without the need for a reference object during the scan.

Association Between Knee Joint Muscle Activation and Knee Joint Moment Patterns During Walking in Moderate Medial Compartment Knee Osteoarthritis: Implications for Secondary Prevention.

OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between knee moment features linked to osteoarthritis (OA) progression, gait muscle activation patterns, and strength. DESIGN: Cross-sectional secondary analysis. SETTING: Gait laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 54 patients with moderate, medial knee OA (N=54). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knee moments and quadriceps and hamstrings activation were examined during walking. Knee extensor and flexor strength were measured. Waveform patterns were extracted using principal component analysis. Each measured waveform was scored against principal components (PCs) that captured overall magnitude (PC1) and early to midstance difference (PC2) features, with higher PC2 scores interpreted as greater moment differential and more prolonged muscle activity. Correlations were calculated between moment PC scores and muscle PC and strength scores. Regression analyses determined moment PC score variance explained by muscle PC scores and strength. RESULTS: All correlations for knee adduction moment difference feature (KAMPC2) and prolonged muscle activity (PC2) were significant (r=-0.40 to -0.54). Knee flexion moment difference feature (KFMPC2) was significantly correlated with all quadriceps and medial hamstrings PC2 scores (r=-0.47 to -0.61) and medial hamstrings magnitude feature (PC1) (r=-0.52). KAMPC2 was significantly correlated with knee flexor strength (r=0.43), and KFMPC2 was significantly correlated with knee extensor (r=0.60) and flexor (r=0.55) strength. Regression models including muscle PC2 scores and knee flexor strength explained 46% of KAMPC2 variance, whereas muscle PC2 scores and knee extensor strength explained 59% of KFMPC2 variance. CONCLUSIONS: Muscle activation patterns and strength explained significant variance in moment difference features, highest for the knee flexion moment. This supports that exercises such as neuromuscular training, focused on appropriate muscle activation patterns, and strengthening have the potential to alter dynamic loading gait patterns associated with knee OA clinical progression.

Early Identification of Patient Satisfaction Two Years After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: There are numerous reports of poor satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), yet there is little known about when to use evidence-based models of care to improve patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize longitudinal changes in patient-reported satisfaction after TKA and to identify factors for early identification of poor satisfaction. METHODS: For a cohort of primary TKA surgeries (n = 86), patient-reported outcomes were captured one week before TKA and 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, and 1 and 2 years after TKA. "Satisfied" versus "not fully satisfied" patients were defined using a binary response (≥90 vs <90) from a 100-point scale. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests identified changes in satisfaction between follow-up times, and longitudinal analyses examined demographic and questionnaire factors associated with satisfaction. RESULTS: Improvements in satisfaction occurred within the first 6 months after TKA (P ≤ 0.01). Preoperative patient-reported outcome measures alone were not predictive of satisfaction. Key factors that improved longitudinal satisfaction included higher Oxford Knee Scores (odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, P < .001), general health (EQ-VAS, OR = 1.3, P = .03), and less visual analog scale pain (VAS; OR = 1.7, P < .001). Differences in these factors between satisfied and not fully satisfied patients were identified as early as 6 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSION: Visibly different satisfaction profiles were captured among satisfied and not fully satisfied patient responses, with differences in patient-perceived joint function, general health, and pain severity occurring as early as 6 weeks after surgery. This study provides metrics to support early identification of patients at risk of poor TKA satisfaction, enabling clinicians to apply timely targeted treatment and support interventions, with the aim of improving patient outcomes.

Quantifying Achievable Levels of Improvement in Knee Joint Biomechanics During Gait After Total Knee Arthroplasty Relative to Osteoarthritis Severity.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery improves knee joint kinematics and kinetics during gait for most patients, but a lack of evidence exists for the level and incidence of improvement that is achieved. The objective of this study was to quantify patient-specific improvements in knee biomechanics relative to osteoarthritis (OA) severity levels. Seventy-two patients underwent 3-dimensional (3D) gait analysis before and 1 year after TKA surgery, as well as 72 asymptomatic adults and 72 with moderate knee OA. A combination of principal component analysis and discriminant analyses were used to categorize knee joint biomechanics for patients before and after surgery relative to asymptomatic, moderate, and severe OA. Post-TKA, 63% were categorized with knee biomechanics consistent with moderate OA, 29% with severe OA, and 8% asymptomatic. The magnitude and pattern of the knee adduction moment and angle (frontal plane features) were the most significant contributors in discriminating between pre-TKA and post-TKA knee biomechanics. Standard of care TKA improves knee biomechanics during gait to levels most consistent with moderate knee OA and predominately targets frontal plane features. These results provide evidence for the level of improvement in knee biomechanics that can be expected following surgery and highlight the biomechanics most targeted by surgery.

Differences in Baseline Joint Moments and Muscle Activation Patterns Associated With Knee Osteoarthritis Progression When Defined Using a Clinical Versus a Structural Outcome.

Both structural and clinical changes can signify knee osteoarthritis progression; however, these changes are not always concurrent. A better understanding of mechanical factors associated with progression and whether they differ for structural versus clinical outcomes could lead to improved conservative management. This study examined baseline gait differences between progression and no progression groups defined at an average of 7-year follow-up using 2 different outcomes indicative of knee osteoarthritis progression: radiographic medial joint space narrowing and total knee arthroplasty. Of 49 individuals with knee osteoarthritis who underwent baseline gait analysis, 32 progressed and 17 did not progress using the radiographic outcome, while 13 progressed and 36 did not progress using the arthroplasty outcome. Key knee moment and electromyography waveform features were extracted using principal component analysis, and confidence intervals were used to examine between-group differences in these metrics. Those who progressed using the arthroplasty outcome had prolonged rectus femoris and lateral hamstrings muscle activation compared with the no arthroplasty group. Those with radiographic progression had greater mid-stance internal knee rotation moments compared with the no radiographic progression group. These results provide preliminary evidence for the role of prolonged muscle activation in total knee arthroplasty, while radiographic changes may be related to loading magnitude.

Equivalent 2-year stabilization of uncemented tibial component migration despite higher early migration compared with cemented fixation: an RSA study on 360 total knee arthroplasties.

Background and purpose - Thresholds of implant migration for predicting long-term successful fixation of tibial components in total knee arthroplasty have not separated cemented and uncemented fixation. We compared implant migration of cemented and uncemented components at 1 year and as the change in migration from 1 to 2 years. Patients and methods - Implant migration of 360 tibial components measured using radiostereometric analysis was compared at 1 year and as the change in migration from 1 to 2 years in 222 cemented components (3 implant designs) and 138 uncemented components (5 implant designs). Results - 1-year maximum total point motion was lower for the cemented tibial components compared with the uncemented components (median = 0.31 mm [0.03-2.98] versus 0.63 mm [0.11-5.19] respectively, p < 0.001, mixed model). The change in migration from 1 to 2 years, however, was equivalent for cemented and uncemented components (mean [SD] 0.06 mm [0.19] and 0.07 mm [0.27] mm respectively, p = 0.6, mixed model). Interpretation - These findings suggest that current thresholds of acceptable migration at 1 year may be better optimized by considering cemented and uncemented tibial components separately as higher early migration of uncemented components was not associated with decreased stability from 1 to 2 years.

Knee joint biomechanics and neuromuscular control during gait before and after total knee arthroplasty are sex-specific.

The future of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery will involve planning that incorporates more patient-specific characteristics. Despite known biological, morphological, and functional differences between men and women, there has been little investigation into knee joint biomechanical and neuromuscular differences between men and women with osteoarthritis, and none that have examined sex-specific biomechanical and neuromuscular responses to TKA surgery. The objective of this study was to examine sex-associated differences in knee kinematics, kinetics and neuromuscular patterns during gait before and after TKA. Fifty-two patients with end-stage knee OA (28 women, 24 men) underwent gait and neuromuscular analysis within the week prior to and one year after surgery. A number of sex-specific differences were identified which suggest a different manifestation of end-stage knee OA between the sexes.

Barefoot running: an evaluation of current hypothesis, future research and clinical applications.

Barefoot running has become a popular research topic, driven by the increasing prescription of barefoot running as a means of reducing injury risk. Proponents of barefoot running cite evolutionary theories that long-distance running ability was crucial for human survival, and proof of the benefits of natural running. Subsequently, runners have been advised to run barefoot as a treatment mode for injuries, strength and conditioning. The body of literature examining the mechanical, structural, clinical and performance implications of barefoot running is still in its infancy. Recent research has found significant differences associated with barefoot running relative to shod running, and these differences have been associated with factors that are thought to contribute to injury and performance. Crucially, long-term prospective studies have yet to be conducted and the link between barefoot running and injury or performance remains tenuous and speculative. The injury prevention potential of barefoot running is further complicated by the complexity of injury aetiology, with no single factor having been identified as causative for the most common running injuries. The aim of the present review was to critically evaluate the theory and evidence for barefoot running, drawing on both collected evidence as well as literature that have been used to argue in favour of barefoot running. We describe the factors driving the prescription of barefoot running, examine which of these factors may have merit, what the collected evidence suggests about the suitability of barefoot running for its purported uses and describe the necessary future research to confirm or refute the barefoot running hypotheses.

Changes in the functional flexion axis of the knee before and after total knee arthroplasty using a navigation system.

Long term satisfaction of patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has lagged behind that of total hip arthroplasty. One possible reason is the failure of the artificial joint to recreate natural kinematics of the knee. This study evaluated the pre and post implant functional flexion axis in the knees of 285 total knee arthroplasty patients using a surgical navigation system. Results showed that post-implant there was less femoral rollback early in flexion on the lateral side of the joint than pre-implant. Designing future generations of knee implants to allow for this motion may give patients a more 'natural' feeling knee and may benefit outcomes.

Robot-assisted partial knee replacement versus standard total knee replacement (RoboKnees): a protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty is a common surgery for end-stage knee osteoarthritis. Partial knee arthroplasty is also a treatment option for patients with arthritis present in only one or two knee compartments. Partial knee arthroplasty can preserve the natural knee biomechanics, but these replacements may not last as long as total knee replacements. Robotic-assisted orthopedic techniques can help facilitate partial knee replacements, increasing accuracy and precision. This trial will investigate the feasibility and assess clinical outcomes for a larger definitive trial. METHODS: This is a protocol for an ongoing parallel randomized pilot trial of 64 patients with uni- or bicompartmental knee arthritis. Patients are randomized to either receive robot-assisted partial knee arthroplasty or manual total knee arthroplasty. The primary outcome of this pilot is investigating the feasibility of a larger trial. Secondary (clinical) outcomes include joint awareness, return to activities, knee function, patient global impression of change, persistent post-surgical pain, re-operations, resource utilization and cost-effectiveness, health-related quality of life, radiographic alignment, knee kinematics during walking gait, and complications up to 24 months post-surgery. DISCUSSION: The RoboKnees pilot study is the first step in determining the outcome of robot-assisted partial knee replacements. Conclusions from this study will be used to design future large-scale trials. This study will inform surgeons about the potential benefits of robot-assisted partial knee replacements. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was prospectively registered on clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT04378049) on 4 May 2020, before the first patient was randomized.

High tibiofemoral contact and muscle forces during gait are associated with radiographic knee OA progression over 3 years.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate differences in tibiofemoral joint contact forces between individuals with moderate medial OA who exhibit radiographic knee OA progression within 3 years versus those who do not, and to understand the relationship between model-predicted contact forces and net external moments for this population. METHODS: 27 individuals with moderate medial compartment knee OA underwent baseline instrumented gait analysis. OA progressors were defined as those who experienced at least a one grade increase in medial joint space narrowing at three years. An electromyography-driven musculoskeletal model was used to estimate muscle and tibiofemoral contact forces at baseline, which were compared between progressors and non-progressors using t-tests. RESULTS: Seven individuals experienced radiographic OA progression by 3 years. Progressors walked with significantly higher peaks of medial and total tibiofemoral contact forces, and higher impulse of medial contact forces. Significant and high correlations were found between: first peaks of medial and total contact forces with first peak of the knee adduction moment (R2 = 0.74; R2 = 0.59); second peaks of medial and total knee contact forces with second peaks of knee adduction and flexion moments (R2 = 0.71; R2 = 0.68); medial knee contact force impulse with knee adduction moment impulse (R2 = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Higher tibiofemoral joint contact forces during walking were associated with three-year radiographic knee OA progression based on medial joint space narrowing. These results support the need for strategies that reduce compressive knee contact forces through the reduction of adduction and flexion moments during walking.

Gait biomechanics phenotypes among total knee arthroplasty candidates by machine learning cluster analysis.

Knee osteoarthritis patient phenotyping is relevant to developing targeted treatments and assessing the treatment efficacy of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study aimed to identify clusters among TKA candidates based on demographic and knee mechanic features during gait, and compare gait changes between clusters postoperatively. TKA patients underwent 3D gait analysis 1-week pre (n = 134) and 1-year post-TKA (n = 105). Principal component analysis was applied to frontal and sagittal knee angle and moment waveforms, extracting major patterns of variability. Age, sex, body mass index, gait speed, and frontal and sagittal pre-TKA angle and moment PC scores previously identified as relevant to TKA outcomes were standardized (mean = 0, SD = 1, [134 × 15]). Multidimensional scaling and machine learning-based hierarchical clustering were applied. Final clusters were validated by examining intercluster differences pre-TKA and gait feature changes (PostPCscore - PrePCscore ) by k-way Χ2 and ANOVA tests. Four TKA candidate phenotypes yielded optimum clustering metrics, interpreted as higher and lower functioning clusters that were predominantly male and female. Higher functioning clusters pre-TKA (clusters 1 and 4) had more dynamic sagittal flexion moment (p < 0.001) and frontal plane adduction moment (p < 0.001) loading/un-loading patterns during stance. Post-TKA, higher functioning clusters demonstrated less knee mechanic improvements during gait (flexion angle p < 0.001; flexion moment p < 0.001). TKA candidates can be characterized by four clusters, predominately separated by sex and knee joint biomechanics. Post-TKA knee kinematics and kinetics improvements were cluster-specific; lower functioning clusters experienced more improvement. Cluster-based patient profiling may aid in triaging and developing OA management and surgical strategies meeting group-level function needs.

Body mass index affects knee joint mechanics during gait differently with and without moderate knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a highly cited risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA), but its role in knee OA pathogenesis and progression is not as clear. Excess weight may contribute to an increased mechanical burden and altered dynamic movement and loading patterns at the knee. The objective of this study was to examine the interacting role of moderate knee OA disease presence and obesity on knee joint mechanics during gait. METHODS: Gait analysis was performed on 104 asymptomatic and 140 individuals with moderate knee OA. Each subject group was divided into three body mass categories based on body mass index (BMI): healthy weight (BMI<25), overweight (25≤BMI≤30), and obese (BMI>30). Three-dimensional knee joint angles and net external knee joint moments were calculated and waveform principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to extract major patterns of variability from each. PC scores for major patterns were compared between groups using a two-factor ANOVA. RESULTS: Significant BMI main effects were found in the pattern of the knee adduction moment, the knee flexion moment, and the knee rotation moment during gait. Two interaction effects between moderate OA disease presence and BMI were also found that described different changes in the knee flexion moment and the knee flexion angle with increased BMI with and without knee OA. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that increased BMI is associated with different changes in biomechanical patterns of the knee joint during gait depending on the presence of moderate knee OA.

Participation Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Participation in life situations is a critical aspect of health recognized by the World Health Organization. Guidelines to prevent spreading of COVID-19 place older adults at risk of worsening participation. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with participation during the COVID-19 pandemic among community-dwelling older adults living in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Participants were recruited from identified census dissemination areas in Hamilton. Participants completed surveys either by phone or online during the months of May to August 2020. Measures were organized into factors related to body functions and structures, activities, participation, as well as personal and environmental contextual factors using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework. Multivariable regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with participation as measured by the Late-Life Disability Instrument's (LLDI) frequency and limitations scales. RESULTS: A total of 272 older adults completed the survey (78 [7.3] years; 70% female). Use of a walking aid, driving status, perceived mental health status, nutrition risk, and physical function explained 48.2% of the variance observed in the LLDI-frequency scale scores. Use of a walking aid, driving status, perceived mental health status, receiving health assistance, and physical function explained 38.5% of the variance observed in the LLDI-limitation scale scores. CONCLUSION: Results highlighted factors across multiple ICF domains that are associated with participation restriction among a sample of community-dwelling older adults during the pandemic. Participation during the pandemic was greatest in those that were able to walk without needing to use a walking aid, being a licensed and current driver, perceiving good to excellent mental health, and having greater physical function. IMPACT: Our findings contribute to the literature on older adult participation during lockdowns, restrictions, pandemics, and/or other similar circumstances.

The associations of implant and patient factors with migration of the tibial component differ by sex : a radiostereometric study on more than 400 total knee arthroplasties.

AIMS: Thresholds of acceptable early migration of the components in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have traditionally ignored the effects of patient and implant factors that may influence migration. The aim of this study was to determine which of these factors are associated with overall longitudinal migration of well-fixed tibial components following TKA. METHODS: Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) data over a two-year period were available for 419 successful primary TKAs (267 cemented and 152 uncemented in 257 female and 162 male patients). Longitudinal analysis of data using marginal models was performed to examine the associations of patient factors (age, sex, BMI, smoking status) and implant factors (cemented or uncemented, the size of the implant) with maximum total point motion (MTPM) migration. Analyses were also performed on subgroups based on sex and fixation. RESULTS: In the overall group, only fixation was significantly associated with migration (p < 0.001). For uncemented tibial components in males, smoking was significantly associated with lower migration (p = 0.030) and BMI approached significance (p = 0.061). For females with uncemented components, smoking (p = 0.081) and age (p = 0.063) approached significance and were both associated with increased migration. The small number of self-reported smokers in this study warrants cautious interpretation and further investigation. For cemented components in females, larger sizes of tibial component were significantly associated with increased migration (p = 0.004). No factors were significant for cemented components in males. CONCLUSION: The migration of uncemented tibial components was more sensitive to patient factors than cemented implants. These differences were not consistent by sex, suggesting that it may be of value to evaluate female and male patients separately following TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(4):444-451.

The effect of total knee arthroplasty on knee joint kinematics and kinetics during gait.

This study determined how total knee arthroplasty (TKA) altered knee motion and loading during gait. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic gait patterns of 42 patients with severe knee osteoarthritis were collected 1 week prior and 1-year post-TKA. Principal component analysis extracted major patterns of variability in the gait waveforms. Overall and midstance knee adduction moment magnitude decreased. Overall knee flexion angle magnitude increased due to an increase during swing. Increases in the early stance knee flexion moment and late stance knee extension moment were found, indicating improved impact attenuation and function. A decrease in the early stance knee external rotation moment indicated alteration in the typical rotation mechanism. Most changes moved toward an asymptomatic pattern and would be considered improvements in motion, function, and loading.

Age and sex differences in normative gait patterns.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive understanding of healthy gait patterns is a critical first step towards understanding age-related pathologies and disorders that are commonly associated with mobility limitations throughout aging. Further, consideration of sex-specific gait patterns throughout the lifespan is important, considering biological differences between males and females that can manifest biomechanically, and epidemiological evidence of female sex being a risk factor for some age-related pathologies such as osteoarthritis. RESEARCH QUESTION: The aim of this study was to characterize the differences in lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics during gait between asymptomatic adult women and men in different age groups (20-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-59 years, 60+ years). METHODS: This was a secondary analysis conducted on instrumented gait data from 154 asymptomatic adult participants (94 females, 60 males). Three-dimensional hip, knee and ankle joint angles and net external moments were calculated and waveform principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to extract major patterns of variability from each. PC scores were examined for significant sex, age and interaction effects using a two-factor ANOVA analysis (p = 0.001). RESULTS: 13 PC features differed between asymptomatic male and female gait patterns, and were independent of age category. No PC features significantly differed between the age groups, and there were no significant sex by age interactions. SIGNIFICANCE: There are significant magnitude and pattern differences in hip, knee and ankle kinematics and kinetics between asymptomatic women and men. As study participants were asymptomatic, these differences do not necessarily correlate with any injury or disease mechanisms. However, these results do suggest the importance of considering sex-specific analyses in gait study design, and the use of sex-specific normative data in clinical gait studies. These results further suggest that consideration of strict age-matching for gait analysis studies using adult controls is not as critical as sex considerations.

Association of Low Physical Activity Levels With Gait Patterns Considered at Risk for Clinical Knee Osteoarthritis Progression.

OBJECTIVE: Although gait analysis provides an estimate of joint loading magnitude and patterns during a typical step, accelerometry provides information about loading frequency. Understanding the relationships between these components of loading and knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression may improve conservative management, as gait interventions may need to account for physical activity levels or vice versa. The primary objective was to examine relationships between gait patterns that have previously been associated with OA progression and accelerometer-derived metrics of loading frequency. The secondary objective examined the association of accelerometer-derived metrics and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) at a mean follow-up of 3.5 years. METHODS: Fifty-seven individuals with knee OA underwent gait analysis and 1 week of accelerometer wear. Spearman correlations were calculated between accelerometer-derived metrics and gait patterns. Differences across quartiles of step count were examined with Jonckheere-Terpstra tests. In a subsample, baseline differences between TKA and no TKA groups were examined with Mann-Whitney U-tests. RESULTS: Gait variables previously related to progression were correlated to both step count and moderate- to vigorous-intensity, but not lower-intensity, physical activity. Individuals in the lowest quartile (~4000 steps/day) exhibited gait patterns previously related to progression. There were no differences in any baseline accelerometer-derived metrics between those that did and did not undergo TKA at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Complex relationships exist between gait, physical activity, and OA progression. Accelerometer-derived metrics may contribute unique information about overall loading for individuals above a certain activity threshold, but for those with lower activity levels, gait may be sufficient to predict clinical progression risk, at least over the short term.

Impact of COVID-19 on mobility and participation of older adults living in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: a multimethod cohort design protocol.

INTRODUCTION: The novel COVID-19 required many countries to impose public health measures that likely impacted the participation and mobility of community-dwelling older adults. This protocol details a multimethod cohort design undertaken to describe short-term and medium-term changes to the mobility and participation of older Canadians living in the community rather than retirement facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A longitudinal telephone (or online)-administered survey is being conducted with a random sample of older adults living within 20 km of McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, identified from census dissemination areas. Baseline data collection of community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and over began in May 2020 with follow-ups at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument and global rating of change anchors are the primary outcomes of interest. A subsample of respondents will participate in open-ended, semistructured interviews conducted over the telephone or through video-conference, to explore participants' lived experiences with respect to their mobility and participation during the pandemic. Descriptive statistics and quantitative approaches will be used to determine changes in mobility and social and personal participation, and associated personal and environmental factors. For the interviews, qualitative data will be analysed using descriptive phenomenology. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Approval was obtained from the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board of McMaster University (2020-10814-GRA). This study may inform the design of programmes that can support community-dwelling older adults during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conferences focused on ageing.

Baseline Gait Muscle Activation Patterns Differ for Osteoarthritis Patients Who Undergo Total Knee Arthroplasty Five to Eight Years Later From Those Who Do Not.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if baseline quadriceps and hamstrings muscle activity patterns differed between those with medial-compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) who advanced to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and those who did not advance to TKA, and to examine associations between features extracted from principal component analysis (PCA) and discrete measures. METHODS: Surface electromyograms of the vastus lateralis and medialis, rectus femoris, and lateral and medial hamstrings during walking were collected from 54 individuals with knee OA. Amplitude and temporal characteristics from PCA, co-contraction indices (CCI) for lateral and medial muscle pairs, and root mean square (RMS) amplitudes for early, mid, late, and overall stance were calculated from electromyographic waveforms. At follow-up 5 to 8 years later, 26 participants reported having undergone TKA. Analysis of variance models tested for differences in principal component (PC) scores and discrete measures between TKA and no-TKA groups (α = 0.05). Pearson's product moment correlation coefficients were calculated between PC scores and discrete variables. RESULTS: The TKA group had higher hamstrings activity magnitudes (PC1), prolonged activity in mid stance (PC2) for all muscles, and greater lateral CCI. TKA had higher RMS hamstrings activity for all stance phases, and higher RMS mid- and late-stance quadriceps activity. PC1 was highly correlated with RMS amplitude (highest overall and early stance). PC2 was correlated with mid- and late-stance RMS. CCIs were correlated with PC1 and PC2, with greater variance explained for PC1. CONCLUSION: Those who advanced to TKA had higher magnitudes and more prolonged agonist and antagonist activity, consistent with less joint unloading. These gait muscle activation patterns indicate a potential conservative intervention target.