Association between the community food environment and dietary patterns in residents of areas of different socio-economic levels of a southern capital city in Brazil.

This study aimed to verify the association between the community food environment and dietary patterns in a population of different socio-economic levels. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 400 adults and elderly aged between 20 and 70 years residing in the central area of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Four dietary patterns were explored: healthy, traditional Brazilian, refined carbohydrates and sugars, and fast food. The community food environment included the identification of all food stores by areas where individuals lived and auditing based on the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores (NEMS-S) score. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95 % CI. After the adjustment for individual sociodemographic characteristics, residents of the area with the best community food environment (highest NEMS-S score) had 12 % and 18 % lower probabilities of high consumption (upper tertile) of the traditional (PR = 0·88; 95 % CI (0·78, 0·98)) and refined carbohydrate and sugar (PR = 0·82; 95 % CI (0·73, 0·92)) dietary patterns, respectively, compared with those living in the area with the worst community food environment (lowest NEMS-S score). Healthy and fast-food dietary patterns showed no association with the community food environment. In conclusion, the community food environment is a factor associated with the consumption of certain dietary patterns, independent of individual sociodemographic characteristics. Thus, aspects of the community food environment become important in food and nutrition actions and policies aimed at health promotion.

[Food environment in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: the association with neighborhood sociodemographic variables]. / Ambiente alimentar em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: associação com variáveis sociodemográficas da vizinhança.

The scope of this study is to describe the food environment of a medium-sized municipality in southern Brazil and compare the availability of different types of food outlets in neighborhood socioeconomic and demographic environments. An ecological study was carried out in 45 buffers of 400m in São Leopoldo county, RS. The buffer was calculated from the center point of the residences of women participating in a larger research project. All streets were surveyed to identify food stores and record their geographical coordinates, as well as apply the NEMS questionnaire on the availability, price and quality of 108 items. The commercial outlets were classified as supermarkets, grocery stores, fruit stores and convenience stores. Supermarkets and grocery stores were present in higher quantity in lower income buffers and grocery stores were more prevalent in those with higher population tertiles. Another result was a direct relationship between NEMS and tertile income scores for supermarkets, grocery stores and fruit stores, and an indirect relationship for the same stores and population tertile. The availability of healthy food was higher in areas with higher income and lower numbers of inhabitants, indicating the need for better distribution of food stores and availability of varieties of food in the municipality.

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o ambiente alimentar de um município de médio porte do Sul do Brasil e relacionar a disponibilidade de diferentes tipos de comércios de alimentos com características socioeconômicas e demográficas do entorno. Trata-se de estudo ecológico em 45 buffers, de 400m, em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul. O buffer foi calculado a partir do centróide das residências das mulheres participantes de um projeto de pesquisa maior. Todas as ruas foram percorridas para a identificação dos estabelecimentos de alimentos, que tiveram suas coordenadas geográficas registradas, bem como foram avaliados, através do questionário NEMS (Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores), sobre disponibilidade, preço e qualidade de 108 itens. Os comércios foram classificados em supermercados, mercearias, fruteiras e lojas de conveniência. Os supermercados e as mercearias estavam em maior número nos buffers de menor renda e mercearias mais presentes naqueles de maior tercil populacional. Observa-se relação direta entre escores do NEMS e tercil de renda para supermercados, mercearias e fruteiras e indireta para os mesmos comércios e tercil populacional. A disponibilidade de alimentos saudáveis se mostrou mais elevada em áreas de maior renda e menor número de habitantes, o que sinaliza a necessidade de melhor distribuição dos comércios e variedades de alimentos.

[Self-perception of food consumption and observance of the Ten Steps to Healthy Eating among university students in Porto Alegre, Brazil]. / Autopercepção do consumo alimentar e adesão aos Dez Passos para Alimentação Saudável entre universitários de Porto Alegre, Brasil.

The scope of this study is to analyze the relationship between self-perception of eating habits and observance of the Ten Steps to Adequate and Healthy Eating among university students in Porto Alegre/RS. An online questionnaire was applied to students at a private university in Porto Alegre. Personal information, anthropometric data and eating behavior of the participants were collected. Data were analyzed by frequency and proportion, and statistical associations using Pearson's Chi-square and the linear trend test, adopting a significance level of 5%, using version 23.0 of the SPSS statistical program. The sample consisted of 357 students, 61.3% of which were female, between 20 and 29 years of age (56%). A total of 34.2% of the students were overweight and 55.5% did not consider they had healthy eating habits. Low observance was observed in eight of the Ten Steps to Adequate and Healthy Eating A review of healthy eating revealed an inverse relationship with observance of the guideline steps, since only 3 steps were followed by more than 60% of the students who evaluated their own eating habits positively. This result suggests that this population may have a distorted view of their own eating habits and need to be enlightened regarding adequate and healthy eating.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a relação entre a autopercepção alimentar e a adesão aos Dez Passos para uma Alimentação Adequada e Saudável entre estudantes universitários de Porto Alegre/RS. Um questionário online foi aplicado com estudantes de uma universidade privada de Porto Alegre. Foram coletados dados pessoais, antropométricos e do comportamento alimentar dos participantes. Os dados foram analisados através de frequência e proporção e as associações estatísticas pelo do teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e de tendência linear, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%, utilizando-se o programa estatístico SPSS versão 23.0. A amostra foi composta por 357 alunos, sendo 61,3% do sexo feminino, com idade entre 20 e 29 anos (56%). 34,2% dos alunos apresentaram excesso de peso e 55,5% não consideraram a alimentação saudável. Observou-se baixa adesão a oito dos Dez Passos para uma Alimentação Adequada e Saudável. Considerar a alimentação saudável demonstrou relação inversa com a adesão aos passos do Guia Alimentar, pois apenas 3 passos foram seguidos por mais de 60% dos alunos que avaliaram positivamente a própria alimentação. Esse resultado sugere que essa população pode possuir uma visão distorcida da própria alimentação e precisa ser esclarecida quanto à alimentação adequada e saudável.

Neighbourhood environment and transport-related and leisure-time sedentary behaviour amongst women in a city in Southern Brazil: a multilevel analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between neighbourhood environmental variables and excessive transport-related and leisure-time sedentary behaviour (ETSB and ELSB, respectively) amongst adult women in Southern Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a representative sample of 1079 women 20 to 69 years of age who lived in 44 neighbourhoods. Each neighbourhood was determined by drawing a 400-m buffer around the median point of the participants' homes. Neighbourhoods were assessed by audit and by using government data. Sedentary behaviour (SB) and the remaining individual variables were assessed via questionnaire that was administered as an interview. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS: In the adjusted analysis, women who lived in neighbourhoods with a higher percentage of terrain slope and fewer public recreation areas per resident had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased odds of exhibiting ETSB and ELSB, with 50% and 40% increases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that some aspects of the neighbourhood environment such as terrain slope and total public recreation areas per resident are related to specific SBs, indicating that improvements in neighbourhoods can reduce SB in women.

Food environment, income and obesity: a multilevel analysis of a reality of women in Southern Brazil.

The objective of this study was to explore relationships between the neighborhood food environment and obesity in urban women living in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional survey was carried out. This study was conducted with 1,096 women. Structured interviews were conducted using a standard pre-tested questionnaire. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30kg/m2. Circular buffers of 400m in radius were created based on the centroid of the women's houses who participated, in the 45 census tracts inhabited by them. Neighborhood food establishments were identified through systematic survey of all streets in the study areas and geographical coordinates of shops were collected. Establishments were evaluated using the NEMS tool. The prevalence of obesity was 33% among the women participants. After adjusting for individual variables, supermarkets and healthy food establishments were positively associated with obesity, PR = 1.05 (95%CI: 1.01-1.10), PR = 1.02 (95%CI: 1.00-1.04), respectively, while mean buffer income was negatively associated, PR = 0.64 (95%CI: 0.49-0.83). Neighborhood food environment factors were associated with obesity even after controlled for individual variables, as socioeconomic variables, behavioral and food purchase.

[Food insecurity and inadequate food intake among students of municipal schools, São Leopoldo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. / Insegurança alimentar e consumo alimentar inadequado em escolares da rede municipal de São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil.

This research involves a school-based cross sectional study to evaluate the association between food insecurity (FI) and inadequate food intake (IFI), among 782 children (mean age of 6.9±0.5) of the 1st year of primary school in the municipal schools of São Leopoldo in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were gathered from mothers or guardians. FI was obtained through the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, and food consumption using the food frequency questionnaire. Foods were classified as healthy eating markers (HEM) and unhealthy (UEM) and received scores according to intake frequency. HEM: 0 - 1 day - zero; 2 to 3 days - 0.25; 4 to 5 days - 0.75; 6 to 7 days - 1, and the reverse for the UEM. The scores could range from 0 to 25 (HEMS) and 0 to 19 (UEMS). A standardized total score (TS) was obtained [HEMS * (19/44) + UEMS * (25/44)] and could range from 0 to 22. The scores were categorized into terciles and the 1st considered IFI. The FI was 45.1% and the average scores were 5.9 (HEMS), 15.9 (UEMS) and 11.6 (TS). No association was found between IA and IFI. High IA and low food scores require intersectoral approaches to ensure access to food in quantity and quality appropriate for this population.

Ambiente alimentar em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: associação com variáveis sociodemográficas da vizinhança / Food environment in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: the association with neighborhood sociodemographic variables

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o ambiente alimentar de um município de médio porte do Sul do Brasil e relacionar a disponibilidade de diferentes tipos de comércios de alimentos com características socioeconômicas e demográficas do entorno. Trata-se de estudo ecológico em 45 buffers, de 400m, em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul. O buffer foi calculado a partir do centróide das residências das mulheres participantes de um projeto de pesquisa maior. Todas as ruas foram percorridas para a identificação dos estabelecimentos de alimentos, que tiveram suas coordenadas geográficas registradas, bem como foram avaliados, através do questionário NEMS (Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores), sobre disponibilidade, preço e qualidade de 108 itens. Os comércios foram classificados em supermercados, mercearias, fruteiras e lojas de conveniência. Os supermercados e as mercearias estavam em maior número nos buffers de menor renda e mercearias mais presentes naqueles de maior tercil populacional. Observa-se relação direta entre escores do NEMS e tercil de renda para supermercados, mercearias e fruteiras e indireta para os mesmos comércios e tercil populacional. A disponibilidade de alimentos saudáveis se mostrou mais elevada em áreas de maior renda e menor número de habitantes, o que sinaliza a necessidade de melhor distribuição dos comércios e variedades de alimentos.

Abstract The scope of this study is to describe the food environment of a medium-sized municipality in southern Brazil and compare the availability of different types of food outlets in neighborhood socioeconomic and demographic environments. An ecological study was carried out in 45 buffers of 400m in São Leopoldo county, RS. The buffer was calculated from the center point of the residences of women participating in a larger research project. All streets were surveyed to identify food stores and record their geographical coordinates, as well as apply the NEMS questionnaire on the availability, price and quality of 108 items. The commercial outlets were classified as supermarkets, grocery stores, fruit stores and convenience stores. Supermarkets and grocery stores were present in higher quantity in lower income buffers and grocery stores were more prevalent in those with higher population tertiles. Another result was a direct relationship between NEMS and tertile income scores for supermarkets, grocery stores and fruit stores, and an indirect relationship for the same stores and population tertile. The availability of healthy food was higher in areas with higher income and lower numbers of inhabitants, indicating the need for better distribution of food stores and availability of varieties of food in the municipality.

Autopercepção do consumo alimentar e adesão aos Dez Passos para Alimentação Saudável entre universitários de Porto Alegre, Brasil / Self-perception of food consumption and observance of the Ten Steps to Healthy Eating among university students in Porto Alegre, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a relação entre a autopercepção alimentar e a adesão aos Dez Passos para uma Alimentação Adequada e Saudável entre estudantes universitários de Porto Alegre/RS. Um questionário online foi aplicado com estudantes de uma universidade privada de Porto Alegre. Foram coletados dados pessoais, antropométricos e do comportamento alimentar dos participantes. Os dados foram analisados através de frequência e proporção e as associações estatísticas pelo do teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e de tendência linear, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%, utilizando-se o programa estatístico SPSS versão 23.0. A amostra foi composta por 357 alunos, sendo 61,3% do sexo feminino, com idade entre 20 e 29 anos (56%). 34,2% dos alunos apresentaram excesso de peso e 55,5% não consideraram a alimentação saudável. Observou-se baixa adesão a oito dos Dez Passos para uma Alimentação Adequada e Saudável. Considerar a alimentação saudável demonstrou relação inversa com a adesão aos passos do Guia Alimentar, pois apenas 3 passos foram seguidos por mais de 60% dos alunos que avaliaram positivamente a própria alimentação. Esse resultado sugere que essa população pode possuir uma visão distorcida da própria alimentação e precisa ser esclarecida quanto à alimentação adequada e saudável.

Abstract The scope of this study is to analyze the relationship between self-perception of eating habits and observance of the Ten Steps to Adequate and Healthy Eating among university students in Porto Alegre/RS. An online questionnaire was applied to students at a private university in Porto Alegre. Personal information, anthropometric data and eating behavior of the participants were collected. Data were analyzed by frequency and proportion, and statistical associations using Pearson's Chi-square and the linear trend test, adopting a significance level of 5%, using version 23.0 of the SPSS statistical program. The sample consisted of 357 students, 61.3% of which were female, between 20 and 29 years of age (56%). A total of 34.2% of the students were overweight and 55.5% did not consider they had healthy eating habits. Low observance was observed in eight of the Ten Steps to Adequate and Healthy Eating A review of healthy eating revealed an inverse relationship with observance of the guideline steps, since only 3 steps were followed by more than 60% of the students who evaluated their own eating habits positively. This result suggests that this population may have a distorted view of their own eating habits and need to be enlightened regarding adequate and healthy eating.

Identification of dietary patterns by principal component analysis in schoolchildren in the South of Brazil and associated factors / Identificação de padrões alimentares por análise de componentes principais em escolares do sul do Brasil e fatores associados

Abstract Objectives: to identify dietary patterns (DP) and associated factors in first grade school-children in elementary schools in the South of Brazil. Methods: school-based cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 782 schoolchildren aged 6 to 8. Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. DP were identified using the principal component analysis and the prevalence ratios were obtained by Poisson regression with a robust variance. Results: four DP were identified and accounted for 25.3% of the total variance: "fruit, vegetables and fish" (8.5%), "sweets and salty snacks" (7.0%), "dairy, ham and biscuits" (5.0%) and "common Brazilian food" (4.8%). After the adjustment, breakfast habit and lower frequency of meals in front of a screen increased the probability of adherence to a high consumption of DP of "fruit, vegetables and fish". The maternal schooling level was linearly and inversely associated with DP of "sweets and salty snacks" and "common Brazilian food", and positively related to the DP of "dairy, ham and biscuits". Schoolchildren with food inse-curity and sufficiently active had higher probability of adherence to DP of "common Brazilian food". Conclusions: four DP were identified and associated with food insecurity, maternal socioeconomic characteristics and schoolchildren's behavioral characteristics.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar padrões alimentares (PA) e fatores associados em escolares do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental de escolas municipais do sul do Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal, de base escolar, com uma amostra não-probabilística de 782 escolares, de 6 a 8 anos. A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por questionário de frequência alimentar. Os PA foram identificados através da análise de componentes princi-pais e razões de prevalência foram obtidas por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: foram identificados quatro PA que explicaram 25.3% da variância total: "frutas, verduras e peixe" (8,5%), "doces e salgadinhos" (7.0%); "laticínios, presunto e biscoitos" (5.0%) e "comum brasileiro" (4.8%). Após ajuste, hábito de realizar desjejum e baixa frequência de refeições em frente à tela aumentaram a probabilidade de adesão ao consumo elevado do PA "frutas, verduras e peixe". Escolaridade materna associou-se linear-mente e inversamente com o PA "doces e salgadinhos" e "comum brasileiro", e positiva-mente com o PA "laticínios, presunto e biscoitos". Escolares com insegurança alimentar e suficientemente ativos apresentaram maior probabilidade de adesão ao PA "comum brasileiro". Conclusões: identificaram-se quatro PA e foram observadas associações com insegu-rança alimentar, características socioeconômicas maternas e características comportamen-tais dos escolares.

[Food insecurity and overweight in first grade students in the municipal school system in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. / Insegurança alimentar e excesso de peso em escolares do primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental da rede municipal de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

This cross-sectional school-based study in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, evaluated the association between food insecurity and overweight in first grade students in the municipal elementary school system. A total of 2,369 students were invited to participate, of whom 847 were examined, and of these, 782 had data available on weight and height. Dietary data were obtained from a parent or guardian. Food insecurity was measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Data on weight and height were provided by the Nutrition Service of the Municipal Department of Education. Prevalence rates for overweight and food insecurity were 38.1% and 45.1%, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, children with food insecurity had 22% lower odds of overweight. Notwithstanding the inverse association between the exposure and outcome, this sample showed high rates of food insecurity and overweight, revealing a complex relationship and indicating that further research is needed to understand it. Robust public policies are critical for addressing these conditions.

Food environment, income and obesity: a multilevel analysis of a reality of women in Southern Brazil / Ambiente alimentar, renda e obesidade: uma análise multinível da realidade de mulheres no Sul do Brasil / Entorno alimentario, renta y obesidad: un análisis multinivel de la realidad de mujeres en el Sur de Brasil

The objective of this study was to explore relationships between the neighborhood food environment and obesity in urban women living in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A cross-sectional survey was carried out. This study was conducted with 1,096 women. Structured interviews were conducted using a standard pre-tested questionnaire. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30kg/m2. Circular buffers of 400m in radius were created based on the centroid of the women's houses who participated, in the 45 census tracts inhabited by them. Neighborhood food establishments were identified through systematic survey of all streets in the study areas and geographical coordinates of shops were collected. Establishments were evaluated using the NEMS tool. The prevalence of obesity was 33% among the women participants. After adjusting for individual variables, supermarkets and healthy food establishments were positively associated with obesity, PR = 1.05 (95%CI: 1.01-1.10), PR = 1.02 (95%CI: 1.00-1.04), respectively, while mean buffer income was negatively associated, PR = 0.64 (95%CI: 0.49-0.83). Neighborhood food environment factors were associated with obesity even after controlled for individual variables, as socioeconomic variables, behavioral and food purchase.

O estudo teve como objetivo explorar as relações entre o ambiente alimentar da vizinhança e obesidade em mulheres na área urbana de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, através de um inquérito transversal. O estudo teve uma amostra de 1.096 mulheres. Foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas com um questionário padronizado e previamente testado. A obesidade foi definida como índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥ 30kg/m2. Foram criadas zonas-tampão com raio de 400m em torno do centroide das residências das participantes nos 45 setores censitários. Os estabelecimentos varejistas com venda de alimentos na vizinhança foram identificados através de uma pesquisa sistemática das áreas do estudo, e foram coletadas as coordenadas geográficas dessas lojas. Os estabelecimentos foram avaliados com a ferramenta NEMS. A prevalência de obesidade foi 33% entre as participantes. Depois de ajustar para as variáveis individuais, os supermercados e os estabelecimentos com alimentos saudáveis mostraram uma associação positiva com a obesidade, RP = 1,05 (IC95%: 1,01-1,10), RP = 1,02 (IC95%: 1,00-1,04), respectivamente, enquanto que a renda média da zona-tampão mostrou associação negativa, RP = 0,64 (IC95%: 0,49-0,83). Os fatores de ambiente alimentar da vizinhança estiveram associados à obesidade, mesmo depois de controlar para as variáveis individuais, socioeconômicas, comportamentais e de compra de alimentos.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las relaciones entre el entorno alimentario del vecindario y la obesidad en mujeres que viven en áreas urbanas de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal. Este estudio se realizó con 1.096 mujeres. Se realizaron entrevistas estructuradas, usando un cuestionario estándar probado previamente. La obesidad se definió como un índice de masa corporal (IMC) ≥ 30kg/m2. Se crearon amortiguadores circulares en un radio de 400m, basados en el centroide de las casas de las mujeres que participaron, en los 45 distritos censales donde residían. Los establecimientos de comida del vecindario fueron identificados mediante un estudio sistemático de todas las calles en las áreas de estudio y también se recabaron las coordenadas geográficas de las tiendas. Los establecimientos fueron evaluados usando el instrumento NEMS. La prevalencia de obesidad fue de un 33% entre las mujeres participantes. Tras el ajuste de las variables individuales, los supermercados y los establecimientos de comida sana estuvieron positivamente asociados con la obesidad, RP = 1,05 (IC95%: 1,01-1,10), RP = 1,02 (IC95%: 1,00-1,04), respectivamente, mientras que un promedio de renta media estuvo negativamente asociado, RP = 0,64 (IC95%: 0,49-0,83). Los factores del vecindario en el entorno alimentario estuvieron asociados con la obesidad incluso después de ser controlados por variables individuales como: socioeconómicas, comportamentales y de compra de comida.

[Association between psychosocial factors and self-reported overweight in Brazilian adults]. / Associação entre aspectos psicossociais e excesso de peso referido em adultos de um município de médio porte do Sul do Brasil.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between psychosocial factors and self-reported overweight. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,100 adults in a Brazilian city. Structured interviews were conducted using a standard pre-tested questionnaire. Overweight was self-reported by participants and defined as body mass index (BMI) > 25kg/m². Psychosocial factors were quality of life (WHO-8: EUROHIS) and social support (Medical Outcomes Study). Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained by modified Poisson regression. After controlling for socio-demographic and behavioral variables, prevalence of overweight among individuals reporting low quality of life and low social support was 19% (PR = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.03-1.38) and 12% (PR = 1.12; 95%CI: 0.96-1.31), respectively, and was higher in those reporting high/moderate quality of life and high/moderate social support, respectively. The findings suggest that psychosocial factors can play a role in self-assessment of overweight.

Insegurança alimentar e consumo alimentar inadequado em escolares da rede municipal de São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil / Food insecurity and inadequate food intake among students of municipal schools, São Leopoldo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Resumo Estudo transversal, de base escolar, que avaliou insegurança alimentar (IA) e associação com consumo alimentar inadequado (CAI) em 782 escolares (6,9 ± 0,5 anos) do 1º ano do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de São Leopoldo, RS. Os dados foram obtidos das mães/responsáveis. Mediu-se IA com a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, e ingestão com questionário de frequência alimentar. Os alimentos foram classificados em marcadores de alimentação saudável (MAS) e não saudável (MANS) e receberam pontuação segundo a frequência de ingestão. MAS: 0 - 1 dia – zero; 2 a 3 dias – 0,25; 4 a 5 dias – 0,75; 6 a 7 dias – 1, sendo o inverso para os MANS. Os escores podiam variar de 0 a 25 (EMAS) e de 0 a 19 (EMANS). Um escore total (ET) padronizado foi obtido [EMAS*(19/44) + EMANS*(25/44)] e a pontuação podia variar de 0 a 22. Os escores foram categorizados em terços e o 1º considerado CAI. A IA foi de 45,1% e as pontuações médias foram 5,9 (EMAS), 15,9 (EMANS) e 11,6 (ET). Não se identificou associação entre IA e CAI. IA elevada e baixos escores alimentares exigem ações intersetoriais para garantir acesso à alimentação em quantidade e qualidade adequadas nesta população.

Abstract This research involves a school-based cross sectional study to evaluate the association between food insecurity (FI) and inadequate food intake (IFI), among 782 children (mean age of 6.9±0.5) of the 1st year of primary school in the municipal schools of São Leopoldo in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were gathered from mothers or guardians. FI was obtained through the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, and food consumption using the food frequency questionnaire. Foods were classified as healthy eating markers (HEM) and unhealthy (UEM) and received scores according to intake frequency. HEM: 0 - 1 day - zero; 2 to 3 days - 0.25; 4 to 5 days - 0.75; 6 to 7 days - 1, and the reverse for the UEM. The scores could range from 0 to 25 (HEMS) and 0 to 19 (UEMS). A standardized total score (TS) was obtained [HEMS * (19/44) + UEMS * (25/44)] and could range from 0 to 22. The scores were categorized into terciles and the 1st considered IFI. The FI was 45.1% and the average scores were 5.9 (HEMS), 15.9 (UEMS) and 11.6 (TS). No association was found between IA and IFI. High IA and low food scores require intersectoral approaches to ensure access to food in quantity and quality appropriate for this population.

Neighborhood sociodemographic and environmental contexts and self-rated health among Brazilian adults: a multilevel study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sociodemographic and environmental contexts on self-rated health. A population-based cross-sectional study with a random sample of 38 neighborhoods (census tracts) and 1,100 adults was carried out. Data analysis used multilevel logistic regression. Data from the Brazilian Census of 2000, mean income, years of study of the head of household and mean number of residents per tract were R$955 (SD = 586), 8 years (SD = 3), and 746 residents (SD = 358) respectively. Higher prevalences of fair/poor self-rated health were found in neighborhoods with greater populations and lower income/schooling levels. After control for individual variables, the odds for fair/poor self-rated health was twice as high in more populous (OR = 2.04; 95%CI: 1.15-3.61) and lower-income neighborhoods (OR = 2.29; 95%CI: 1.16-4.50) compared to less populous, higher-income ones. Self-rated health depends on individual characteristics and the sociodemographic context of neighborhoods.

Adesão aos "10 passos da alimentação saudável para crianças" e fatores associados em escolares / Adherence to the "10 steps to a healthy diet for children" and associated factors in schoolchildren

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a frequência de adesão aos "10 Passos da Alimentação Saudável para Crianças" e fatores associados em escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 813 escolares do 1º ano das Escolas Municipais de Ensino Fundamental de São Leopoldo (RS). Os dados foram obtidos das mães/responsáveis por meio de um questionário com questões sobre alimen-tação, atividade física, tempo de tela e características sociodemográficas. O critério de adesão a cada passo foi definido pelos pesquisadores. As associações foram analisadas por meio do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e de tendência linear. RESULTADOS: O número médio de passos atingido foi 3,9, e nenhum escolar aderiu a todos os passos. O Passo 4 (consumir feijão com arroz no mínimo cinco vezes/semana) apresentou maior frequência de adesão (99,8%), e aqueles que envolvem medidas restritivas, como evitar alimentos gordurosos/frituras (Passo 6) e guloseimas (Passo 7), foram os menos frequentemente atingidos, respectivamente, 2,1 e 0,0%. O Passo 10 (ser ativo e ter tempo de tela <2 horas/dia) também apresentou baixa adesão (14,5%). Maior escolaridade materna e melhor nível econômico associou-se positivamente com o Passo 5 (consumo diário de grupo do leite e das carnes), o contrário sendo observado para o Passo 2 (incluir diariamente cereais, tubérculos e raízes nas refeições) e para o Passo 10. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo revelou um cenário desfavorável, que indica a necessidade de ações de diferentes atores (governo, produtores, escola e família) para aumentar a frequência de adesão aos 10 Passos pelos escolares. .

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of adherence to the "10 Steps to Healthy Eating for Children" and associated factors in schoolchildren. METHODS: The present study had a cross-sectional design and was conducted on 813 first grade students from elementary public schools in São Leopoldo (RS). Data were obtained using a questionnaire completed by mothers/guardians. It consisted of questions about food, physical activity, screen time, and socio-demographic characteristics. The criterion of adherence to every step was defined by the researchers. Pearson's chi-square and linear trends were used to evaluate the factors associated with the frequency of adherence to each step of the recommendations investigated. RESULTS: The average number of steps of the "Healthy Eating for Children" recommendations actually followed was 4.9, and none of the students followed all of the steps. Step 4 (consumption of the beans and rice at least five times/week) showed higher compliance (99.8%), and those involving restrictive measures, such as avoiding fatty foods and fried foods (Step 6) and sweets, soft drinks, and sugar-sweetened beverages (Step 7), showed the least compliance, respectively, 2.1 and 0.0%. Step 10 (be active and have screen time <2 hours/day) also showed low compliance (14.5%). Respondents' (mothers/guardians) higher level of education and higher economic level were positively associated with Step 5 (daily consumption of milk and meat groups). The opposite was observed for Step 2 (daily consumption of cereals, stem tubers, tuberous roots) and for Step 10 (mentioned above). CONCLUSION: This study revealed an unfavorable scenario for the population investigated, which indicates the need for actions by different actors (government, school, family, and fruit, nut, cereal, grain, and vegetable growers), in order to increase the frequency of adherence to the 10 Steps by young students. .

Insegurança alimentar e excesso de peso em escolares do primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental da rede municipal de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Food insecurity and overweight in first grade students in the municipal school system in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Inseguridad alimentaria y sobrepeso en niños matriculados en el primer año de la enseñanza primaria en las escuelas municipales de la ciudad de São Leopoldo, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Estudo transversal, de base escolar, realizado em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre insegurança alimentar e excesso de peso em escolares do 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental das escolas municipais. Dois mil, trezentos e sessenta e nove escolares foram convidados a participar, 847 foram investigados e destes, 782 tinham dados de peso e altura. Os dados foram obtidos com as mães/responsáveis. Insegurança alimentar foi medida com a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Peso e altura foram obtidos com o Serviço de Nutrição da Secretaria Municipal de Educação. As prevalências de excesso de peso e insegurança alimentar foram, respectivamente, 38,1% e 45,1%. Após ajuste para fatores de confusão, escolares com insegurança alimentar apresentaram probabilidade 22% menor de ter excesso de peso quando comparados com aqueles sem insegurança alimentar. Este estudo identificou elevadas prevalências de insegurança alimentar e excesso de peso, com associação inversa entre estas variáveis. Por um lado, esses resultados revelam a complexidade dessa relação, o que exige mais estudos para compreendê-la, e, por outro, mostra a necessidade de políticas públicas robustas para enfrentar essas condições.

This cross-sectional school-based study in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, evaluated the association between food insecurity and overweight in first grade students in the municipal elementary school system. A total of 2,369 students were invited to participate, of whom 847 were examined, and of these, 782 had data available on weight and height. Dietary data were obtained from a parent or guardian. Food insecurity was measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Data on weight and height were provided by the Nutrition Service of the Municipal Department of Education. Prevalence rates for overweight and food insecurity were 38.1% and 45.1%, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, children with food insecurity had 22% lower odds of overweight. Notwithstanding the inverse association between the exposure and outcome, this sample showed high rates of food insecurity and overweight, revealing a complex relationship and indicating that further research is needed to understand it. Robust public policies are critical for addressing these conditions.

Estudio transversal para evaluar la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y el sobrepeso en niños matriculados en el primer año de la enseñanza primaria en las escuelas municipales de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Se invitó a 2.369 estudiantes, 847 fueron investigados y de éstos, 782 tenían datos sobre el peso y la altura. Los datos se obtuvieron de los padres/tutores. La inseguridad alimentaria se midió a través de la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria (EBIA). Peso y altura se obtuvieron con el Equipo de Nutrición de la Educación Municipal. Las prevalencias de sobrepeso y inseguridad alimentaria fueron, respectivamente, 38,1% y 45,1%. Después de ajustar por factores de confusión, los niños con inseguridad alimentaria tenían una probabilidad 22% menor de tener sobrepeso, en comparación con los que no tienen inseguridad alimentaria. Este estudio identificó una alta prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria y sobrepeso, con una asociación inversa entre estas variables. Por un lado, estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la complejidad de esta relación, lo que requiere más estudios para entender, y por otro, demuestra la necesidad de políticas públicas sólidas para hacer frente a estas condiciones.

[Prevalence of poor self-rated mastication and associated factors in Brazilian elderly]. / Prevalência de capacidade mastigatória insatisfatória e fatores associados em idosos brasileiros.

We estimated the prevalence of poor self-rated mastication and associated factors among Brazilian elders. The study used data from a national survey of 5,124 Brazilian elderly in 250 cities. Data collection included dental examinations and household interviews with the elderly. The outcome was self-rated mastication. Data analyses used Poisson regression, and the prevalence of poor self-rated mastication was 49.7% (95%CI: 47.5-51.8). Adjusted analyses showed that increased prevalence was associated with: black color/race (PR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.02-1.26); low income (PR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.12-1.33.); high rates of tooth loss (PR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.02-2.66); untreated caries (PR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.08-1.25); never having visited a dentist (PR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.10-1.44); toothache (PR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.39-1.57); use of partial (PR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.76-0.99) or total prostheses (PR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.75-0.88); and need for partial (PR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.03-1.25) or total prostheses (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.16-1.39). The high prevalence emphasizes the dental care needs of this older group. Policies to deal with the problem should take the associated factors into account.

Associação entre aspectos psicossociais e excesso de peso referido em adultos de um município de médio porte do Sul do Brasil / Association between psychosocial factors and self-reported overweight in Brazilian adults

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between psychosocial factors and self-reported overweight. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,100 adults in a Brazilian city. Structured interviews were conducted using a standard pre-tested questionnaire. Overweight was self-reported by participants and defined as body mass index (BMI) > 25kg/m². Psychosocial factors were quality of life (WHO-8: EUROHIS) and social support (Medical Outcomes Study). Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained by modified Poisson regression. After controlling for socio-demographic and behavioral variables, prevalence of overweight among individuals reporting low quality of life and low social support was 19 percent (PR = 1.19; 95 percentCI: 1.03-1.38) and 12 percent (PR = 1.12; 95 percentCI: 0.96-1.31), respectively, and was higher in those reporting high/moderate quality of life and high/moderate social support, respectively. The findings suggest that psychosocial factors can play a role in self-assessment of overweight.

Estudo transversal de base populacional, com 1.100 adultos de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, investigou a associação entre aspectos psicossociais e excesso de peso. Entrevistas estruturadas foram realizadas utilizando-se questionário padronizado e pré-testado. Dados antropométricos foram referidos pelos participantes, e excesso de peso foi definido pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 25kg/m². Aspectos psicossociais incluíram qualidade de vida (WHO-8:EUROHIS) e apoio social (Medical Outcomes Study). A análise dos dados foi realizada com regressão de Poisson modificada. Após ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais, as prevalências de excesso de peso foram 19 por cento (RP = 1,19; IC95 por cento: 1,03-1,38) e 12 por cento (RP = 1,12; IC95 por cento 0,96-1,31) mais elevadas em pessoas com, respectivamente, baixa qualidade de vida e baixo apoio sócial, quando comparadas àquelas com níveis altos ou moderados nestas características. Os achados sugerem que aspectos psicossociais podem apresentar influência no excesso de peso, indicando, assim, a necessidade da atuação interdisciplinar em programas e ações para o controle de peso.

Reflexões legais e éticas sobre o final da vida: uma discussão sobre a ortotanásia / Legal and ethical reflections about end of life: a discussion about orthothanasia

O artigo apresenta as bases éticas e legais da ortotanásia. A busca de conhecimentos esteve baseada em dados disponíveis online e na literatura impressa, tendo como critério de inclusão a relevância dos artigos para a discussão da ortotanásia. Discute-se a ortotanásia tantono campo da medicina quanto no da bioética. São debatidas as leis, a ética e o critério da dignidade quanto à prática da ortotanásia. Reflete-se sobre a morte, os dilemas éticos e as ações dos profissionais em contextos de doentes terminais. O prolongamento da vida do paciente instaura situações muito complexas, mas o limite para investir deve ser definido pela concepção de morte digna, aliada à plena consciência da limitação das intervenções. A solução mais correta para cada situação está diretamente ligada à dignidade da pessoa que sofre o inevitável processoda morte, respeitando suas decisões.

Neighborhood sociodemographic and environmental contexts and self-rated health among Brazilian adults: a multilevel study / O contexto sociodemográfico e ambiental da vizinhança e autopercepção de saúde em adultos de um município do Sul do Brasil: um estudo multinível

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sociodemographic and environmental contexts on self-rated health. A population-based cross-sectional study with a random sample of 38 neighborhoods (census tracts) and 1,100 adults was carried out. Data analysis used multilevel logistic regression. Data from the Brazilian Census of 2000, mean income, years of study of the head of household and mean number of residents per tract were R$955 (SD = 586), 8 years (SD = 3), and 746 residents (SD = 358) respectively. Higher prevalences of fair/poor self-rated health were found in neighborhoods with greater populations and lower income/schooling levels. After control for individual variables, the odds for fair/poor self-rated health was twice as high in more populous (OR = 2.04; 95 percentCI: 1.15-3.61) and lower-income neighborhoods (OR = 2.29; 95 percentCI: 1.16-4.50) compared to less populous, higher-income ones. Self-rated health depends on individual characteristics and the sociodemographic context of neighborhoods.

O objetivo foi investigar a associação entre o contexto sociodemográfico e ambiental e a autopercepção de saúde. Realizou-se um estudo transversal de base populacional com uma amostra aleatória de 38 vizinhanças (setor censitário) e 1.100 adultos de São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A análise dos dados utilizou regressão logística multinível. Dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística no ano 2000, as médias de renda e anos de estudo do chefe do domicílio, e o número de residentes por vizinhança eram R$955,00 (DP = 586), 8 anos (DP = 3) e 746 (DP = 358), respectivamente. Após o controle por aspectos sociodemográficos, comportamentais e relacionados ao serviço no nível individual, as chances de relatar uma autopercepção de saúde como razoável ou ruim eram cerca de duas vezes maiores em vizinhanças mais populosas (OR = 2,04; IC95 por cento: 1,15-3,61) e nas com baixa renda (RP = 2,29; IC95 por cento: 1,16-4,50), quando comparadas às com baixo número de residentes e com alta renda. Resultados sugerem que a autopercepção de saúde depende das características do indivíduo e do contexto sociodemográfico em que ele vive.