RESUMO
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) medication is increasingly being used during pregnancy. Concerns have been raised as to whether ADHD medication has long-term adverse effects on the offspring. The authors investigated whether in utero exposure to ADHD medication was associated with adverse long-term neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in offspring. The population-based cohort study in the Danish national registers included 1,068,073 liveborn singletons from 1998 to 2015 followed until any developmental diagnosis, death, emigration, or December 31, 2018. Children of mothers who continued ADHD medication (methylphenidate, amphetamine, dexamphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, modafinil, atomoxetine, clonidine) during pregnancy and children of mothers who discontinued ADHD medication before pregnancy were compared using Cox regression. Main outcomes were neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, impairments in vision or hearing, epilepsy, seizures, or growth impairment during childhood or adolescence. In total, 898 children were exposed to ADHD medication during pregnancy compared to 1270 children whose mothers discontinued ADHD medication before pregnancy. After adjustment for demographic and psychiatric characteristics of the mother, no increased risk of any offspring developmental disorders was found combined (aHR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.17) or for separate subcategories. Similarly, no increased risk was found for any sub-categories of outcomes in the negative control or sibling controlled analyses. Neurodevelopment and growth in offspring do not differ based on antenatal exposure to ADHD medication. These findings provide reassurance for women with ADHD who depend on ADHD medication for daily functioning and who consider continuing medication in pregnancy.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Metilfenidato , Mães , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Gravidez , Anfetaminas/efeitos adversos , Anfetaminas/uso terapêutico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Clonidina/efeitos adversos , Clonidina/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Coortes , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Idade Gestacional , Metilfenidato/efeitos adversos , Metilfenidato/uso terapêutico , Modafinila/efeitos adversos , Modafinila/uso terapêutico , Mães/psicologia , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Sistema de RegistrosRESUMO
The HOPE cohort is a Danish nationwide cohort with ongoing follow-up, holding information on postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms and diagnoses on 170,218 childbirths (142,795 unique mothers). These data have been linked with extensive register data on health and socioeconomic information on the mothers, their partners, parents, and children. This cohort profile aimed to provide an overview of the data collection and content, describe characteristics, and evaluate potential selection bias. PPD screenings, using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, were collected from 67 of the 98 Danish municipalities, covering the period January 2015 to December 2021. This data was linked with register data on PPD diagnoses (identified through medication prescriptions and hospital contacts) as well as background information. Cohort characteristics were compared to the source population, defined as all childbirths by women residing in Denmark during the same period (452,207 childbirths). Potential selection bias was evaluated by comparing odds ratios of five well-established associations between the cohort and the source population. The HOPE cohort holds information on 170,218 childbirths (38% of the source population) involving 142,795 unique mothers. The HOPE cohort only differed slightly from the source population on most characteristics examined, but larger differences were observed on specific characteristics with an underrepresentation of the youngest and oldest age groups, women with more than three children or twins/triplets, and women born outside Denmark. Similar associations were identified across the two populations within the five well-established associations. There was no indication of selection bias on the five examined associations, and the HOPE cohort is representative of the source population on important perinatal characteristics.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Childbirth may be a traumatic experience and vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may increase the risk of postpartum depression (PPD). We investigated whether genetic vulnerability to PTSD as measured by polygenic score (PGS) increases the risk of PPD and whether a predisposition to PTSD in PPD cases exceeds that of major depressive disorder (MDD) outside the postpartum period. METHODS: This case-control study included participants from the iPSYCH2015, a case-cohort of all singletons born in Denmark between 1981 and 2008. Restricting to women born between 1981 and 1997 and excluding women with a first diagnosis other than depression (N = 22 613), 333 were identified with PPD. For each PPD case, 999 representing the background population and 993 with MDD outside the postpartum were matched by calendar year at birth, cohort selection, and age. PTSD PGS was calculated from summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium with LDpred2-auto. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for parental psychiatric history and country of origin, PGS for MDD and age at first birth, and the first 10 principal components. RESULTS: The PTSD PGS was significantly associated with PPD (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.20-1.68 per standard deviation increase in PTSD PGS) compared to healthy female controls. Genetic PTSD vulnerability in PPD cases did not exceed that of matched female depression cases outside the postpartum period (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.94-1.30 per standard deviation increase). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic vulnerability to PTSD increased the risk of PPD but did not differ between PPD cases and women with depression at other times.
Assuntos
Depressão Pós-Parto , Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Humanos , Depressão Pós-Parto/epidemiologia , Depressão Pós-Parto/genética , Depressão Pós-Parto/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/epidemiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/genética , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fatores de Risco , Período Pós-Parto/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: An increasing number of women of reproductive age are treated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication; however, patterns of ADHD medication use for women in the perinatal period have not been well described. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe ADHD medication use patterns from 1 year before pregnancy to 1 year after delivery, and to describe sociodemographic characteristics and clinical features by medication trajectories. METHODS: The population-based cohort study included pregnancies in Denmark between 1997 and 2020, from the Medical Birth Register, by women who filled at least one prescription for ADHD medication from 12 months before pregnancy until 12 months after delivery. We applied group-based trajectory modeling to classify women into subgroups based on the identification of heterogeneous ADHD medication treatment patterns, and described the characteristics associated with these groups. RESULTS: Overall, we included 4717 pregnancies leading to liveborn singletons by 4052 mothers with a mean (standard deviation) age of 27.5 (5.6) years. We identified four treatment trajectories across pregnancy and the postpartum period: continuers (23.3%), discontinuers (41.8%), interrupters who ceased filling prescriptions during pregnancy but resumed postpartum (17.2%), and postpartum initiators (17.7%). Continuers were older at the time of conception, gave birth in more recent years, were more likely to smoke during pregnancy, and used other psychotropic medications during pregnancy. A large proportion of continuers used methylphenidate (89.1%) compared with the other groups (75.9-84.1%) and had switched ADHD medication type during the whole period (16.4% vs. 7.4-14.8%). CONCLUSION: We found that approximately 60% of women discontinued or interrupted their ADHD medication around pregnancy, and those who continued differed in sociodemographic and clinical factors that may reflect more severe ADHD.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central , Metilfenidato , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/complicações , Estudos de Coortes , Metilfenidato/uso terapêutico , Sistema de Registros , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk of poor mental health. However, the understanding of ADHD-related burden and impairments in women during the postpartum period is limited. The aim with the present study was to examine the risk of depression and anxiety disorders during the postpartum period among women with and without an ADHD diagnosis. METHODS: We used register-based data to identify women who gave birth to their first and/or second child between 2005 and 2013 in Sweden (n = 773,047), of which 0.5 % (n = 3515) had a diagnosis of ADHD prior to pregnancy. Diagnoses of depression and anxiety disorders up to one year after delivery were collected from the national patient register. RESULTS: A total of 16.76 % of the women with an ADHD diagnosis were also diagnosed with depression disorders in the postpartum period, prevalence ratio (PR) 5.09 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 4.68-5.54). A total of 24.92 % of the women with an ADHD diagnosis were also diagnosed with anxiety disorders in the postpartum period, PR 5.41 (5.06-5.78). Stratified results revealed that having a diagnosis of ADHD increased the risk for both depression and anxiety disorders postpartum, beyond other well-known risk factors. LIMITATIONS: There is a potential risk of surveillance bias as women diagnosed with ADHD are more likely to have repeated visits to psychiatric care and might have an enhanced likelihood of also being diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorders postpartum, compared to women without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD is an important risk factor for both depression and anxiety disorders postpartum. Therefore, ADHD needs to be considered in the maternal care, regardless of sociodemographic factors and the presence of other psychiatric disorders.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Criança , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Período Pós-Parto , Fatores de Risco , AnsiedadeRESUMO
Objective: This study aimed to investigate differences in parent- and teacher-reported ADHD symptoms according to the child's country of origin. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 4,207 nonimmigrant (Danish origin) and 233 immigrant (non-Danish origin) children including ratings of phenotypical ADHD symptoms on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires. The association between ADHD symptoms and country of origin, separately for parents and teachers, was analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: Teachers reported similar numbers of ADHD symptoms for immigrant and nonimmigrant children (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, confidence interval [CI] = [0.58, 1.54]), whereas immigrant parents were less likely than nonimmigrant parents to report ADHD symptoms (OR = 0.42, CI = [0.21, 0.84]). Conclusion: Immigrant parents were less likely than nonimmigrant parents to report ADHD symptoms, whereas the teachers reported similar amount of ADHD symptoms in the two groups of children. Our results emphasize the importance of paying attention to teacher reporting of ADHD symptoms when assessing immigrant children.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Docentes , Humanos , Pais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Depression is one of the leading causes of premature workforce exit in many Western countries, but little is known about the extent to which treatment-resistance reduces number of work-years. We compared the risk of premature workforce exit among patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) relative to non-TRD patients and estimated work years lost (WYL) before scheduled retirement age. METHODS: The study population, identified in the Danish National Prescription Registry, included all individuals born and living in Denmark who redeemed their first antidepressant (AD) prescription for depression at age 18-60 years between 2005 and 2012. TRD was defined as failure to respond to at least two different treatment trials. Premature workforce exit was measured using disability pension records. We used Cox regression to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for premature workforce exit in TRD relative to non-TRD patients, adjusting for calendar year, psychiatric and somatic comorbidity, and educational level. Differences in WYL in patients with TRD and all depression patients were estimated through a competing risks model. RESULTS: Out of the total sample of patients with depression (N = 129,945), 7478 (5.75%) were classified as having TRD. During follow up, 17% of patients with TRD and 8% of non-TRD patients received disability pension, resulting in a greater than three-fold larger risk of premature workforce exit [adjusted HR (aHR) 3.23 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.05-3.43]. The TRD group lost on average six work-years (95% CI 5.64-6.47) more than the total sample due to early labor force exit. The association between TRD and age at premature workforce exit was inversely U-shaped; the hazard rate of premature workforce exit for patients with TRD compared with non-TRD patients was highest in the age groups 31-35, 36-40, and 41-45 years. CONCLUSION: Patients with TRD constitute a small group within depression patients, but contribute disproportionally to societal costs due to premature workforce exit at a young age.