Hybrid Multi-Label Classification Model for Medical Applications Based on Adaptive Synthetic Data and Ensemble Learning.

In recent years, both machine learning and computer vision have seen growth in the use of multi-label categorization. SMOTE is now being utilized in existing research for data balance, and SMOTE does not consider that nearby examples may be from different classes when producing synthetic samples. As a result, there can be more class overlap and more noise. To avoid this problem, this work presented an innovative technique called Adaptive Synthetic Data-Based Multi-label Classification (ASDMLC). Adaptive Synthetic (ADASYN) sampling is a sampling strategy for learning from unbalanced data sets. ADASYN weights minority class instances by learning difficulty. For hard-to-learn minority class cases, synthetic data are created. Their numerical variables are normalized with the help of the Min-Max technique to standardize the magnitude of each variable's impact on the outcomes. The values of the attribute in this work are changed to a new range, from 0 to 1, using the normalization approach. To raise the accuracy of multi-label classification, Velocity-Equalized Particle Swarm Optimization (VPSO) is utilized for feature selection. In the proposed approach, to overcome the premature convergence problem, standard PSO has been improved by equalizing the velocity with each dimension of the problem. To expose the inherent label dependencies, the multi-label classification ensemble of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), and Clustering-Based Decision tree methods will be processed based on an averaging method. The following criteria, including precision, recall, accuracy, and error rate, are used to assess performance. The suggested model's multi-label classification accuracy is 90.88%, better than previous techniques, which is PCT, HOMER, and ML-Forest is 65.57%, 70.66%, and 82.29%, respectively.

Proton Compton Scattering from Linearly Polarized Gamma Rays.

Differential cross sections for Compton scattering from the proton have been measured at scattering angles of 55°, 90°, and 125° in the laboratory frame using quasimonoenergetic linearly (circularly) polarized photon beams with a weighted mean energy value of 83.4 MeV (81.3 MeV). These measurements were performed at the High Intensity Gamma-Ray Source facility at the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory. The results are compared to previous measurements and are interpreted in the chiral effective field theory framework to extract the electromagnetic dipole polarizabilities of the proton, which gives α_{E1}^{p}=13.8±1.2_{stat}±0.1_{BSR}±0.3_{theo},ß_{M1}^{p}=0.2∓1.2_{stat}±0.1_{BSR}∓0.3_{theo} in units of 10^{-4} fm^{3}.

A disease progression model of longitudinal lung function decline in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients.

Pirfenidone and nintedanib are the first two FDA-approved therapies for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The clinical programs for pirfenidone and nintedanib included 1132 patients in the placebo arms and 1691 patients in the treatment arms across 6 trials. We developed a disease progression model to characterize the observed variability in lung function decline, measured as percent predicted forced vital capacity (%p-FVC), and its decrease in decline after treatment. The non-linear longitudinal change in %p-FVC was best described by a Weibull function. The median decreased decline in %p-FVC after treatment was estimated to be 1.50% (95% CI [1.12, 1.79]) and 1.96% (95% CI [1.47, 2.36]) at week 26 and week 52, respectively. Smoking status, weight, %p-FVC, %p-DLco and oxygen use at baseline were identified as significant covariates affecting decline in %p-FVC. The decreased decline in %p-FVC were observed among all subgroups of interest, of which the effects were larger at 1 year compared to 6 months. Based on the disease progression model smoking status and oxygen use at baseline may affect the treatment effect size. At week 52, the decreased decline in %p-FVC for current smokers and patients with oxygen use at baseline were 1.56 (90% CI [1.02, 1.99]) and 2.32 (90% CI [1.74, 2.86]), respectively. These prognostic factors may be used to enrich studies with patients who are more likely to respond to treatment, by demonstrating a lesser decline in lung function, and therefore provide the potential to allow for IPF studies with smaller study populations or shorter durations.

Prevalence and risk factors for sexual dysfunction in reproductive-aged married women: A cross-sectional epidemiological study.

AIM: We aimed (i) to evaluate the point prevalence for sexual dysfunction in a population of reproductive-aged married women living in an urban area in Isparta, Turkey, (ii) to examine demographic and psychosocial risk factors for sexual dysfunction. METHODS: In a cross-sectional design, following single-stage cluster sampling all married women living in three representative areas (n = 1323) were approached at their place of residence. Female sexual dysfunction, poor mental health and marital adjustment were assessed with the 9-item Index of Female Sexual Function, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, and Locke-Wallace Short Marital-Adjustment Test, respectively. Descriptive data were presented as frequencies, percentages and mean ± standard deviations. Chi-square and independent samples t-test were used for univariate analysis. Logistic regression model was constructed to define independent risk factors for sexual dysfunction. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the 1216 women included in analyses (response rate 91.9%), 45.0% experience sexual dysfunction. Poor marital adjustment and poor mental health are associated with sexual dysfunction (odds ratio = 4.06; 95% confidence interval = 2.97-5.54; odds ratio = 2.74; 95% confidence interval = 2.00-3.72, respectively). Lack of social insurance, chronic disease of the spouse, perception of deficient knowledge on sexuality-related topics, perceived sexual problems, and increasing duration of marriage were also associated with sexual dysfunction (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: Screening of married women for sexual dysfunction and the risk factors revealed in the present study may permit appropriate preventive interventions.

Does extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy cause hearing impairment in children?

PURPOSE: We evaluated the possible effects of noise created by high energy shock waves on the hearing function of children treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 65 children with normal hearing function were included in the study. Patients were divided into 3 groups, ie those becoming stone-free after 1 session of shock wave lithotripsy (group 1, 22 children), those requiring 3 sessions to achieve stone-free status (group 2, 21) and healthy children/controls (group 3, 22). Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was applied with patients in the supine position with a 90-minute frequency and a total of 2,000 shock waves in each session (Compact Sigma, Dornier MedTech, Wessling, Germany). Second energy level was used with a maximum energy value of 58 joules per session in all patients. Hearing function and possible cochlear impairment were evaluated by transient evoked otoacoustic emissions test at 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 2.8 and 4.0 kHz frequencies before the procedure, 2 hours later, and 1 month after completion of the first shock wave lithotripsy session in groups 1 and 2. In controls the same evaluation procedures were performed at the beginning of the study and 7 weeks later. RESULTS: Regarding transient evoked otoacoustic emissions data, in groups 1 and 2 there was no significant alteration in values obtained after shock wave lithotripsy compared to values obtained at the beginning of the study, similar to controls. CONCLUSIONS: A well planned shock wave lithotripsy procedure is a safe and effective treatment in children with urinary stones and causes no detectable harmful effect on hearing function.

Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bacillus megaterium against malarial and dengue vector (Diptera: Culicidae).

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles has provoked nowadays and alternative to physical and chemical approaches. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized extracellular method using Bacillus megaterium. The AgNPs formations were confirmed initially through color change, and the aliquots were characterized through UV-visible spectrophotometer, followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The surface plasmon resonance band was shown at 430 nm in UV-vis spectrophotometer. The bioreduction was categorized through identifying the compounds responsible for the AgNP synthesis, and the functional group present in B. megaterium cell-free culture was scrutinized using FTIR. The topography and morphology of the particles were determined using SEM. In addition, this biosynthesized AgNPs were found to show higher insecticidal efficacy against vector mosquitoes. The LC50 and LC90 were found to be 0.567, 2.260; 0.90, 4.44; 1.349, 8.269; and 1.640, 9.152 and 0.240, 0.955; 0.331, 1.593; 0.494, 2.811; and 0.700, 4.435 with respect to the first, second, third, and fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. All the calculated χ (2) values are highly significant compared with the tabulated value. Therefore, B. megaterium-synthesized silver nanoparticles would be used as a potent larvicidal agent against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti.

Optimization and synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Isaria fumosorosea against human vector mosquitoes.

The efficacy of silver generated larvicide with the help of entomopathogenic fungi, Isaria fumosorosea (Ifr) against major vector mosquitoes Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. The Ifr-silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized structurally and functionally using UV-visible spectrophotometer followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The optimum pH (alkaline), temperature (30 °C) and agitation (150 rpm) for AgNP synthesis and its stability were confirmed through colour change. Ae. aegypti larvae (I-IV instars) were found highly susceptible to synthesized AgNPs than the larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus. However, the mortality rate was indirectly proportional to the larval instar and the concentration. The lethal concentration that kills 50% of the exposed larvae (LC50) and lethal concentration that kills 90% of the exposed larvae (LC90) values of the tested concentration are 0.240, 0 0.075.337, 0.430, 0.652 and 1.219, 2.210, 2.453, 2.916; 0.065, 0.075, 0.098, 0.137 and 0.558, 0.709, 0.949, 1.278 ppm with respect to 0.03 to 1.00 ppm of Ifr-AgNPs against first, second, third and fourth instars of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. This is the first report for synthesis of AgNPs using Ifr against human vector mosquitoes. Hence, Ifr-AgNPs would be significantly used as a potent mosquito larvicide.

Myco-synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Beauveria bassiana against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

The efficacy of silver synthesized biolarvicide with the help of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, was assessed against the different larval instars of dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. The silver nanoparticles were observed and characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). A surface plasmon resonance band was observed at 420 nm in UV-vis spectrophotometer. The characterization was confirmed by shape (spherical), size 36.88-60.93 nm, and EDX spectral peak at 3 keV of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles have been tested against the different larval instars of Ae. aegypti at different concentrations for a period of 24 h. Ae. aegypti larvae were found more susceptible to the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The LC50 and LC90 values are 0.79 and 1.09 ppm with respect to the Ae. aegypti treated with B. bassiana (Bb) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). First and second instar larvae of Ae. aegypti have shown cent percent mortality while third and fourth instars found 50.0, 56.6, 70.0, 80.0, and 86.6 and 52.4, 60.0, 68.5, 76.0, and 83.3% mortality at 24 h of exposure in 0.06 and 1.00 ppm, respectively. It is suggested that the entomopathogenic fungus synthesized silver nanoparticles would be appropriate for environmentally safer and greener approach for new leeway in vector control strategy through a biological process.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bacillus thuringiensis against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

The present study reveals the larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) against Aedes aegypti responsible for the diseases of public health importance. The Bt-AgNPs were characterized by using UV-visible spectrophotometer followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. A surface plasmon resonance spectrum of AgNps was obtained at 420 nm. The particle sizes were measured through SEM imaging ranging from 43.52 to 142.97 nm. The Bt-AgNPs has also given a characteristic peak at 3 keV in EDX image. Interestingly, the mortality rendered by Bt-AgNPs was comparatively high than that of the control against third-instar larvae of A. aegypti (LC50 0.10 ppm and LC90 0.39 ppm) in all the tested concentrations, viz. 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, and 0.15 ppm. Hence, Bt-AgNPs would be significantly used as a potent mosquito larvicide against A. aegypti.

Reducing depression among community-dwelling older adults using life-story review: a pilot study.

A life-story review can serve as an effective intervention to express one's inner feelings and provide emotional catharsis. The research aim was to examine the effects of life-story review on depression levels in community-dwelling older adults in Singapore. This pilot experimental pre-post-follow-up study was conducted from July 2012 to February 2013. Twenty-nine older Malays aged 60 and above, with mild to moderate depression, were randomly allocated to the life-story review (intervention) group (n = 15) or the non life-story review (control) group (n = 14). Depressive symptoms were measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 and collected five times over eight weeks. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the effects of the intervention on the elders' depression levels, controlled for age, gender, medication use, existence of chronic disease, and diary writing experience. Reductions in depression scores were found in the intervention group from week 1 (Mean ± SD 5.9 ± 2.3) to week 8 (1.9 ± 1.6) compared with the control group (week 1: 5.0 ± 1.3; week 8: 3.5 ± 1.5). At week 8, the intervention group showed a significantly lower level of depression than the control group (χ(2) = 14.61, p < 0.001). This study adds to prior research supporting the use of life story review in improving depression levels in cognitively intact community dwelling older adults.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Topical Phenytoin in the Healing of Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Comparative Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to observe the outcomes of topical phenytoin treatment in healing neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers with mild infection and compare these outcomes with those obtained from conventional dressing methods. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of patients with neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers treated at a tertiary care center from 2015 to 2020. Two groups were identified: (1) patients treated with topical phenytoin (for ulcers measuring less than 5 cm, a dosage of 100 mg was used; for ulcers measuring between 5 cm and 9 cm, a dosage of 150 mg was used; for ulcers measuring between 10 cm and 15 cm, a dosage of 200 mg was used; and for ulcers measuring greater than 15 cm, a dosage of 300 mg was used. The tablets were crushed and dispersed before administration) and (2) those were treated with conventional dressings (the conventional method includes wound wash with 0.9 normal saline and betadine solution with application of sterile gauze dressing). Data on wound healing rate, time to achieve complete healing, and recurrence rates were collected. RESULTS: The study included 120 patients, with 60 receiving topical phenytoin and 60 receiving conventional dressings. Preliminary findings indicated that the topical phenytoin group experienced a 27 (45%) reduction in ulcer size by week four, compared to a 15 (25%) reduction in the conventional group. The median time to complete healing was significantly shorter in the phenytoin group (eight weeks) compared to the conventional dressing group (12 weeks; p < 0.05). Additionally, granulation tissue appeared earlier in the phenytoin group, with an average onset of 10 days, compared to 18 days in the conventional group (p < 0.01). The incidence of ulcer recurrence was lower in the phenytoin group (6, 10%) compared to the conventional group (18, 30%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Topical phenytoin demonstrated a promising enhancement in the healing of mildly infected neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers compared to conventional dressings. Further studies are recommended to substantiate these findings and explore the mechanisms underlying the observed benefits.

Evaluation of diethyl 4-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate: synthesis, anti-corrosion potential, and biomedical applications.

The pursuit of advanced multifunctional compounds has gained significant momentum in recent scientific endeavours. This study is dedicated to elucidating the synthesis, rigorous characterization, and multifaceted applications-encompassing anti-corrosion, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties-of Diethyl 4-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate. The 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative was meticulously synthesized through a strategic reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate, and 5-bromoindole-3-carboxaldehydein the ethanol medium at 60  C. Subsequent spectral validations were conducted using sophisticated techniques, namely FTIR, NMR, and Mass spectrometry, resulting in data that perfectly resonated with the hypothesized chemical structure of the compound. Its anti-corrosive potential was assessed on mild steel subjected to an aggressive acidic environment, employing comprehensive methodologies like gravimetric analysis, Tafel polarization, and EIS. Concurrently, its antimicrobial prowess was ascertained against a spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Candida albicansandAspergillusniger, leveraging the disc diffusion method and using Gentamicin as a reference standard.The empirical results illustrated a substantial decrement in corrosion rates with ascending concentrations of the organic compound, achieving an apex of anti-corrosive efficacy at 81.89% for a concentration of 2 × 103 M. Furthermore, the compound outperformed Gentamicin in antimicrobial screenings, manifesting superior efficacy against all tested pathogens. The antioxidant potential, quantified using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay against ascorbic acid as a benchmark, was found to have an IC50 value of 113.964 ± 0.076 µg/ml.This comprehensive investigation accentuates the paramount potential of the synthesized dihydropyridine derivative in diverse domains-from industrial applications as a corrosion inhibitor to therapeutic avenues given its pronounced antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities. The compelling results obtained pave the way for expansive research and development initiatives cantered around this multifaceted compound.

Cross-section measurements of the 86Kr(γ,n) reaction to probe the s-process branching at 85Kr.

We have carried out photodisintegration cross-section measurements on 86Kr using monoenergetic photon beams ranging from the neutron separation energy, S(n) = 9.86 MeV, to 13 MeV. We combine our experimental 86Kr(γ,n)85Kr cross section with results from our recent 86Kr(γ,γ') measurement below the neutron separation energy to obtain the complete nuclear dipole response of 86Kr. The new experimental information is used to predict the neutron capture cross section of 85Kr, an important branching point nucleus on the abundance flow path during s-process nucleosynthesis. Our new and more precise 85Kr(n,γ)86Kr cross section allows us to produce more precise predictions of the 86Kr abundance from s-process models. In particular, we find that the models of the s process in asymptotic giant branch stars of mass <1.5M⊙, where the 13C neutron source burns convectively rather than radiatively, represent a possible solution for the highest 86Kr:82Kr ratios observed in meteoritic stardust SiC grains.

Entomopathogenic Fungi: An Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Sustainable Nanoparticles and Their Nanopesticide Properties.

The agricultural industry could undergo significant changes due to the revolutionary potential of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has a broad range of possible applications and advantages, including insect pest management using treatments based on nanoparticle insecticides. Conventional techniques, such as integrated pest management, are inadequate, and using chemical pesticides has negative consequences. As a result, nanotechnology would provide ecologically beneficial and effective alternatives for insect pest control. Considering the remarkable traits they exhibit, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are recognized as potential prospects in agriculture. Due to their efficiency and great biocompatibility, the utilization of biologically synthesized nanosilver in insect pest control has significantly increased nowadays. Silver nanoparticles have been produced using a wide range of microbes and plants, which is considered an environmentally friendly method. However, among all, entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have the most potential to be used in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with a variety of properties. Therefore, in this review, different ways to get rid of agricultural pests have been discussed, with a focus on the importance and growing popularity of biosynthesized nanosilver, especially silver nanoparticles made from fungi that kill insects. Finally, the review highlights the need for further studies so that the efficiency of bio-nanosilver could be tested for field application and the exact mode of action of silver nanoparticles against pests can be elucidated, which will eventually be a boon to the agricultural industry for putting a check on pest populations.

The value of serum immunoglobulin free light chain assessment in patients with monoclonal gammopathies and acute renal failure.

OBJECTIVE: Immunoglobulin free light chain (FLC) abnormalities are common in patients with monoclonal gammopathies and the kidneys are the most affected organs. Immunoassays that provide quantitative measurement of FLC in serum indicate monoclonal FLC production based on the presence of an abnormal FLC kappa:lambda (κ:λ) ratio. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of serum FLC measurement as a diagnostic tool for detecting plasma cell dyscrasias in comparison to standard assays, and to ascertain its sensitivity and specificity in patients with acute renal failure (ARF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sera from 82 patients with ARF were assessed using serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), serum immunofixation electrophoresis (SIFE), and FLC measurement. The sensitivity and specificity of the FLC ratio in identifying which ARF patients had multiple myeloma (MM) was compared to those of SPE and SIFE. RESULTS: Among the 82 patients with ARF, 7 were diagnosed as MM using SPE, SIFE, and bone marrow biopsy techniques. In total, 8 patients did not have a FLC κ:λ ratio that was within the published reference range (0:26-1:65); the FLC κ:λ ratio based on FLC measurement had a specificity of 96% and sensitivity of 71%, and positive and negative predictive values of 62.9% and 97.3%, respectively, for the diagnosis of MM. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity and specificity of the FLC κ:λ ratio for diagnosing MM in patients that presented with ARF were lower than those of SPE and SIFE. To further delineate the utility of the FLC κ:λ ratio additional prospective, well-designed large-scale studies are needed. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None declared.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene Val66Met polymorphism and cognitive function in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

In the present study, we have tested the hypothesis that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene Val66Met polymorphism is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and also investigated the association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and the performance on tests measuring executive functions in a sample of patients with OCD. A total of 100 patients diagnosed with OCD according to DSM-IV criteria and 110 control subjects were included in this study. Single nucleotide polymorphism (G/A) leading to Val to Met substitution at codon 66 in BDNF was screened in the DNA samples of all participants. The genotype frequencies of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism were compared in OCD patients and healthy controls. The four subgroups of OCD and healthy control subjects, determined according to being Val homozygous or carrying a Met allele, were also compared according to their performance in a battery of neuropsychological tests of executive functions and verbal memory. There was no significant difference for the allele and genotype distributions of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism between the OCD and healthy control groups. Compared to the other three subgroups, OCD-Met carriers were slower on Trail-Making Test part A (TMT A), part B (TMT B) score and its speed-corrected score (TMT B-A). OCD-Met carriers had also poor performance on verbal fluency tasks and several CVLT measures compared only to the healthy control-Met carriers. These results demonstrate that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism does not appear to be a risk factor for OCD. However, the presence of a BDNF Met allele, which is a known attenuator of BDNF activity, may be associated with a poorer executive functioning in OCD.

Xorides xylotrechi sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Xoridinae) parasitizing Xylotrechus stebbingi (Gahan, 1906) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in India.

New xoridine species, Xorides xylotrechi sp. n., from India is described and illustrated. The parasitoid was reared from the larvae of the xylophagous beetle, Xylotrechus stebbingi (Gahan, 1906), infesting Juglans regia L. Notes on parasitoid behaviour and biology are also provided with a brief description of female reproductive system and venom apparatus.

A novel, highly sensitive electrochemical 1,4-dioxane sensor based on reduced graphene oxide-curcumin nanocomposite.

1,4-Dioxane is a carcinogenic, non-biodegradable, organic water pollutant which is used as a solvent in various industries. It is also formed as an undesired by-product in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Given its carcinogenicity and ability to pollute, it is desirable to develop a sensitive and selective sensor to detect it in drinking water and other water bodies. Current works on this sensor are very few and involve complex metal oxide composite systems. A sensitive electrochemical sensor for 1,4-dioxane was developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a reduced graphene oxide-curcumin (rGO-CM) nanocomposite synthesized by a simple solution approach. The prepared rGO-CM was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The rGO-CM/GCE sensor was employed for the detection of 1,4-dioxane in the range of 0.1-100 µM. Although, the detection range is narrower compared to reported literature, the sensitivity obtained for the proposed sensor is far superior. Moreover, the limit of detection (0.13 µM) is lower than the dioxane detection target defined by the World Health Organization (0.56 µM). The proposed rGO-CM/GCE also showed excellent stability and good recovery values in real sample (tap water and drinking water) analysis.

Short term urinary catheterized patients in intensive care unit (ICU)--a need to screen.

Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) is the second most commonly reported healthcare associated infection, accounting for upto 40% of all nosocomial infections. Silent catheter associated bacteriuria comprises a huge reservoir of resistant organism in hospitals particularly in critical care units. We prospectively studied 100 newly short-term catheterized patients in a tertiary care hospital. Samples collected on day three and daily thereafter for semi quantitative urine culture and pus cell count. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of hundred patients, 32 showed growth on fifth day and remaining 68 samples were culture negative up to seventh day. None of the culture positive samples had pus cells. Escherichia coli (35%) was the predominant isolate followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, Candida spp (15% each) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (5%). Among the Gram negative organisms, four strains of Escherichia coli and two strains of Klebsiella pneumonia were Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) producers and 33.3% were Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Multidrug resistant pathogens in an asymptomatic short-term catheterized patient are a major reservoir in hospitals. This emphasizes the importance of periodic surveillance for nosocomial infections in hospital and the periodic screening will also help us to frame antibiotic policy in a new tertiary care hospital.