Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants and bleeding risk in breast cosmetic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common antidepressant prescribed currently. Data regarding SSRI use among plastic surgery patients may differ between different populations, but the incidence could be as high as 10 %. It is known that SSRIs decrease platelet serotonin storage and platelet function, and their association with postsurgical bleeding in mastectomy patients and orthopedic surgery patients is well established. An increased risk of postsurgical bleeding among plastic surgery patients may have important clinical implications, but this has not been evaluated to date. The authors therefore conducted a hospital-based study with prospectively collected data to examine the association between the use of SSRIs and postsurgical bleeding. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of SSRIs on bleeding risk in the breast cosmetic surgery population. METHODS: All patients who underwent breast cosmetic plastic surgery procedures (breast augmentation, breast reduction, or mastopexy) at our institution between January of 2001 and December of 2011 were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups by SSRI use history: a no-use group and an active-use group. The primary end point for a bleeding event was the need for intervention. Patients were further subcategorized by type of breast surgery performed, body mass index, and age. Descriptive statistics tabulated the frequency of a bleeding event within the groups. Logistic regression was applied to evaluate the risk of a bleeding event according to the use of SSRIs. The odds ratios (ORs) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) associating SSRI use with postoperative bleeding were computed. RESULTS: During the study period, 2,285 patients had breast cosmetic surgery, and 33 of these patients (1.44 %) experienced a bleeding event (hematoma requiring surgical draining). Of the 196 patients (8.58 %) in the active-use group, 9 (4.59 %) experienced a bleeding event. Of the 2,089 patients in the no-use group, 24 (1.15 %) presented with bleeding. The patients using SSRIs had a 4.14-fold greater risk of breast hematoma needing intervention than the patients who were not users (OR, 4; 95 % CI, 1.90-9.04). Logistic regression also showed that bleeding events were more common among the SSRI users regardless of the type of procedure performed, the body mass index, or the age group. CONCLUSIONS: Use of SSRIs is associated with a fourfold increased risk of bleeding after breast cosmetic surgery (from 1.44 to 4.59 %). The decision of psychologically vulnerable patients to stop SSRIs before surgery should not be made without a complete discussion of the risks and benefits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Striae distensae after breast augmentation.

BACKGROUND: One known but not fully understood complication after breast augmentation is the new onset of stretch marks (striae distensae) on the surgically treated breast. To date, all publications on this subject have been case reports. No report has fully described the actual incidence, risk factors, or management of striae distensae after breast surgery. METHODS: This study prospectively followed patients who underwent primary breast augmentation using silicone implants in a single group practice from 2007 to 2011. New-onset striae distensae were actively investigated. Time from surgery to the moment of striae onset, patient age, nulliparity, use of oral contraceptives, overweight, personal history of stretch marks, and other variables were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 409 patients were included in the study. In 19 cases (4.6%), new-onset striae distensae after breast augmentation were observed. The population with striae distensae was significantly younger than the total population (29.56 vs 20.91 years; p=0.012). Striae distensae also were more common in nulliparous than in multiparous women (8.29 vs 0.52%; p=0.006), overweight women (17.77 vs 3.02%; p=0.016), women using oral contraceptives (7.89 vs 0.55%; p=0.008), and women with a personal history of stretch marks (8.97 vs 3.36%; p=0.031). No relation was shown regarding implant pocket type, size, or profile. CONCLUSION: Striae distensae may be a common but underreported complication after breast augmentation. In this series, striae distensae developed in 4.6% of the patients within 1 year after breast augmentation. Severity may vary from inconspicuous small marks (classifications 1 and 2) to wide red and active striae rubra (classifications 3 and 4). Nulliparity, use of oral contraceptives, overweight, personal history of stretch marks, and younger age were related to a higher incidence of striae distensae. The increased rates in these groups may be associated with their exposure to higher estrogen levels and the important role of this hormone in facilitating the formation of striae distensae. Further studies are needed to show whether changes in these risk factors (i.e., weight loss, contraceptive withdrawal) may help to decrease striae distensae rates is these populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors at www.springer.com/00266.

Triple-anchoring sub-SMAS face-lift.

BACKGROUND: This article presents the senior author's (ARB) 10-year experience with a rhytidectomy technique that incorporates concepts of modern facial shaping and contour using a sub-SMAS repositioning of volumetric units with partial sub-SMAS elevation (tunnel dissection), periosteal anchoring of SMAS and volumetric units, and limited skin undermining. METHODS: The cases of triple-anchoring sub-SMAS face-lift performed from January 2000 to January 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Primary and secondary cases were included. All case data and photography were analyzed. Data regarding patient age, sex, and operative time were gathered. Complication rates were also calculated. RESULTS: A total of 626 patients had a face-lift using the author's technique in this period. A total of 484 patients had a primary face-lift and 142 had secondary surgery. Experience with 626 rhytidectomies performed over a 10-year period indicates that this operation can be completed safely with satisfactory results and a low incidence of complications. To alter effectively the facial contour, a system that reliably elevates the facial volumetric units is needed. After adequate release of the retaining ligaments, the thick SMAS is used as a load-bearing layer. All the tension is transferred from the SMAS to a fixed periosteal anchor point. Each volumetric unit of the face (mala, lateral, and cervical) should be independently mobilized and fixed. CONCLUSION: The author's technique was shown to be effective in repositioning facial volumes. It was a predictable and reliable technique with few complications over the years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors at http://www.springer.com/00266.

Reoperative transaxillary breast surgery: using the axillary incision to treat augmentation-related complications.

BACKGROUND: The axillary incision for breast augmentation has been an option for patients and surgeons for more than 30 years now. Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that reoperations continue to be significant (15-24% at 3 years) independent of incision choice. The misbelief that the transaxillary approach is not adequate for reoperations inhibits patients' and surgeons' decisions on what incision is best in each case. METHODS: A retrospective analyses was performed seeking reoperation cases performed from January 2008 to January 2011 that used the same axillary incision as the previous transaxillary augmentation. Data on the cause for the reoperation, time between surgeries, patient age, implant volume, locality of the primary operation, and details regarding the implant type and pocket plane were gathered and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients and 26 breasts needing reoperation were found in this period. The average time between the first surgery and reoperation was 12 months, average patient age was 36 years, and implant volume ranged from 195 to 360 cc, with an average of 283 cc. Six of these patients were previously operated on by the authors and nine were operated on by other surgeons and came to our service seeking revision. Details regarding the implant type and pocket plane are also given. The main causes for reoperation were capsular contracture (26.9%), size change (15.4%), seroma/hematoma (11.5%), infection (11.5%), axillary banding/scarring (11.5%), lower-pole deformity/high-riding (11.5%), asymmetry (7.7%), and rippling/waviness (3.8%). CONCLUSION: Transaxillary breast augmentation reoperation is feasible if certain principles are followed.

[Effects of intrinsic denervation of the jejunum after extensive enterectomy in the rat bowel syndrome]. / Efeitos da desnervação intrínseca do jejuno após enterectomia extensa na síndrome do intestino curto em ratos.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of intrinsic denervation of the jejunum after the extensive intestinal resection in rats. METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups, depending on the experimental procedure: Group C (control), Group R (resection) and Group D (resection plus denervation). The body weight gain and a histomorphometric study of the jejunal mucosa were performed. RESULTS: The mean body weight of the group D animals showed a higher increase when compared to group R (D=312.2+/-21 g and R=196.7+/-36.2g). The number of jejunum myenteric neurons was smaller in group D (344.8+/-34.8 neurons/mm) when compared to other groups (R=909.0+/-55.5 and C=898.5+/-73.3). A hyperplasia of the jejunum mucosal epithelium was observed in the group D but also in the group R (R=7.3+/-3.9 mm2 and D=10.8+/-4.3 mm2), when compared to group C (C=5.8+/-3.0 mm2). The epithelial cell proliferation of the jejunum was higher in group D animals (48.7%) when compared to the other groups (R=31.9% and C=23.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The denervated animals presented an increase the body weight gain and mucosal cell proliferation responses when compared to the control group. This experimental model may provide new strategies for the surgical treatment of the short bowel syndrome.

A retrospective study of histopathological findings in 894 cases of megacolon: what is the relationship between megacolon and colonic cancer?

Patients with megaesophagus (ME) have increased prevalence of cancer of the esophagus. In contrast, a higher incidence of colorectal cancer is not observed in patients with megacolon (MC). MC is very common in some regions of Brazil, where it is mainly associated with Chagas disease. We reviewed the pathology records of surgical specimens of all patients submitted for surgical resection of MC in the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (HC-FMRP), from the University of São Paulo. We found that 894 patients were operated from 1952 until 2001 for MC resection. Mucosal ulcers, hyperplasia and chronic inflammation were frequently found, while polyps were uncommon. No patients with MC presented any type of colonic neoplasm. This observation reinforces the hypothesis that MC has a negative association with cancer of the colon. This seems to contradict the traditional concept of carcinogenesis in the colon, since patients with MC presents important chronic constipation that is thought to cause an increase in risk for colon cancer. MC is also associated with other risk factors for cancer of colon, such as hyperplasia, mucosal ulcers and chronic inflammation. In ME these factors lead to a remarkable increase in cancer risk. The study of mucosal cell proliferation in MC may provide new insights and useful information about the role of constipation in colonic carcinogenesis.

Efeitos da desnervação intrínseca do jejuno após enterectomia extensa na síndrome do intestino curto em ratos / Effects of intrinsic denervation of the jejunum after extensive enterectomy in the rat bowel syndrome

OBJETIVO: Investigar em ratos Wistar as respostas adaptativas da mucosa em conseqüência da desnervação intrínseca do jejuno após ressecção intestinal extensa. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 30 ratos distribuídos em três grupos segundo o procedimento realizado: C (controle), R (ressecção intestinal) e D (ressecção intestinal e desnervação intrínseca do jejuno). Posteriormente foi avaliado o ganho de peso e realizado estudos morfométrico da mucosa intestinal. RESULTADOS: Os animais do grupo D apresentaram ganho ponderal consideravelmente maior do que os do grupo R (D=312,2±21g e R=196,7±36,2g). A contagem neuronal mostrou diminuição na população de neurônios mientéricos no grupo D (344,8±34,8 neurônios/mm de jejuno) em relação aos outros grupos (R=909,0±55,5 e C=898,5±73,3). A área do epitélio da mucosa jejunal foi maior no grupo D (10,8±4,3mm²) em comparação aos grupos R (7,3±3,9mm²) e C (5,8±3,0mm²). O índice de proliferação celular epitelial da mucosa foi maior no grupo D (48,7 por cento), em relação aos grupos R (31,9 por cento) e C (23,6 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: O modelo experimental mostrou-se eficaz em melhorar o ganho ponderal dos animais submetidos à ressecção intestinal extensa, provocando intensificação da resposta hiperplásica da mucosa, a qual provavelmente levou a aumento da superfície de absorção de nutrientes. Abrem-se boas perspectivas para novas abordagens cirúrgicas para a síndrome do intestino curto.

A retrospective study of histopathological findings in 894 cases of megacolon. What is the relationship between megacolon and colonic cancer?

Patients with megaesophagus (ME) have increased prevalence of cancer of the esophagus. In contrast, a higher incidence of colorectal cancer is not observed in patients with megacolon (MC). MC is very common in some regions of Brazil, where it is mainly associated with Chagas disease. We reviewed the pathology records of surgical specimens of all patients submitted for surgical resection of MC in the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (HC-FMRP), from the University of São Paulo. We found that 894 patients were operated from 1952 until 2001 for MC resection. Mucosal ulcers, hyperplasia and chronic inflammation were frequently found, while polyps were uncommon. No patients with MC presented any type of colonic neoplasm. This observation reinforces the hypothesis that MC has a negative association with cancer of the colon. This seems to contradict the traditional concept of carcinogenesis in the colon, since patients with MC presents important chronic constipation that is thought to cause an increase in risk for colon cancer. MC is also associated with other risk factors for cancer of colon, such as hyperplasia, mucosal ulcers and chronic inflammation. In ME these factors lead to a remarkable increase in cancer risk. The study of mucosal cell proliferation in MC may provide new insights and useful information about the role of constipation in colonic carcinogenesis