Beneficial effects of fish and fish peptides on main metabolic syndrome associated risk factors: Diabetes, obesity and lipemia.

The definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) fairly varies from one to another guideline and health organization. Per description of world health organization, occurrence of hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia in addition to two or more factors of dyslipidemia, hypoalphalipoproteinemia, hypertension and or large waist circumference factors would be defined as MetS. Conventional therapies and drugs, commonly with adverse effects, are used to treat these conditions and diseases. Nonetheless, in the recent decades scientific community has focused on the discovery of natural compounds to diminish the side effects of these medications. Among many available bioactives, biologically active peptides have notable beneficial effects on the management of diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. Marine inclusive of fish peptides have exerted significant bioactivities in different experimental in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical settings. This review exclusively focuses on studies from the recent decade investigating hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypercholesterolemic and anti-obesogenic fish and fish peptides. Related extraction, isolation, and purification methodologies of anti-MetS fish biopeptides are reviewed herein for comparison purposes only. Moreover, performance of biopeptides in simulated gastrointestinal environment and structure-activity relationship along with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of selected oligopeptides have been discussed, in brief, to broaden the knowledge of readers on the design and discovery trends of anti-MetS compounds.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2052261 .

Impact of a Whey Protein Hydrolysate Treated by Electrodialysis with Ultrafiltration Membrane on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome and the Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Mice.

The development of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) affects a large number of people around the world and represents a major issue in the field of health. Thus, it is important to implement new strategies to reduce its prevalence, and various approaches are currently under development. Recently, an eco-friendly technology named electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane (EDUF) was used successfully for the first time at a semi-industrial scale to produce three fractions concentrated in bioactive peptides (BPs) from an enzymatically hydrolyzed whey protein concentrate (WPC): the initial (F1), the final (F2) and the recovery fraction (F3), and it was demonstrated in vitro that F3 exhibited interesting DPP-IV inhibitory effects. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of each fraction on in vivo models of obesity. A daily dose of 312.5 mg/kg was administered to High Fat/High Sucrose diet (HFHS) induced C57BL6/J mice for eight weeks. The physiological parameters of each group and alterations of their gut microbiota by the fractions were assessed. Little effect of the different fractions was demonstrated on the physiological state of the mice, probably due to the digestion process of the BP content. However, there were changes in the gut microbiota composition and functions of mice treated with F3.

Cholecalciferol Supplementation Does Not Prevent the Development of Metabolic Syndrome or Enhance the Beneficial Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Obese Mice.

BACKGROUND: Cholecalciferol (D3) may improve inflammation, and thus provide protection from cardiometabolic diseases (CMD), although controversy remains. Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FA) may also prevent the development of CMD, but the combined effects of ω-3FA and D3 are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES: We determined the chronic independent and combined effects of D3 and ω-3FA on body weight, glucose homeostasis, and markers of inflammation in obese mice. METHODS: We gave 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice, which had been fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HF) diet (65.5% kcal fat, 19.8% kcal carbohydrate, and 14% kcal protein) for 12 weeks, either a standard D3 dose (+SD3; 1400 IU D3/kg diet) or a high D3 dose (+HD3; 15,000 IU D3/kg diet). We fed 1 +SD3 group and 1 +HD3 group with 4.36% (w/w) fish oil (+ω-3FA; 44% eicosapentaenoic acid, 25% docosahexaenoic acid), and fed the other 2 groups with corn oil [+omega-6 fatty acids (ω-6FA)]. A fifth group was fed a low-fat (LF; 15.5% kcal) diet. LF and HF+ω-6+SD3 differences were tested by a Student's t-test and HF treatment differences were tested by a 2-way ANOVA. RESULTS: D3 supplementation in the +HD3 groups did not significantly increase plasma total 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] versus the +SD3 groups, but it increased 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels by 3.4 ng/mL in the HF+ω-6+HD3 group and 4.0 ng/mL in the HF+ω-3+HD3 group, representing 30% and 70%, respectively, of the total 25(OH)D3 increase. Energy expenditure increased in those mice fed diets +ω-3FA, by 3.9% in the HF+ω-3+SD3 group and 7.4% in the HF+ω-3+HD3 group, but it did not translate into lower body weight. The glucose tolerance curves of the HF+ω-3+SD3 and HF+ω-3+HD3 groups were improved by 11% and 17%, respectively, as compared to the respective +ω-6FA groups. D3 supplementation, within the ω-3FA groups, altered the gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of S24-7 and Lachnospiraceae taxa compared to the standard dose, while within the ω-6FA groups, D3 supplementation did not modulate specific taxa. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, D3 supplementation does not prevent CMD or enhance the beneficial effects of ω-3FA in vitamin D-sufficient obese mice.

In silico analyses of the genomes of three new bacteriocin-producing bacteria isolated from animal's faeces.

Here, we have analysed and explored the genome sequences of three newly isolated bacteria that were recently characterised for their probiotic activities and ability to produce bacteriocins. These strains, isolated from faeces of animals living in captivity at the zoological garden of Lille (France), are Escherichia coli ICVB443, Enterococcus faecalis ICVB501 and Pediococcus pentosaceus ICVB491. Their genomes have been analysed and compared to those of their pathogenic or probiotic counterparts. The genome analyses of E. coli ICVB443 and Ent. faecalis ICVB501 displayed similarities to those of probiotics E. coli 1917 Nissle, and Ent. faecalis Symbioflor 1, respectively. Furthermore, E. coli ICVB443 shares at least 89 genes with the enteroaggregative E. coli 55989 (EAEC), and Ent. faecalis ICVB501 shares at least 315 genes with the pathogenic Ent. faecalis V583 strain. Unlike Ped. pentosaceus ICVB491, which is devoid of virulence genes, E. coli ICVB443 and Ent. faecalis ICVB501 both carry genes encoding virulence factors on their genomes. Of note, the bioinformatics analysis of these two genomes located the bsh gene, which codes for bile salt hydrolase (BSH). The presence of BSH is of major importance, as it can help to increase the viability of these two strains in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The genome analysis of Ped. pentosaceus ICVB491 confirmed its GRAS status (Generally Recognised As Safe), as no genomic virulence factor determinant was found.

The Concentration of Organic Acids in Cranberry Juice Modulates the Gut Microbiota in Mice.

A daily consumption of cranberry juice (CJ) is linked to many beneficial health effects due to its richness in polyphenols but could also awake some intestinal discomforts due to its organic acid content and possibly lead to intestinal inflammation. Additionally, the impact of such a juice on the gut microbiota is still unknown. Thus, this study aimed to determine the impacts of a daily consumption of CJ and its successive deacidification on the intestinal inflammation and on the gut microbiota in mice. Four deacidified CJs (DCJs) (deacidification rates of 0, 40, 60, and 80%) were produced by electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM) and administered to C57BL/6J mice for four weeks, while the diet (CHOW) and the water were ad libitum. Different parameters were measured to determine intestinal inflammation when the gut microbiota was profiled. Treatment with a 0% DCJ did not induce intestinal inflammation but increased the gut microbiota diversity and induced a modulation of its functions in comparison with control (water). The effect of the removal of the organic acid content of CJ on the decrease of intestinal inflammation could not be observed. However, deacidification by EDBM of CJ induced an additional increase, in comparison with a 0% DCJ, in the Lachnospiraceae family which have beneficial effects and functions associated with protection of the intestine: the lower the organic acid content, the more bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family and functions having a positive impact on the gut microbiota.

Impact of Preheating Temperature on the Separation of Whey Proteins When Combined with Chemical or Bipolar Membrane Electrochemical Acidification.

Separation of α-lactalbumin and ß-lactoglobulin improves their respective nutritional and functional properties. One strategy to improve their fractionation is to modify their pH and ionic strength to induce the selective aggregation and precipitation of one of the proteins of interest. Electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM) is a green process that simultaneously provides acidification and demineralization of a solution without adding any chemical compounds. This research presents the impact on whey proteins separation of different preheating temperatures (20, 50, 55 and 60 °C) combined with EDBM or chemical acidification of 10% whey protein isolate solutions. A ß-lactoglobulin fraction at 81.8% purity was obtained in the precipitate after EDBM acidification and preheated at 60 °C, representing a recovery yield of 35.8%. In comparison, chemical acidification combined with a 60 °C preheating treatment provides a ß-lactoglobulin fraction at 70.9% purity with a 11.6% recovery yield. The combination of EDBM acidification with a preheating treatment at 60 °C led to a better separation of the main whey proteins than chemical acidification.

Adsorption of Anthocyanins by Cation and Anion Exchange Resins with Aromatic and Aliphatic Polymer Matrices.

This study examines the mechanisms of adsorption of anthocyanins from model aqueous solutions at pH values of 3, 6, and 9 by ion-exchange resins making the main component of heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes. This is the first report demonstrating that the pH of the internal solution of a KU-2-8 aromatic cation-exchange resin is 2-3 units lower than the pH of the external bathing anthocyanin-containing solution, and the pH of the internal solution of some anion-exchange resins with an aromatic (AV-17-8, AV-17-2P) or aliphatic (EDE-10P) matrix is 2-4 units higher than the pH of the external solution. This pH shift is caused by the Donnan exclusion of hydroxyl ions (in the KU-2-8 resin) or protons (in the AV-17-8, AV-17-2P, and EDE-10P resins). The most significant pH shift is observed for the EDE-10P resin, which has the highest ion-exchange capacity causing the highest Donnan exclusion. Due to the pH shift, the electric charge of anthocyanin inside an ion-exchange resin differs from its charge in the external solution. At pH 6, the external solution contains uncharged anthocyanin molecules. However, in the AV-17-8 and AV-17-2P resins, the anthocyanins are present as singly charged anions, while in the EDE-10P resin, they are in the form of doubly charged anions. Due to the electrostatic interactions of these anions with the positively charged fixed groups of anion-exchange resins, the adsorption capacities of AV-17-8, AV-17-2P, and EDE-10P were higher than expected. It was established that the electrostatic interactions of anthocyanins with the charged fixed groups increase the adsorption capacity of the aromatic resin by a factor of 1.8-2.5 compared to the adsorption caused by the π-π (stacking) interactions. These results provide new insights into the fouling mechanism of ion-exchange materials by polyphenols; they can help develop strategies for membrane cleaning and for extracting anthocyanins from juices and wine using ion-exchange resins and membranes.

Evolution of cranberry juice compounds during in vitro digestion and identification of the organic acid responsible for the disruption of in vitro intestinal cell barrier integrity.

Cranberry juice is increasingly consumed for its richness in polyphenols having a positive impact on human health. Unfortunately, when regularly consumed, its high concentration in organic acids may cause some intestinal discomforts. In the present study, its organic acid content was reduced of 41% by electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM), and the resulted deacidified juice was divided in five different juices readjusted or not with different concentrations of citric and/or malic acid(s) corresponding to the concentration of this/these acid(s) recovered during EDBM or at the titratable acidity (TA) of the non-deacidified cranberry juice. The evolution of the cranberry juice main interesting compounds (organic acids and polyphenols), according to the concentration and nature of the organic acids present, was studied for the first time at each specific stages of the digestion. After digestion, Caco-2 cells were exposed to all digested juices to identify the organic acid(s) responsible for the loss of integrity of the epithelial barrier. It appeared that organic acid contents did not change during the different steps of the digestion while polyphenolic compounds decreased starting from the gastric phase. Whatever the organic acid concentration or nature, the concentration of PACs significantly decreased between the salivary and the gastric steps but was different according to their structure when the concentration of most of anthocyanins significantly decreased at the gastric step. Also, to the best of our knowledge, it was the first time that citric acid was demonstrated as the organic acid responsible for the loss of integrity of Caco-2 cell monolayers.

Antihypertensive and Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Peptides from Fish as Potential Cardioprotective Compounds.

The term metabolic/cardiometabolic/insulin resistance syndrome could generally be defined as the co-occurrence of several risk factors inclusive of systemic arterial hypertension. Not only that organizations, such as the world health organization (WHO) have identified high blood pressure as one of the main risk factors of the cardiometabolic syndrome, but there is also a link between the occurrence of insulin resistance/impaired glucose tolerance and hypertension that would consequently lead to type-2 diabetes (T2D). Hypertension is medicated by various classes of synthetic drugs; however, severe or mild adverse effects have been repeatedly reported. To avoid and reduce these adverse effects, natural alternatives, such as bioactive peptides derived from different sources have drawn the attention of researchers. Among all types of biologically active peptides inclusive of marine-derived ones, this paper's focus would solely be on fish and fishery by-processes' extracted peptides and products. Isolation and fractionation processes of these products alongside their structural, compositional and digestion stability characteristics have likewise been briefly discussed to better address the structure-activity relationship, expanding the reader's knowledge on research and discovery trend of fish antihypertensive biopeptides. Furthermore, drug-likeness of selected biopeptides was predicted by Lipinski's rules to differentiate a drug-like biopeptide from nondrug-like one.

Identification of A Novel Antibacterial Peptide from Atlantic Mackerel belonging to the GAPDH-Related Antimicrobial Family and Its In Vitro Digestibility.

The Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, is one of the most fished species in the world, but it is still largely used for low-value products, such as bait; mainly for crustacean fishery. This resource could be transformed into products of high value and may offer new opportunities for the discovery of bioactive molecules. Mackerel hydrolysate was investigated to discover antibacterial peptides with biotechnological potential. The proteolytic process generated a hydrolysate composed of 96% proteinaceous compounds with molecular weight lower than 7 kDa. From the whole hydrolysate, antibacterial activity was detected against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. After solid phase extraction, purification of the active fraction led to the identification of 4 peptide sequences by mass spectrometry. The peptide sequence N-KVEIVAINDPFIDL-C, called Atlantic Mackerel GAPDH-related peptide (AMGAP), was selected for chemical synthesis to confirm the antibacterial activity and to evaluate its stability through in vitro digestibility. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of AMGAP revealed that Listeria strains were the most sensitive, suggesting potential as food-preservative to prevent bacterial growth. In addition, in vitro digestibility experiments found rapid (after 20 min) and early digestibility (stomach). This study highlights the biotechnological potential of mackerel hydrolysate due to the presence of the antibacterial AMGAP peptide.

Positive Impact of Pulsed Electric Field on Lactic Acid Removal, Demineralization and Membrane Scaling during Acid Whey Electrodialysis.

The drying of acid whey is hindered by its high mineral and organic acid contents, and their removal is performed industrially through expensive and environmentally impacting serial processes. Previous works demonstrated the ability to remove these elements by electrodialysis alone but with a major concern-membrane scaling. In this study, two conditions of pulsed electric field (PEF) were tested and compared to conventional DC current condition to evaluate the potential of PEF to mitigate membrane scaling and to affect lactic acid and salt removals. The application of a PEF 25 s/25 s pulse/pause combination at an initial under-limiting current density allowed for decreasing the amount of scaling, the final system electrical resistance by 32%, and the relative energy consumption up to 33%. The use of pulsed current also enabled better lactic acid removal than the DC condition by 10% and 16% for PEF 50 s/10 s and 25 s/25 s, respectively. These results would be due to two mechanisms: (1) the mitigation of concentration polarization phenomenon and (2) the rinsing of the membranes during the pause periods. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that PEF current conditions were used on acid whey to both demineralize and deacidify it.

How Charge and Triple Size-Selective Membrane Separation of Peptides from Salmon Protein Hydrolysate Orientate their Biological Response on Glucose Uptake.

The valorization of by-products from natural organic sources is an international priority to respond to environmental and economic challenges. In this context, electrodialysis with filtration membrane (EDFM), a green and ultra-selective process, was used to separate peptides from salmon frame protein hydrolysate. For the first time, the simultaneous separation of peptides by three ultrafiltration membranes of different molecular-weight exclusion limits (50, 20, and 5 kDa) stacked in an electrodialysis system, allowed for the generation of specific cationic and anionic fractions with different molecular weight profiles and bioactivity responses. Significant decreases in peptide recovery, yield, and molecular weight (MW) range were observed in the recovery compartments depending on whether peptides had to cross one, two, or three ultrafiltration membranes. Moreover, the Cationic Recovery Compartment 1 fraction demonstrated the highest increase (42%) in glucose uptake on L6 muscle cells. While, in the anionic configuration, both Anionic Recovery Compartment 2 and Anionic Recovery Compartment 3 fractions presented a glucose uptake response in basal condition similar to the insulin control. Furthermore, Cationic Recovery Compartment 3 was found to contain inhibitory peptides. Finally, LC-MS analyses of the bioassay-guided bioactive fractions allowed us to identify 11 peptides from salmon by-products that are potentially responsible for the glucose uptake improvement.

Production of calcium- and magnesium-enriched caseins and caseinates by an ecofriendly technology.

Finding new environmentally friendly ways of producing proteins has never been of such critical public interest, both to meet consumers' needs and to preserve the environment. Milk proteins are among the most attractive protein types due to their high nutritional value and attractive functional properties. In this work, the separation of caseins by conventional chemical acidification was compared with electrodialysis with bipolar membrane coupled to an ultrafiltration module (EDBM-UF), a green process that allows the precipitation of caseins by H+ generated in situ by the bipolar membrane and, simultaneously, the production of a separated NaOH stream from OH- electrogenerated by the bipolar membrane. Caseinate production using this NaOH stream by-product and the quantity of NaOH needed to produce caseinates from both methods were also investigated. Hence, the purity and composition of caseins and caseinates were compared in terms of protein, ash, and lactose contents as well as mineral composition. The results showed for the first time that caseinates can be produced by solubilizing caseins with NaOH stream from the EDBM process. Furthermore, the caseins and caseinates produced by EDBM-UF were equivalent in terms of lactose and protein contents to their respective caseins and caseinates that were chemically produced but presented slightly lower sodium content and 3 to 4 times higher magnesium and calcium contents. The fact that calcium and magnesium are likely bound to milk caseins would ensure their favorable absorbability. These caseins or caseinates from the new EDBM-UF process could be suitable as an improved protein-based calcium or magnesium supplement, both for their enhanced nutritional quality and because they are produced by a "green" process.

How electrodialysis configuration influences acid whey deacidification and membrane scaling.

With the rising popularity of Greek-style yogurts in the past few years, the production of acid whey has drastically increased. If sweet whey is usually further processed, the acid whey valorization comes with challenges because its drying is jeopardized by its high mineral and organic acid contents. For this reason, prior demineralization and deacidification are usually performed at industrial scale using a combination of ion exchange resins and electrodialysis. This whole process represents large amounts of resources and energy consumption as well as an important production of effluents. The optimization of the electrodialysis technique, currently the focus of a few studies, could result in the replacement of the serial processes and would provide a cost-effective and eco-efficient alternative. In this work, the demineralization and deacidification of acid whey were compared via 2 electrodialysis configurations: one conventional and one using bipolar membranes. Both configurations allowed to reach interesting demineralization (67%) and deacidification (44%) rates. However, even though the appearance of fouling or scaling has never been reported, scalings of different natures were observed on membranes using both configurations. Amorphous calcium phosphate was identified on the anion exchange membranes for both configurations while calcite and brucite were identified on cation exchange ones using the bipolar membrane configuration. These scaling formations were linked to the migration of divalent ions and water splitting phenomenon caused by a high demineralization rate or by an already formed significant scaling.

Antioxidants, mechanisms, and recovery by membrane processes.

Antioxidants molecules have a great interest for bio-food and nutraceutical industries since they play a vital role for their capacity to reduce oxidative processes. Consequently, these molecules, generally present in complex matrices, have to be fractionated and purified to characterize them and to test their antioxidant activity. However, as natural or synthetics antioxidant molecules differ in terms of structural composition and physico-chemical properties, appropriate separation technologies must be selected. Different fractionation technologies are available but the most commonly used are filtration processes. Indeed, these technologies allow fractionation according to molecular size (pressure-driven processes), charge, or both size and charge (electrically driven processes). In this context, and after summarizing the reaction mechanisms of the different classes and nature of antioxidants as well as membrane fractionation technologies, this manuscript presents the specific applications of these membranes processes for the recovery of antioxidant molecules.

Effect of skim milk treated with high hydrostatic pressure on permeate flux and fouling during ultrafiltration.

Ultrafiltration (UF) is largely used in the dairy industry to generate milk and whey protein concentrate for standardization of milk or production of dairy ingredients. Recently, it was demonstrated that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) extended the shelf life of milk and improved rennet coagulation and cheese yield. Pressurization also modified casein micelle size distribution and promoted aggregation of whey proteins. These changes are likely to affect UF performance. Consequently, this study determined the effect of skim milk pressurization (300 and 600 MPa, 5 min) on UF performance in terms of permeate flux decline and fouling. The effect of HHP on milk proteins was first studied and UF was performed in total recycle mode at different transmembrane pressures to determine optimal UF operational parameters and to evaluate the effect of pressurization on critical and limiting fluxes. Ultrafiltration was also performed in concentration mode at a transmembrane pressure of 345 kPa for 130 or 140 min to evaluate the decline of permeate flux and to determine fouling resistances. It was observed that average casein micelle size decreased by 32 and 38%, whereas ß-lactoglobulin denaturation reached 30 and 70% at 300 and 600 MPa, respectively. These results were directly related to UF performance because initial permeate fluxes in total recycle mode decreased by 25% at 300 and 600 MPa compared with nonpressurized milk, critical flux, and limiting flux, which were lower during UF of milk treated with HHP. During UF in concentration mode, initial permeate fluxes were 30% lower at 300 and 600 MPa compared with the control, but the total flux decline was higher for nonpressurized milk (62%) compared with pressure-treated milk (30%). Fouling resistances were similar, whatever the treatment, except at 600 MPa where irreversible fouling was higher. Characterization of the fouling layer showed that caseins and ß-lactoglobulin were mainly involved in membrane fouling after UF of pressure-treated milk. Our results demonstrate that HHP treatment of skim milk drastically decreased UF performance.

Effect of the consumption of ß-lactoglobulin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate with or without calcium on glucose tolerance in C57BL/6 mice.

Interactions between ß-lactoglobulin (ß-lg) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) may modulate their health benefits. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the synergistic effect of consuming ß-lg and EGCG complexes on glucose tolerance of C57BL/6 male mice given an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and randomized to one of the following treatments administered prior to the OGTT: 1) simulated milk ultrafiltrate (SMUF(-)), 2) SMUF(-) + EGCG, 3) SMUF(-) + ß-lg, 4) SMUF(-) + EGCG + ß-lg, 5) SMUF + calcium (SMUF(+)) and 6) SMUF(+) + EGCG + ß-lg. We found no significant between-group difference in postprandial glucose response. However, when mice were separated in those who received ß-lg from those who did not, we found that the latter displayed significantly higher postprandial glucose concentrations. Our results support the beneficial impact of ß-lg on glycemic control and suggest that concomitant EGCG or calcium consumption does not improve this effect.

Low-Molecular-Weight Peptides from Salmon Protein Prevent Obesity-Linked Glucose Intolerance, Inflammation, and Dyslipidemia in LDLR-/-/ApoB100/100 Mice.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that fish proteins can alleviate metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese animals and human subjects. OBJECTIVES: We tested whether a salmon peptide fraction (SPF) could improve MetS in mice and explored potential mechanisms of action. METHODS: ApoB(100) only, LDL receptor knockout male mice (LDLR(-/-)/ApoB(100/100)) were fed a high-fat and -sucrose (HFS) diet (25 g/kg sucrose). Two groups were fed 10 g/kg casein hydrolysate (HFS), and 1 group was additionally fed 4.35 g/kg fish oil (FO; HFS+FO). Two other groups were fed 10 g SPF/kg (HFS+SPF), and 1 group was additionally fed 4.35 g FO/kg (HFS+SPF+FO). A fifth (reference) group was fed a standard feed pellet diet. We assessed the impact of dietary treatments on glucose tolerance, adipose tissue inflammation, lipid homeostasis, and hepatic insulin signaling. The effects of SPF on glucose uptake, hepatic glucose production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity were further studied in vitro with the use of L6 myocytes, FAO hepatocytes, and J774 macrophages. RESULTS: Mice fed HFS+SPF or HFS+SPF+FO diets had lower body weight (protein effect, P = 0.024), feed efficiency (protein effect, P = 0.018), and liver weight (protein effect, P = 0.003) as well as lower concentrations of adipose tissue cytokines and chemokines (protein effect, P ≤ 0.003) compared with HFS and HFS+FO groups. They also had greater glucose tolerance (protein effect, P < 0.001), lower activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/S6 kinase 1/insulin receptor substrate 1 (mTORC1/S6K1/IRS1) pathway, and increased insulin signaling in liver compared with the HFS and HFS+FO groups. The HFS+FO, HFS+SPF, and HFS+SPF+FO groups had lower plasma triglycerides (protein effect, P = 0.003; lipid effect, P = 0.002) than did the HFS group. SPF increased glucose uptake and decreased HGP and iNOS activation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: SPF reduces obesity-linked MetS features in LDLR(-/-)/ApoB(100/100) mice. The anti-inflammatory and glucoregulatory properties of SPF were confirmed in L6 myocytes, FAO hepatocytes, and J774 macrophages.

Effect of commercial grape extracts on the cheese-making properties of milk.

Grape extracts can be added to milk to produce cheese with a high concentration of polyphenols. Four commercial extracts from whole grape, grape seed, and grape skin (2 extracts) were characterized and added to milk at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% (wt/vol). The effect of grape extracts on the kinetics of milk clotting, milk gel texture, and syneresis were determined, and model cheeses were produced. Whole grape and grape seed extracts contained a similar concentration of polyphenolic compounds and about twice the amount found in grape skin extracts. Radical scavenging activity was directly proportional to the phenolic compounds content. When added to milk, grape extracts increased rennet-induced clotting time and decreased the clotting rate. Although differences were observed between the extracts, the concentration added to milk was the main factor influencing clotting properties. With increasing concentrations of grape extracts, milk gels showed increased brittleness and reduced firmness. In addition, syneresis of milk gels decreased with increasing concentrations of grape extracts, which resulted in cheeses with a higher moisture content. The presence of grape extracts in milk slightly increased protein recovery in cheese but had no effect on fat recovery. With whole grape or grape seed extracts added to milk at 0.1% (wt/vol), the recovery coefficient for polyphenols was about 0.63, and decreased with increasing extract concentration in milk. Better polyphenol recovery was observed for grape seed extracts (0.87), with no concentration effect. Commercial extracts from whole grape, grape seed, or grape skin can be added to milk in the 0.1 to 0.3% (wt/vol) concentration range to produce cheese with potential health benefits, without a negative effect on cheese yield.

Targeted Anthocyanin Enrichment of Cranberry Juice by Electrodialysis with Filtration Membranes: Impact of Filtration Membrane Physicochemical Properties and Predictive Statistical Models.

To optimize cranberry juice enrichment, correlation between physicochemical properties of filtration membranes (FM) and anthocyanin migration was investigated during electrodialysis with filtration membranes (EDFM) using redundancy (RDA) and multivariate regression (MRGA) analyses. Six polyether sulfone (PES) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with molecular weight cut-offs between 150 and 500 kDa, commercially available at large scale, were characterized in terms of nine physicochemical characteristics and used for EDFM. The highest migration of total anthocyanin was obtained with PVDF 250 kDa, with a global migration rate of 3.5 ± 0.4 g/m2·h. RDA showed that two FM properties (mesopore porosity and hydrophilic porosity) were significantly negatively correlated to the anthocyanin's migration and explained 67.4% of their total variation in migration. Predictive MRGA models were also developed for each anthocyanin based on these significant FM properties. A combination of intermolecular interactions may lead to binding in a cooperative and synergistic mode and hinder the anthocyanin migration.