Inter-subject correlation of electroencephalographic and behavioural responses reflects time-varying engagement with natural music.

Musical engagement can be conceptualized through various activities, modes of listening and listener states. Recent research has reported that a state of focused engagement can be indexed by the inter-subject correlation (ISC) of audience responses to a shared naturalistic stimulus. While statistically significant ISC has been reported during music listening, we lack insight into the temporal dynamics of engagement over the course of musical works-such as those composed in the Western classical style-which involve the formulation of expectations that are realized or derailed at subsequent points of arrival. Here, we use the ISC of electroencephalographic (EEG) and continuous behavioural (CB) responses to investigate the time-varying dynamics of engagement with functional tonal music. From a sample of adult musicians who listened to a complete cello concerto movement, we found that ISC varied throughout the excerpt for both measures. In particular, significant EEG ISC was observed during periods of musical tension that built to climactic highpoints, while significant CB ISC corresponded more to declarative entrances and points of arrival. Moreover, we found that a control stimulus retaining envelope characteristics of the intact music, but little other temporal structure, also elicited significantly correlated EEG and CB responses, though to lesser extents than the original version. In sum, these findings shed light on the temporal dynamics of engagement during music listening and clarify specific aspects of musical engagement that may be indexed by each measure.

Safety and Efficacy of Drug Eluting Stents for Treatment of Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) after renal transplantation is a common cause of graft dysfunction and failure. Endovascular intervention in the form of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and stenting has rapidly become the dominant treatment modality for the TRAS. There is a paucity of clinical data on the use of drug-eluting stent (DES) for TRAS. We investigated the outcomes of patients with clinically significant TRAS undergoing DES placement. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with clinically significant TRAS undergoing PTA with DES placement from June 2014 to April 2021 was conducted. Patients treated for TRAS exhibited uncontrolled hypertension and/or unexplained allograft dysfunction. Patient demographics, procedural details, and follow-up outcomes were collected. Primary endpoints were the in-stent primary patency and graft survival. Secondary endpoints were freedom from reintervention, primary-assisted patency, and access-related complications. RESULTS: Thirteen TRAS in 12 patients with graft function alteration were treated with DES. The median age was 57 years (interquartile range (IQR), 48-63 years), and 9 (70%) patients were male. The median follow-up was 9 months (IQR, 4-52 months). The most common comorbidity was hypertension (100%), coronary artery disease (83%), and diabetes. The median time from deceased donor transplant to intervention was 5.8 months (IQR, 3.5-6.7 months). TRAS was most commonly found at the juxta-ostial segment (77%). The procedure was performed with carbon dioxide angiography with minimal amount of iodinated contrast (median, 3 mL) under local anesthesia in 9 (69%), and general anesthesia in 4 (31%) patients. The median stent diameter was 4.5 mm (IQR, 4-5 mm), and the median stent length was 15 mm (IQR, 15-18 mm). No intraoperative complications occurred. The rates of stenosis-free primary patency of the DES and graft survival were 76% and 100%, respectively. All 3 reinterventions for restenosis resulted from the kinking of the transplant renal artery proximal to the DES, which were treated by extending the stent more proximally 1-2 mm into the external iliac artery. There were no access-related complications. The median time to reintervention was 0.9 months (range, 0.23-2 months). Freedom from reintervention and primary-assisted patency were 76% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that DES is a safe and effective treatment modality in patients with TRAS at short to mid-term follow-up. As all reinterventions after DES were performed due to kinking of the transplant renal artery proximal to the stent, bridging of the DES 1-2 mm into the external iliac artery is recommended.

Natural music evokes correlated EEG responses reflecting temporal structure and beat.

The brain activity of multiple subjects has been shown to synchronize during salient moments of natural stimuli, suggesting that correlation of neural responses indexes a brain state operationally termed 'engagement'. While past electroencephalography (EEG) studies have considered both auditory and visual stimuli, the extent to which these results generalize to music-a temporally structured stimulus for which the brain has evolved specialized circuitry-is less understood. Here we investigated neural correlation during natural music listening by recording EEG responses from N=48 adult listeners as they heard real-world musical works, some of which were temporally disrupted through shuffling of short-term segments (measures), reversal, or randomization of phase spectra. We measured correlation between multiple neural responses (inter-subject correlation) and between neural responses and stimulus envelope fluctuations (stimulus-response correlation) in the time and frequency domains. Stimuli retaining basic musical features, such as rhythm and melody, elicited significantly higher behavioral ratings and neural correlation than did phase-scrambled controls. However, while unedited songs were self-reported as most pleasant, time-domain correlations were highest during measure-shuffled versions. Frequency-domain measures of correlation (coherence) peaked at frequencies related to the musical beat, although the magnitudes of these spectral peaks did not explain the observed temporal correlations. Our findings show that natural music evokes significant inter-subject and stimulus-response correlations, and suggest that the neural correlates of musical 'engagement' may be distinct from those of enjoyment.

The Patient's Voice: Adherence, Symptoms, and Distress Related to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy After Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: While adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) for early-stage, hormone-sensitive breast cancer confers a 40-50% reduction in recurrence risk, adherence to AET is suboptimal, and no efficacious interventions exist to improve adherence. A qualitative study was conducted to understand patient experiences on AET, motivators and barriers to adherence, side effects, and distress, with the goal of developing a patient-centered, evidence-based intervention. METHOD: From November 2017 to November 2018, female patients with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer taking AET were recruited. Patients with low and high medication adherence of varying ages, levels of distress, and years taking AET were purposefully enrolled. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio recorded, and transcribed. Study staff created a thematic framework, and three independent researchers coded interviews using NVivo 11, achieving high inter-coder agreement (Kappa = .96). RESULTS: Thirty interviews were conducted with patients who were, on average, 55.13 years old (SD = 12.37) and had been taking AET for a mean of 1.76 years (SD = 0.75). The sample was stratified by adherence level (low = 20; high = 10). Recurrent themes related to adherence included a commitment to AET to prevent recurrence despite distressing side effects, lack of strategies to cope with symptoms and distress, and desire for emotional support from others taking AET. Patients were highly accepting of a proposed psychosocial intervention to manage AET. CONCLUSION: Patients are committed to taking AET to prevent breast cancer recurrence, but need and desire psychosocial support and skills training. Themes from this study are modifiable targets for a psychosocial, evidence-based intervention to promote adherence, coping with side effects, and distress management.

Long term outcomes of patients transplanted for hepatocellular carcinoma with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to study outcomes in HIV + patients with HCC in the US following Liver Transplantation (LT) using the UNOS dataset. METHODS: The database was queried from 2003 to 2016 for patients undergoing LT with HCC, HIV+, and HCC/HIV+. RESULTS: Out of 17,397 LT performed for HCC during the study period, 113 were transplanted for HCC with HIV infection (91 isolated livers). Patients transplanted for HCC/HIV+ were younger (55.54 ± 5.89 vs 58.80 ± 7.37, p < 0.001), had lower total bilirubin (1.20 vs 1.60, p = 0.042) significantly lower BMI (25.35 ± 4.43 vs 28.39 ± 5.17, p < 0.001) and were more likely to be co-infected with HBV (25.3% vs 8.2% p < 0.001) than those transplanted for HCC alone. HCC/HIV + patients were found to have a 3.8 fold increased risk of peri-operative mortality at 90 days after matching. HCC/HIV + recipients had 54% decreased long-term survival within the HCC cohort. Our initial analysis of overall graft and patient survival found significant differences between HCC/HIV and HCC/HIV + recipients. However, these variances were lost after case-matching. Recurrence and disease free survival were similar in HCC alone vs HCC/HIV + recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that excellent outcomes can be achieved in selected patients with HCC/HIV+.

Socioeconomic factors as predictors of organ donation.

BACKGROUND: Despite numerous initiatives to increase solid organs for transplant, the gap between donors and recipients widens. There is little in the literature identifying socioeconomic predictors for donation. We evaluate the correlation between socioeconomic factors and familial authorization for donation. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of adult potential donor referrals between 2007 and 2012 to our organ procurement organization (OPO) was performed. Potential donor information was obtained from the OPO database, death certificates, and the US Census Report. Data on demographics, education, residence, income, registry status, cause and manner of death, as well as OPO assessments and approach for donation were collected. End point was familial authorization for donation. RESULTS: A total of 1059 potential donors were included, with an overall authorization rate of 47%. The majority was not on the donor registry (73%). Younger donors (18-39 y: odds ratio [OR] = 4.9, P < 0.001; 40-60 y: OR = 2.1, P < 0.001), higher levels of education (college: OR = 2.5, P = 0.005; graduate studies: OR = 3.9, P = 0.002), prior listing on the donor registry (OR = 10.3, P < 0.001), and residence in counties with lower poverty rates than the US rates (OR = 1.7, P = 0.02) were independently associated with higher authorization rates. Decoupling (OR = 3.1, P < 0.001) and donation first mentioned by the local health care provider (OR = 1.8, P = 0.01) were also independently associated with higher authorization rates. CONCLUSIONS: Donor registration correlated most strongly with the highest authorization rates. These results indicate that public educational efforts in populations with unfavorable socioeconomic considerations may be beneficial in improving donor registration. Collaborations with local providers as well as OPO in-hospital assessments and approach techniques can help with improving authorization rates.

Electronic messaging and communication with living kidney donors.

New regulations require living kidney donor (LKD) follow-up for 2 years, but donor retention remains poor. Electronic communication (eg, text messaging and e-mail) might improve donor retention. To explore the possible impact of electronic communication, we recruited LKDs to participate in an exploratory study of communication via telephone, e-mail, or text messaging postdonation; communication through this study was purely optional and did not replace standard follow-up. Of 69 LKDs recruited, 3% requested telephone call, 52% e-mail, and 45% text messaging. Telephone response rate was 0%; these LKDs were subsequently excluded from analysis. Overall response rates with e-mail or text messaging at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years were 94%, 87%, 81%, 72%, and 72%. Lower response rates were seen in African Americans, even after adjusting for age, sex, and contact method (incidence rate ratio (IRR) nonresponse 2.07 5.8116.36 , P = .001). Text messaging had higher response rates than e-mail (IRR nonresponse 0.11 0.280.71 , P = .007). Rates of nonresponse were similar by sex (IRR 0.68, P = .4) and age (IRR 1.00, P > .9). In summary, LKDs strongly preferred electronic messaging over telephone and were highly responsive 2 years postdonation, even in this nonrequired, nonincentivized exploratory research study. These electronic communication tools can be automated and may improve regulatory compliance and postdonation care.

First Do No Harm: Predicting Surgical Morbidity During Humanitarian Medical Missions.

BACKGROUND: Despite good intentions, humanitarian surgical missions are unavoidably linked to some degree of complication. We hypothesized that the American College of Surgeons Surgical Risk Calculator (ACS-SRC) could estimate the risk of complications of procedures performed during the US Navy's Pacific Partnership 2015 (PP15) mission. METHODS: Patient information and surgical details recorded during PP15 were entered into the ACS-SRC. Risks of complications for each procedure were calculated. Receiver operating characteristics and Brier scores were calculated to compare the predicted outcomes to the observed complications. RESULTS: Of the 174 unique procedures performed during PP15 (representing 465 patients), 99 were found in the ACS-SRC (representing 256 patients). Risk calculations for PP15 were: 1.5% risk (IQR 0.9, 2.4) of "serious" complications and 2.0% risk (IQR 1.3, 2.8) of "any" complication. ACS-SRC specific risks were calculated as follows: pneumonia 0.1%, cardiac 0.0%, surgical site infection (SSI) 0.6%, urinary tract infection 0.2%, venous thromboembolism 0.1%, renal failure 0.0%, OR return 0.9%, and death 0.0%. The only specific ACS-SRC complication observed was "OR return" (0.35%) and SSI (0.35%). The observed PP15 rates for "serious" or "any" complications (ACS-SRC definition) were 0.70% (2/285) each. Receiver operating characteristics for ACS-SRC for predicting "serious" or "any" complication were 0.743 (p = 0.118) and 0.654 (p = 0.227), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the ACS-SRC over-predicted risk compared to observed outcomes, it may offer a good starting point for humanitarian surgery risk calculation. Observed outcomes may be limited by loss-to-follow-up bias. Emphasis should be placed on establishing patient follow-up as part of humanitarian surgical mission planning and execution.

The Pharyngostomy Tube: Indications, Technique, Efficacy, and Safety in Modern Surgical Practice.

BACKGROUND: Long-term nasogastric tubes are uncomfortable and associated with complications such as impairment with speech and swallowing, septum trauma, epistaxis, alar necrosis, and intubation of the trachea among others. Pharyngostomy tubes (PTs) are an alternative for prolonged enteral feeding, transluminal drainage of collections, and gastric decompression in patients with an intestinal obstruction and an inoperable abdomen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of patients who had a PT placed at our institution from May 2005 to March 2015. The primary end point of the study was to establish the type and rate of complications and aspiration events related to PT use. RESULTS: During the specified period, a total of 84 PTs were placed. The most common indication for PT placement was enteric decompression in 65 (77.4%), followed by transluminal collection drainage in 12 (14.3%), and enteral access for nutrition in 7 (8.3%) patients. The mean time to tube removal was 17.8 days ± 17.1 (range, 2-119). We encountered 10 (11.2%) complications related to PT placement, including 7 cases of cellulitis, 2 superficial abscesses, and 1 patient with pharyngeal hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: PTs are a relatively simple, safe, and straightforward approach to achieve long-term enteral decompression, access for feeding or transluminal drainage, avoiding the complications associated with prolonged nasogastric tube placement. The complication rate is low and patient satisfaction and compliance appear to be higher than with nasogastric tubes. Modern surgeons should be familiar with the procedure and technique. PTs should be part of every surgeon's armamentarium.

Biopsy Detected Gleason Pattern 5 is Associated with Recurrence, Metastasis and Mortality in a Cohort of Men with High Risk Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the relative risk of biochemical recurrence, metastasis and death from prostate cancer contributed by biopsy Gleason pattern 5 among men at high risk with Gleason 8-10 disease in the SEARCH (Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital) cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Men with biopsy Gleason sum 8-10 prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy were evaluated. The cohort was divided into men with Gleason 4 + 4 vs those with any pattern 5 (ie Gleason 3 + 5, 5 + 3, 4 + 5, 5 + 4 or 5 + 5). Predictors of biochemical recurrence, metastases, and prostate cancer specific and overall survival were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier, log rank test and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: We identified 634 men at high risk in the SEARCH database, of whom 394 (62%) had Gleason 4 + 4 and 240 (38%) had Gleason pattern 5 on biopsy. Baseline characteristics did not significantly differ between the groups. On multivariable analysis relative to Gleason 4 + 4 men at high risk with Gleason pattern 5 showed no difference in the risk of biochemical recurrence (HR 1.26, 95% CI 0.99-1.61, p = 0.065). However, they were at significantly greater risk for metastasis (HR 2.55, 95% CI 1.50-4.35, p = 0.001), prostate cancer specific mortality (HR 2.67, 95% CI 0.1.26-5.66, p = 0.010) and overall mortality (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.09-2.34, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative subclassification of high risk prostate cancer by biopsy Gleason grade (4 + 4 vs any Gleason pattern 5) identified men at highest risk for progression. Any Gleason 5 on biopsy is associated with a greater risk of metastasis, and prostate cancer specific and overall mortality. Grouping all Gleason 8-10 tumors together as high risk lesions may fail to fully stratify men at highest risk for poor outcomes.

Liver transplantation for fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: A national perspective.

BACKGROUND: Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma (FL-HCC) is a rare primary liver tumor that usually presents in younger patients without underlying liver disease. METHODS: We queried the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) database between October 1988 and January 2013 to evaluate outcomes in patients with FL-HCC undergoing liver transplantation in the United States compared to patients with conventional Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were identified (57% female, mean age 30 years). Only one patient (2%) had an associated Hepatitis C Virus. Mean Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score at the time of transplantation was 11.3. Mean waiting time was 325 days and mean cold ischemic time was 6 hr. Overall survival of FL-HCC patients at 1, 3, and 5 years was 96%, 80%, and 48% as compared to HCC patients whose rates were 89%, 77%, and 68%. Six patients had tumor recurrence (10%). The Cox Model demonstrated that MELD and cold ischemic time are the strongest predictors of overall survival in FL-HCC patients. Age and wait time were not associated with poor patient survival in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Good results can be obtained in selected patients transplanted for FL-HCC. FL-HCC patients had similar survival compared to those transplanted for HCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:319-323. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Decreased graft survival in liver transplant recipients of donors with positive blood cultures: a review of the United Network for Organ Sharing dataset.

Liver transplantation using blood culture positive donors (BCPD) has allowed a significant expansion of the donor pool. We aimed to characterize BCPD and assess the outcomes of BCPD liver transplant recipients. We retrieved data from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry on all adults who underwent primary, single-organ deceased-donor liver transplantation in the USA between 2008 and 2013. Patients were classified into two cohorts: the BCPD cohort and the non-BCPD cohort. One-year graft and patient survival were compared between cohorts using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox models. A total of 28 961 patients were included. There were 2316 (8.0%) recipients of BCPD. BCPD were more likely to be older, female, black, diabetic, hypertensive, and obese compared to non-BCPD. Graft survival was significantly lower in BCPD recipients compared to non-BCPD recipients (Kaplan-Meier, 0.85 vs. 0.87; P = 0.009). Results remained significant in propensity-matched analysis (P = 0.038). BCPD was independently associated with decreased graft survival (adjusted HR; 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.20; P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in patient survival between study groups. BCPD was associated with decreased graft survival in liver transplant recipients. Studies are needed to identify subgroups of BCPD with the highest risk of graft failure and characterize the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.

Perioperative and long-term outcomes in octogenarians after kidney transplantation: the US perspective
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BACKGROUND: We aimed to study outcomes on octogenarian patients undergoing kidney transplantation in the US. METHODS: We queried the UNOS dataset from 1988 through 2013 and found 471 octogenarians transplanted during the study period. RESULTS: 86 (18.3%) were female and 385 (81.7%) were male with a mean age of 81.58 years. The octogenarians had a significantly higher incidence of diabetes, at 17.2% compared to 13.7% in the non-octogenarian group (p < 0.001). The mean donor age was 50.32 years in the octogenarian group vs. 38.02 years in the younger group (p < 0.001). The cold ischemic time of the octogenarian group was 16.72 hours vs. 14.29 hours in non-octogenarians (p < 0.001). Length of stay (LOS) was increased by 1 day in the octogenarians. We demonstrated that patients with age ≥ 80 have a 2.2-fold increased risk of perioperative death. The Cox analysis demonstrated that octogenarians have a 3.2-fold and 84% increased risk of graft failure and decreased survival, respectively. CONCLUSION: Octogenarians have significantly increased LOS, perioperative mortality, and rates of graft loss. Age older than 80 was an independent risk factor associated with decreased patient survival. Future studies should address differences in outcomes and quality of life of octogenarians on dialysis compared to those after kidney transplantation.
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Therapeutic Pneumoperitoneum: Relevant or Obsolete in 2015?

Background Therapeutic pneumoperitoneum (TP) is one alternative to manage pleural space problems. We describe our technique and experience. Materials and Methods Medical records of all patients who underwent TP from January 1, 2007, to January 1, 2015, were reviewed after Institutional Review Board approval. We report indication, preprocedure pulmonary function tests, volume of insufflated air, time to chest tube removal, and complications. We place a red rubber catheter into the peritoneal space through the diaphragm or a small abdominal incision, insufflate with room air, record volume (liters), intraperitoneal pressure (goal 9-10 mm Hg), and monitor vital signs, airway pressures, and urine output. Results We performed TP in 32 patients. Follow-up was available for 31 patients. Indications were prevention of pleural space problems in bilobectomy patients (n = 11), following decortication for empyema (n = 11), prevention of prolonged air leak (n = 3), prevention of postresection space (n = 4), and spontaneous chylothorax (n = 2). TP was done postoperatively in three patients. Median air volume used was 3.5 L (3-6 L). Time to chest tube removal overall was 7.8 days (3-20 days) and to discharge 10.2 days (4-32 days). No patient developed respiratory failure, renal failure, or required evacuation of TP. Conclusion TP is a simple, safe, and effective technique to manage pleural space problems. Proper patient selection and meticulous technique are imperative for the successful clinical application of TP. We believe that TP is an underutilized tool for the management of pleural space problems and merits wider application in thoracic surgical practice.

Combined liver-kidney transplantation for polycystic liver and kidney disease: analysis from the United Network for Organ Sharing dataset.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate predictors of outcomes in combined liver-kidney transplants for polycystic liver and kidney disease. METHODS: We queried the United Network for Organ Sharing dataset for combined liver-kidney transplants performed from 1988 to 2013. RESULTS: Out of 107 patients who had combined liver-kidney transplants for polycystic liver and kidney disease, 84 were women (78.5%) with a mean age of 54.9 ±7.2 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients undergoing liver-kidney transplantation for polycystic liver and kidney disease had better survival than patients with polycystic liver disease undergoing liver transplant alone and those undergoing liver-kidney transplantation for other indications. This group had a 1-, 3- and 5-year survival of 91%, 90% and 90%, respectively. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that an indication of polycystic liver and kidney disease for combined liver-kidney transplant (hazard ratio, 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.129-0.526; P < 0.001) and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (hazard ratio, 1.271; 95% confidence interval, 1.093-1.477; P = 0.002) are independently associated with patient survival. In a propensity score analysis adjusting for age, gender, cold ischaemia time and total bilirubin and excluding hepatitis C, we found that patients transplanted with combined liver-kidney for other indications have similar survival compared with our study group. CONCLUSIONS: Combined liver-kidney transplantation for polycystic liver and kidney disease can achieve good outcomes in selected patients. On Cox regression analysis, patients with polycystic liver and kidney disease undergoing liver-kidney transplantation had better survival compared with patients with combined liver-kidney for other indications. After excluding hepatitis C patients, those transplanted for polycystic liver and kidney disease vs other indications had similar survival after combined liver-kidney transplantation. Interestingly, patients in the combined polycystic liver and kidney disease group have significantly better outcomes than patients with polycystic liver disease undergoing liver transplant alone.

Kidney Transplant Outcomes in the Super Obese: A National Study From the UNOS Dataset.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated outcomes of super-obese patients (BMI > 50) undergoing kidney transplantation in the US. METHODS: We performed a review of 190 super-obese patients undergoing kidney transplantation from 1988 through 2013 using the UNOS dataset. RESULTS: Super-obese patients had a mean age of 45.7 years (21-75 years) and 111 (58.4 %) were female. The mean BMI of the super-obese group was 56 (range 50.0-74.2). A subgroup analysis demonstrated that patients with BMI > 50 had worse survival compared to any other BMI class. The 30-day perioperative mortality and length of stay was 3.7 % and 10.09 days compared to 0.8 % and 7.34 days in nonsuper-obese group. On multivariable analysis, BMI > 50 was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality, with a 4.6-fold increased risk of perioperative death. BMI > 50 increased the risk of delayed graft function and the length of stay by twofold. The multivariable analysis of survival showed a 78 % increased risk of death in this group. Overall patient survival for super-obese transplant recipients at 1, 3, and 5 years was 88, 82, and 76 %, compared to 96, 91, 86 % on patients transplanted with BMI < 50. A propensity score adjusted analysis further demonstrates significant worse survival rates in super-obese patients undergoing kidney transplantation. CONCLUSION: Super-obese patients had prolonged LOS and worse DGF rates. Perioperative mortality was increased 4.6-fold compared to patients with BMI < 50. In a subgroup analysis, super-obese patients who underwent kidney transplantation had significantly worse graft and patient survival compared to underweight, normal weight, and obesity class I, II, and III (BMI 40-50) patients.

Risk factors for increased resource utilization and critical care complications in patients undergoing hepaticojejunostomy for biliary injuries.

BACKGROUND: This project aimed to study resource utilization and surgical outcomes after hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) for biliary injuries utilizing data from ACS NSQIP. METHODS: Data from the Participant Use Data File containing surgical patients submitted to the ACS NSQIP during the period of 1/1/2005-12/31/2014 were analyzed. RESULTS: During the study period, 320 patients underwent HJ. Mean age was 50 years, and 109 (34%) were male. Forty-four percent of patients met criteria for ASA class III-V. Forty patients (12.5%) developed one or more critical care complications (CCC). Eighty-one patients (25%) experienced morbidity with a perioperative mortality rate of 1.9%. The mean age of these patients was 52 years, and 62% were male. Age and preoperative elevated alkaline phosphatase were independent predictors of CCC (p < 0.001 and 0.042, OR 1.035, OR 4.337, respectively). Patients ASA class III, age, and preoperative hypoalbuminemia were found to increase risk for prolonged LOS (OR 1.87, p = 0.041, OR 1.02, p = 0.049, OR 2.63, p = 0.001). DISCUSSION: The most significant predictors of morbidity and increased resource utilization after HJ include increasing age, ASA class III or above, and preoperative hypoalbuminemia. Age and ASA class are the strongest predictors of CCC in these patients.

Substance Use among Youth Presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE: Our primary objective was to determine the frequency and type of substance use in youth presenting to our pediatric ED (PED). Our secondary objective was to identify characteristics associated with higher-risk substance use. METHODS: We conducted a tablet-based, anonymous, self-administered screening for substance use using a modified version of the Screening to Brief Intervention (S2BI) tool among a convenience sample of 383 patients 12-21 years presenting to an urban, academic PED from February to July 2023. Patients' attitudes toward ED screening and interventions for substance use also were collected. The frequency and type of substance use was analyzed by age group. Ordinal logistic regression was used to identify characteristics associated with higher-risk use (monthly or more substance use) and lower-risk use (past year use), as compared to no past year use. RESULTS: Among 14-17-year-olds (n = 144), 38% reported substance use in the past year; 25% had higher-risk use. Among 18-21-year-olds (n = 172), 67% reported substance use in the past year; 48% had higher-risk use. Alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco were most commonly used. Substance use was rare for 12-13-year-olds. Compared to youth 14-17 years, youth 18-21 years were more likely to have either higher-risk use (aOR 3.81, 95% CI (2.24-6.47)) or lower-risk use (aOR 2.74 (1.41-5.35)), rather than no use. Compared to Asian patients, Non-Hispanic White patients (aOR 5.23 (1.07-25.66)) and Hispanic patients (aOR 3.18 (1.06-9.58)) were more likely to have higher-risk use than no use. Most patients reported that it was important for youth to be asked about substance use in the ED and to be offered help for substance use. CONCLUSION: Youth substance use was common in this urban, academic PED, and many patients reported higher-risk use. These findings support future research to determine the best practices for ED substance use screening and ED-based interventions for youth.