A preoperative risk score based on early recurrence for estimating outcomes after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in the non-cirrhotic liver.

BACKGROUND: Liver resection is the mainstay treatment option for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the non-cirrhotic liver (NCL-HCC), but almost half of these patients will experience a recurrence within five years of surgery. Therefore, we aimed to develop a rationale-based risk evaluation tool to assist surgeons in recurrence-related treatment planning for NCL-HCC. METHODS: We analyzed single-center data from 263 patients who underwent liver resection for NCL-HCC. Using machine learning modeling, we first determined an optimal cut-off point to discriminate early versus late relapses based on time to recurrence. We then constructed a risk score based on preoperative variables to forecast outcomes according to recurrence-free survival. RESULTS: We computed an optimal cut-off point for early recurrence at 12 months post-surgery. We identified macroscopic vascular invasion, multifocal tumor, and spontaneous tumor rupture as predictor variables of outcomes associated with early recurrence and integrated them into a scoring system. We thus stratified, with high concordance, three groups of patients on a graduated scale of recurrence-related survival. CONCLUSION: We constructed a preoperative risk score to estimate outcomes after liver resection in NCL-HCC patients. Hence, this score makes it possible to rationally stratify patients based on recurrence risk assessment for better treatment planning.

A preoperative nomogram for predicting long-term survival after resection of large hepatocellular carcinoma (>10 cm).

BACKGROUND: It has previously been demonstrated that a fraction of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) > 10 cm can benefit from liver resection. However, there is still a lack of effective decision-making tools to inform intervention in these patients. METHODS: We analysed a comprehensive set of clinical data from 234 patients who underwent liver resection for HCC >10 cm at the National Cancer Institute of Peru between 1990 and 2015, monitored their survival, and constructed a nomogram to predict the surgical outcome based on preoperative variables. RESULTS: We identified cirrhosis, multifocality, macroscopic vascular invasion, and spontaneous tumour rupture as independent predictors of survival and integrated them into a nomogram model. The nomogram's ability to forecast survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was subsequently confirmed with high concordance using an internal validation. Through applying this nomogram, we stratified three groups of patients with different survival probabilities. CONCLUSION: We constructed a preoperative nomogram to predict long-term survival in patients with HCC >10 cm. This nomogram is useful in determining whether a patient with large HCC might truly benefit from liver resection, which is paramount in low- and middle-income countries where HCC is often diagnosed at advanced stages.

Open versus minimally invasive sphincter-sparing surgery for rectal cancer: a single-center retrospective cohort study in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to describe and compare minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and open surgery for rectal cancer in Peru. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective single-center analysis was performed for all patients who underwent sphinctersparing surgery for non-metastatic rectal cancer at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas in Peru between January 2016 and December 2020. Clinical, perioperative, pathological, and survival outcomes were compared between both groups. A propensity score matching method was used to minimize bias. RESULTS: 162 patients were included in the final analysis. 124 had open surgery and 38 had MIS. Patients, clinical tumour, pathological characteristics, and perioperative were similar between groups after matching. Similar circumferential resection margin (CRM) with optimal quality of the mesorectum (p=1.000) but higher number of lymph nodes resected in open surgery group (p=0.741) was described. The leakage rate was slightly higher in the MIS group (p=0.358) with 10.5%, while the postoperative hospital stay was longer in the open surgery group after matching (p=0.001; OR 95% 5.2 CI: 1.8-15.6). The estimated recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) at 3 years in open surgery and MIS was 71.8% (95% CI; 0.58-0.89) and 70% (95% CI; 0.56-0.88) (p=0.431) and 77.7% (95% CI; 0.64-0.94) and 88.9% (95% CI; 0.79-0.99) (p=0.5), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Shorter postoperative hospital stay in the minimally invasive surgery group was reported. RFS, OS, and recurrence rates were similar between both groups. This approach is for non-metastatic rectal cancer in referral centers in Peru.

Surgery of pancreas tumors in pediatric and adolescent patients: a single institution experience in South America.

PURPOSE: Pancreas tumors are extremely rare in pediatric and adolescent patients. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment; however, the data are limited with respect to morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate short- and long-term outcomes of pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent surgical resection of pancreatic tumors. METHODS: Patients [Formula: see text] 18-year-olds who underwent resection of pancreas tumor at the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases INEN during 2000-2020 were included. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were diagnosed; 28 patients were female and 6 were male. The median age was 13.4-years-old. Histological diagnosis was solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) (n = 29, 85.3%), pancreatoblastoma (n = 3), neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 1), and insulinoma (n = 1). No patient experienced postoperative mortality and 15 (44.1%) patients developed postoperative complications including pancreatic fistula as the most frequent. Under a median follow-up period of 33.8 (0.5-138) months, four (11.8%) patients died. Of the 29 patients with SPN, the 3- and-5-year OS rates were 100% and 83.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SPN was the most frequent cause of surgical treatment for pediatric and adolescent patients in the high-volume cancer center in Peru and was associated with favorable survival. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was safely performed in this patient group with acceptable morbidity and zero mortality.

Predictive factors of lymphatic metastasis and evaluation of the Japanese treatment guidelines for endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer in a high-volume center in Perú.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the predictive factors of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) and to evaluate the applicability of the Japanese treatment guidelines for endoscopic resection in the western population. Methods: Five hundred-one patients with pathological diagnoses of EGC were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the predictive factors of LNM. EGC patients were distributed according to the indications for endoscopic resection of the Eastern guidelines. The incidence of LNM was evaluated in each group. Results: From 501 patients with EGC, 96 (19.2%) presented LNM. In 279 patients with tumors with submucosal infiltration (T1b), 83 (30%) patients had LNM. Among 219 patients who presented tumors > 3 cm, 63 (29%) patients had LNM. Thirty-one percent of patients with ulcerated tumors presented LMN (33 out of 105). In 76 patients and 24 patients with lymphovascular and perineural invasion, the percentage of LMN was 84% and 87%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, a tumor diameter >3 cm, submucosal invasion, lymphovascular, and perineural invasion were independent predictors of LMN in EGC. No patient with differentiated, non-ulcerated mucosal tumors presented LNM regardless of tumor size. Three of 17 patients (18%) with differentiated, ulcerated mucosal tumors and ≤ 3 cm presented LNM. No LNM was evidenced in patients with undifferentiated mucosal tumors and ≤ 2 cm. Conclusions: The presence of LNM in Western EGC patients was independently related to larger tumors (>3 cm), submucosal invasion, lymphovascular and perineural invasion. The Japanese absolute indications for EMR are safe in the Western population. Likewise, Western patients with differentiated, non-ulcerated mucosal tumors, and larger than 2 cm are susceptible to endoscopic resection. Patients with undifferentiated mucosal tumors smaller than 2 cm presented encouraging results and ESD could be recommended only for selected cases.

[Impact of splenectomy and/or distal pancreatectomy in the prognosis of the proximal gastric cancer]. / Impacto de la esplenectomia y/o pancreatectomia distal en el pronostico del cancer gastrico proximal.

OBJECTIVES: Identify prognostic factors associated to total or proximal gastrectomy with or without splenectomy and / or distal pancreatectomy in patient with proximal gastric cancer. Evaluate the frequency of lymph node metastasis to the hilum and splenic artery, postoperative morbidity and mortality and the impact of lymphadenectomy of group 10 and 11 on long term survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study analyzing patients with diagnostic of proximal third gastric adenocarcinoma subjected to total or proximal gastrectomy with or without splenectomy or distal pancreatectomy in the service of Abdomen of the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas between 1990 and 2005. Overall survival for each of the groups was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, prognostic factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We studied 219 patients with proximal third gastric adenocarcinoma (cardias and bottom), of wich, according to inclusion criteria, only qualify 129 (N=129): 22 (17.1%) were treated by gastrectomy alone, 79 (61.2%) gastrectomy associated witch splenectomy and 28 (21.7%) gastrectomy with distal pancreatosplenectomy, constituting three treatment groups. We compared the survival of each group and each factor analyzed, determining the following prognostic factors: lymph node metastasis (N2-N3), degree of differentiation, undifferentiated tumors and Borrmann III and IV tumors. Neither splenectomy or distal pancreatectosplenectomy improved survival compared to the gastrectomy alone. The morbidity and mortality was higher in patients with more aggressive but more aggressive surgery without significant value. CONCLUSIONS: The number of nodes removed in patients who had pancreatosplenectomy and /or splenectomy was higher, however, had no impact on survival at 5 years.

Adjuvant chemotherapy after curative D2 gastrectomy in Latin American patients with gastric cancer.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths around the world and the first cause of cancer deaths in Peru; however, there are no prospective trials for adjuvant chemotherapy in GC after curative gastrectomy in this country. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II-III gastric cancer patients who underwent D2 gastrectomy. Methods: We included patients with stage II-III gastric cancer who underwent radical gastrectomy and D2 dissection between 2014 and 2016 at our institution. Patients received 3-week cycles of capecitabine (1,000 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1-14) plus oxaliplatin (130 mg/m2 on day 1) for 6 months. Survival curves were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify prognostic factors for survival. Results: In total, 173 patients were included: 100 (57.8%) patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery (AChS) and 73 (42.2%) surgery alone (SA). Three-year disease-free survival (DFS) was higher in the AChS groups (69%) than in the SA group (52.6%) (p = 0.034). Regarding overall survival (OS), 31 patients (31%) died in the AChS group compared with 34 (46.6%) in the SA group (p = 0.027). In the multivariate analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy was an independent prognostic factor for DFS (HR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.37-0.97; p = 0.036) and OS (HR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.36-0.95; p = 0.029). ACh showed consistent benefit in DFS and OS for patients with albumin >3.5 g/dL, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, pT4, pN2-3, pathologic stage (PS) IIIA and IIIB and lymph node ratio (LNR) > 13.1. Conclusion: These data suggest that adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin reduce the recurrence and mortality in patients with stage II-III gastric cancer who underwent D2 gastrectomy. PS IIIA and IIIB and LNR > 13.1 benefited more from receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and poorly cohesive gastric carcinoma did not significantly reduce the rates of survival.

Survival after curative pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary adenocarcinoma in a South American population: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Ampullary adenocarcinoma (AAC) is a rare neoplasm that accounts for only 0.2% of all gastrointestinal cancers. Its incidence rate is lower than 6 cases per million people. Different prognostic factors have been described for AAC and are associated with a wide range of survival rates. However, these studies have been exclusively conducted in patients originating from Asian, European, and North American countries. AIM: To evaluate the histopathologic predictors of overall survival (OS) in South American patients with AAC treated with curative pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). METHODS: We analyzed retrospective data from 83 AAC patients who underwent curative (R0) PD at the National Cancer Institute of Peru between January 2010 and October 2020 to identify histopathologic predictors of OS. RESULTS: Sixty-nine percent of patients had developed intestinal-type AAC (69%), 23% had pancreatobiliary-type AAC, and 8% had other subtypes. Forty-one percent of patients were classified as Stage I, according to the AJCC 8th Edition. Recurrence occurred primarily in the liver (n = 8), peritoneum (n = 4), and lung (n = 4). Statistical analyses indicated that T3 tumour stage [hazard ratio (HR) of 6.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.5-16.3, P < 0.001], lymph node metastasis (HR: 4.5, 95%CI: 1.8-11.3, P = 0.001), and pancreatobiliary type (HR: 2.7, 95%CI: 1.2-6.2, P = 0.025) were independent predictors of OS. CONCLUSION: Extended tumour stage (T3), pancreatobiliary type, and positive lymph node metastasis represent independent predictors of a lower OS rate in South American AAC patients who underwent curative PD.

Monosegment associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy: Preserving segment 1 as the only liver remnant after hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence.

Since the inception of the associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) procedure, many centres have used this technique for patients who would otherwise be considered unresectable due to insufficient future liver remnant. In this report, we presented the case of a paediatric patient with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent monosegment ALPPS (M-ALPPS) hepatectomy preserving segment 1 as the sole liver remnant using indocyanine green (ICG) as a fluorescence guide.

Clinicopathological factors associated with recurrence in patients undergoing resection of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasm.

PURPOSE: Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) is an uncommon pathology with a low-grade malignancy. Surgery is the milestone treatment. Nevertheless, despite appropriate management, some patients present recurrence. Risk factors associated with recurrence are unclear. The objective was to identify the clinicopathological factors associated with recurrence in patients with SPN treated with pancreatic resection. METHODS: Medical records of patients treated with pancreatic resection during 2006-2020 were evaluated. Patients with histological diagnosis of SPN were included. Survival analysis was performed to identify the clinicopathological factors related to recurrence. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were diagnosed with SPN; 70 (94.6%) patients were female, and the median age was 20 years old. The median tumor diameter was 7.9 cm. Multivisceral resection was performed in 9 (12.2%) patients. Four (5.4%) patients presented lymph node metastasis.R0 resection was achieved in all cases. Six (8%) patients presented recurrence and the liver was the most frequent recurrence site (n = 5).After a median follow-up of 40.2 months, 9 (12%) patients died. Five (6.8%) patients died of disease progression. The 1-3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) was 97.1%, 90.2% and 79.9%, respectively. The 1-3-and-5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 98.4%, 89.9% and 87%, respectively. In the univariate Cox-regression analysis, age ≥ 28 years(HR = 8.61, 95% CI 1.1-73.8),tumor diameter ≥ 10 cm(HR = 9.3, 95% CI 1.12-79.6),invasion of adjacent organs (HR = 7.45, 95% CI 1.5-36.9), lymph node metastasis (pN +) (HR = 16.8, 95% CI 2.96-94.9) and, AJCC Stage III (HR = 10.1, 95% CI 1.2-90.9) were identified as predictors for recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: SPN is more frequently diagnosed in young women with a good overall prognosis after an R0 surgical resection even with disease recurrence. Age ≥ 28 years, larger tumors ≥ 10 cm, invasion of adjacent organs, lymph node metastasis(pN +) and, AJCC Stage III were predictors factors of recurrence in resected SPN.

Characteristics of COVID-19 in cancer patients: a cross-sectional study in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients are at higher risk of infection and severity of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). Management of patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is challenging due to the scarce scientific information and treatment guidelines. In this work, we present our Institutional experience with our first 100 patients with oncological malignancies and COVID-19. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of the first 100 patients hospitalised at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (Lima, Peru) who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR during the period 30 March to 20 June. Clinicopathological variables of the oncological disease as well as risk factors, management and outcomes to COVID-19 were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age was 43.5 years old (standard deviations: ±24.8) where 57% were male patients. In total, 44%, 37% and 19% were adult patients bearing solid tumours, adults with haematologic malignancies and paediatric patients, respectively. Hypertension was the most frequent comorbidity (23%) followed by chronic lung disease (10%). COVID-19-associated symptoms included cough (65%), fever (57%) and dyspnoea (56%). Twelve percent of patients were asymptomatic. Nosocomial infections were more frequent in paediatric patients (84.2%) than in adult patients (16.0%). Patients with uncontrolled oncological disease were most frequent (72%). Anaemia was present in 67% of patients, 68% had lymphopenia, 62% had ferritin value > 500 mcg/L, 85% had elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 83% D-dimer > 500 ng/mL and 80% C-Reactive Protein > 8 mg/L. The most common complication was acute respiratory failure (42%). Overall fatality rate was 39% where the main cause of mortality was acute respiratory distress syndrome (64.1%). CONCLUSION: Paediatric patients had better outcomes than adult populations, and a high number of asymptomatic carriers and nosocomial infection, early diagnosis are recommended. Considering oncological treatments 30 days before COVID-19 diagnosis, our data did not reveal an increased mortality.

Open versus minimally invasive sphincter-sparing surgery for rectal cancer: a single-center retrospective cohort study in Peru / Cirugía abierta versus mínimamente invasiva con preservación del esfínter para el cáncer de recto: un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de un solo centro en Perú

ABSTRACT Objective : The study aimed to describe and compare minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and open surgery for rectal cancer in Peru. Material and methods : A retrospective single-center analysis was performed for all patients who underwent sphinctersparing surgery for non-metastatic rectal cancer at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas in Peru between January 2016 and December 2020. Clinical, perioperative, pathological, and survival outcomes were compared between both groups. A propensity score matching method was used to minimize bias. Results : 162 patients were included in the final analysis. 124 had open surgery and 38 had MIS. Patients, clinical tumour, pathological characteristics, and perioperative were similar between groups after matching. Similar circumferential resection margin (CRM) with optimal quality of the mesorectum (p=1.000) but higher number of lymph nodes resected in open surgery group (p=0.741) was described. The leakage rate was slightly higher in the MIS group (p=0.358) with 10.5%, while the postoperative hospital stay was longer in the open surgery group after matching (p=0.001; OR 95% 5.2 CI: 1.8-15.6). The estimated recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) at 3 years in open surgery and MIS was 71.8% (95% CI; 0.58-0.89) and 70% (95% CI; 0.56-0.88) (p=0.431) and 77.7% (95% CI; 0.64-0.94) and 88.9% (95% CI; 0.79-0.99) (p=0.5), respectively. Conclusions: Shorter postoperative hospital stay in the minimally invasive surgery group was reported. RFS, OS, and recurrence rates were similar between both groups. This approach is for non-metastatic rectal cancer in referral centers in Peru.

RESUMEN Objetivo : El estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y comparar la cirugía mínimamente invasiva (CMI) y la cirugía abierta para el cáncer de recto en el Perú. Material y métodos : Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo unicéntrico de todos los pacientes que se sometieron a cirugía conservadora de esfínter por cáncer de recto no metastásico en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas de Perú entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2020. Clínica, perioperatoria, patológica y supervivencia se compararon los resultados entre ambos grupos. Se utilizó un método de emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión para minimizar el sesgo. Resultados : 162 pacientes fueron incluidos en el análisis final. 124 tuvieron cirugía abierta y 38 CMI. Los pacientes, el tumor clínico, las características patológicas y el perioperatorio fueron similares entre los grupos después del emparejamiento. Se describió un margen de resección circunferencial (MRC) similar con calidad óptima del mesorrecto (p=1,000) pero mayor número de ganglios linfáticos resecados en el grupo de cirugía abierta (p=0,741). La tasa de fuga fue ligeramente superior en el grupo CMI (p=0,358) con un 10,5%, mientras que la estancia hospitalaria postoperatoria fue mayor en el grupo de cirugía abierta tras el emparejamiento (p=0,001; OR 95% 5,2 IC: 1,8-15,6). La supervivencia libre de recidiva (SLR) estimada y la supervivencia global (SG) a los 3 años en cirugía abierta y CMI fue del 71,8% (IC 95%; 0,58-0,89) y del 70% (IC 95%; 0,56-0,88) (p=0,431) y 77,7% (IC 95%; 0,64-0,94) y 88,9% (IC 95%; 0,79-0,99) (p=0,5), respectivamente. Conclusiones : Se reportó menor estancia hospitalaria postoperatoria en el grupo de cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Las tasas de SLR, SG y recurrencia fueron similares entre ambos grupos. Este abordaje es para cáncer de recto no metastásico en centros de referencia en Perú.

Hepatocellular carcinoma surgery outcomes in the developing world: A 20-year retrospective cohort study at the National Cancer Institute of Peru.

In the developing world, most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma present with advanced-stage disease, considered to be incurable based on current therapeutic algorithms. Here, we demonstrate that curative liver resection is achievable in a portion of Peruvian patients not addressed by these treatment algorithms. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 253 hepatocellular carcinoma patients that underwent a curative hepatectomy between 1991 and 2011 at the National Cancer Institute of Peru. The median age of the cohort was 36 years, and merely 15.4% of the patients displayed cirrhosis. The average tumor size was over 14 cm in diameter, resulting in 76.3% of major hepatectomies performed. The 5- and 10-year survival probability estimates were 37.5% and 26.2%, respectively. Age (>44 vs. ≤44 years old; P = 0.005), tumor size (>10 cm vs. ≤10 cm in diameter; P = 0.009), cirrhosis (P < 0.001), satellite lesions (P < 0.001), macroscopic vascular invasion (P < 0.001), allogeneic blood transfusion (P = 0.011), and spontaneous rupture of the tumor (P = 0.006) were independent predictive factors for prognosis. Hepatocellular carcinomas in Peru are characterized by a distinct clinical presentation with notable features compared with those typically described throughout relevant literature. Despite a large number of advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinomas, the outcomes of liver resection observed in the present study were in good standing with the results previously described in other series. It thus appears that staging systems and associated therapeutic algorithms designed for use in the developed world remain inadequate in certain populations, especially in the context of Peruvian patients. Our findings suggest that clinicians in the developing world should reconsider management guidelines pertaining to hepatocellular carcinoma. Indeed, we hypothesize that, in developing countries, a strict adherence to these therapeutic algorithms might create a selection bias resulting in the dismissal of patients who could eventually be treated.

[MODIFIED TECHNIC OF THE PANCREATO YEYUNAL ANASTOMOSIS IN THE PROXIMAL PANCREATO DUODENECTOMY] / Técnica modificada de la anastomosis pancreatoyeyunal en la pancreatoduodenectomía proximal.

INTRODUCTION: Dehiscence of pancreaticojejunostomy is the major complication after proximal pancreaticoduodenectomy (PDP) that may lead to other complications and eventually to death.OBJECTIVE: We present a modified dunking pancreaticojejunostomy used for reconstruction after PDP.SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: We first performed a purse-string suture around the cut end of the jejunal limb. The pancreas stump is intussuscepted 4 cm into the jejunum guided by two sutures between the pancreas and the intestine. Then the purse-string suture is tied around the pancreas stump, four interrupted anchoring sutures are added in order to avoid slippage of the jejunum out of the pancreas. External diversion of pancreatic and biliary secretions is achieved by means of a tube jejunostomy or a Kehr tube.MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 59 consecutive patients who underwent PDP at the Instituto de Enfermedades Neopl sicas between 1995 and 1998. This technique was used in all the patients regardless the characteristics of the pancreas.RESULTS: Only one (1.7%) patient developed a dehiscence of the pancreticojejunostomy that healed spontaneously. Post-operative morbidity and mortality rate were 35.6% and 0%, respectively.CONCLUSION: Our modified dunking pancreaticojejunostomy is simple, safe and applicable to all type of pancreas and is our standard technique of reconstruction after PD.

[SURGICAL TREATMENT OF THE LIVER METASTASES FROM COLORECTAL CANCER] / Tratamiento quirúrgico de las metastasis hepáticas de cáncer colorectal.

OBJECTIVE: In the absence of extra hepatic disease, the hepatic resection is the treatment of choice for liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma, but a no treatment attitude or the use of chemotherapy still persists in some health centers. This study was done to evaluate the peri operative morbi-mortality and survival after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer in our institution.METHODS: Clinical, pathologic and outcome data of patients undergoing liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer at the Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas de Lima Peru between January 1986 and July 2000 was examined.RESULTS: Of 300 liver resections, 24 were performed in patients with liver metastases of colorectal cancer; 17 patients were men and 7 women, who ranged in age from 21 to 79 years ( a mean of 52.66 years), the site of primary disease was the rectum in 7 and colon in 17, 20 patients were Dukes C and 4 Dukes B.Synchronous secondary disease were found in 9 patients and metachronous lesions were found in 15 patients Forty nine metastases were resected (Mean size 4.5 cm, range 1.5 cm 24 cm)Seven patients underwent right hepatectomy, one right hepatectomy plus non anatomic wedge resection, two right trisegmentectomy, 4 left lobectomy and ten a non anatomical resection.The overall post operative morbidity was 8% and the 30 day post operative mortality rate was 0% Estimated three and five year survival rates using Kaplan-Meier method was 50 % and 20% respectively.CONCLUSION: Hepatic resection for a secondary malignant liver growth from colorectal cancer is relatively safe with low morbidity and mortality rates, an remains the only potentially curative treatment. We continue to recommend an aggressive surgical approach to hepatic metastases of colorectal origin in the abscense of extra hepatic disease.

[GASTRIC CANCER IN YOUNG PATIENTS] / Cáncer Gástrico en jóvenes.

OBJECTIVE: In order to determine a the clinicopatological features in young patients with gastric cancer and compare them with aged patients.PATIENTS AND METHODS: For this study, we selected the clinical charts from the total of patients with histological proved diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma admitted at the INEN between 1980 and 1996 whose age was less than 31 year (Young group, n =92). As a comparison group (Average Group) we chose of the same universe, a random sample of 184 patients between 50 to 70 years of age. Epidemiological, clinical and histological features, operability and resecability, TNM stage, type of surgery and follow-up of both groups were analyzed.RESULTS: In the Young Group in compared with Average Group, females were more frequent (73.9% vs. 50.5% p<0.001); mucocelular type (70% vs. 31.0%, p<0.001) and undifferentiated carcinoma (75% vs. 32.6%, p>0.001). The mean survival time in the Young Group was 74.9 months and in the Average Group was 36.03 months (p=0.26), there were no significant differences in the survival between resecability and sex (p=0.10 and p=0.41).CONCLUSION: The females and undifferentiated carcinoma was the most frequent features in the young patients with gastric cancer. The survival in this group is better than the average group but this was a no significant difference because the diagnosis was made in late stages.

[OPERABILITY AND RESECTABILITY OF GASTRIC CANCER:ANALYSIS OF 2280 CASES IN 15 YEARS] / Operabilidad y Resecabilidad del CáncerGástrico: Análisis de 2280 Casos en 15 años.

OBJECTIVES: To determine which are the operability and resectability tendencies of gastric cancer in Peru.BACKGROUND: In Peru, gastric cancer is the first cause of death in men and the third one in women. Most of the patients with gastric cancer receive treatment al the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas of Lima (INEN).PATIENTS AND METHODS: Every patient with untreated histologically verified gastric adenocarcinoma, who was admitted to the INEN between January 1980, and December 1994, was included.We determined the actual trends of operability and resectability. These rates were calculated and compared with rates of the 1952-1977 period.The 1980-1994 period was divided in lustrums to evaluate a more complete preoperative staging act upon operability and resectability.The causes of inoperability and irresectability were also determined.RESULTS: Between 1980 and 1994 a total of 2280 new gastric cancer patients were admitted to the INEN. The operability and resectability rates of the 1980-1994 period (56,8% and 58,5% respectively) differ significantly from rates of the 1952-1977 period (43,8% and 49,2% respectively). A more complete preoperative staging produces a decrease of operability and an increase of resectability.The main causes of inoperability were poor physical condition associated to a locally advanced tumor 34%, and peritoneal metastases 26%. The main causes of irresectability were peritoneal metastases 50,3%, and invasion to adjacent organs 26,7%.CONCLUSIONS: Even when there is an increase of operability and resectability rates, gastric cancer is still diagnosed al a late stage in Peru. It is vital to stage pathology precisely to avoid unnecessary laparotomies.

[Surgical outcome of 801 patients with localized gastric cancer treated with d2 lymphadenectomy]. / Cancer gastrico localizado :resultados quirurgicos de 801 pacientes tratados con linfadenectomia d2.

BACKGROUND: D2 gastrectomy has been regarded as an inconvenient procedure with high morbidity and no survival benefit in the West. Recent studies, however, have shown low mortality and a survival benefit of D2 gastrectomy. In the Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN) of Lima Peru D2 gastrectomy is performed since 1990 after training of some of the authors in the NCC of Tokyo Japan. Distal Pancreatectomy was performed only if the pancreas was involved.The aim of this study was to evaluate the peri operative mortality and survival in a group of patients who had a standard D2 lymphadenectomy according to the rules of the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer. Data were collected prospectively, and patients were followed for more than 7 years. METHODS: Between 1990 and 1999, 938 patients with localized gastric cancer were registered at INEN. Of these, 801 patients underwent curative resection with extended lymphadenectomy (D2). Postoperative morbidity/mortality, type of gastrectomy, mean of lymph nodes removed, pTNM stages and Survival Time and were analyzed. RESULTS: Sub total distal gastrectomy was performed in 511 patients and total gastrectomy in 290 patients. The mean number of lymph nodes removed was 46.48 per patient (54.91 nodes for total and 41.69 for sub total distal gastrectomy). Hospital mortality was 2.9%. 11% were Stage (TNM) IA, 9.4% stage IB, 19% stage II, 24.6% stage IIIA, 13.1% stage IIIB and 23% stage IV. Five-year actuarial survival was 47.5%. Five-year survival of patients with TNM stages IA, IB, II, IIIA, IIIB and IV were 85.8%, 79.4%, 60%, 46.7% 33% and 14.3% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy may be performed with low morbidity and mortality if the operation is performed in specialized centers with a strict quality control system, and without removing the pancreas during total gastrectomy unless it is suspected to be involved. This procedure could provide a good probability of long-term survival, even for patients with invaded regional lymph nodes.

[Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: initial experience]. / Gastrectomía distal laparoscópica por cáncer gástrico. Experiencia inicial.

OBJECTIVE: To report the initial experience with the laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May 2006 and May 2007, 29 consecutive GC patients with gastric cancer underwent LADG with D2 lymphadenectomy. The operation consisted in a laparoscopic time to perform lymphadenectomy and mobilization of the distal stomach, followed by a minilaparotomy for exteriorization of the specimen and construction of a hand sewn anastomosis. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients underwent LADG with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer. Mean age was 58.2 years. Mean operative time was 287.4 min. Mean number of lymph nodes resected was 42.6. Twelve patients were early gastric cancer, and seventeen were advanced gastric cancer. Mean proximal and distal resection margin were 5.8 cm and 3.5 cm, respectively. Resection margins were negative in all cases. Mean number of lymph nodes resected was 42.6. Thirty-day morbidity rate was 10.3 %. There were no postoperative deaths.CONCLUSION. The short-term results of our LADG with D2 lymphadenectomy for the treatment of gastric cancer shows that a radical surgery, in terms of resection margins and lymphadenectomy, can be done with low morbidity.