Metastasis of lung carcinoid in the thyroid gland after 18 years: it is never too late. A case report and review of the literature.

Metastasis to the thyroid gland is a rare event. To date, only 11 cases of metastasis from neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) originating in the lung have been reported. We present a case of a patient in his 40s harboring two nodules in the thyroid gland that were diagnosed as well-differentiated NET (G1). Eighteen years before the patient underwent a lung lobectomy of the right upper lobe for a bronchial typical carcinoid with metastasis in one lymph node. Normal blood levels of calcitonin virtually ruled out the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and supported the diagnosis of a possible thyroid metastasis of the previous bronchial NET. Mutational analysis performed on both primary and metastasis tumor tissue did not show any mutation in the 409 genes analyzed.

Diagnostic Performance of Neck Ultrasonography in the Preoperative Evaluation for Extrathyroidal Extension of Suspicious Thyroid Nodules.

BACKGROUND: A preoperative neck ultrasound (US) is recommended for all patients with suspected thyroid cancer, to identify features potentially changing surgical extent. The extrathyroidal extension (ETE) is considered an indication for total thyroidectomy, but there is limited consensus on its US definition, and the interobserver reliability is low. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of neck US for ETE before surgery and to estimate the diagnostic performance of different US findings, evaluated during real-time examinations. METHODS: Patients referred to surgery between November 1, 2015, and May 31, 2019, for a suspicious thyroid cancer underwent a preoperative neck US, with systematic assessment for ETE. Three definitions were tested: very restrictive (capsular disruption with suspicious images of surrounding tissues invasion), restrictive (including also capsular abutment with evidence of capsular disruption), and nonrestrictive (capsular abutment is sufficient). Histopathology report of ETE involving at least soft tissues was considered positive. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. RESULTS: The study cohort included 128 patients, with 102 (79.7%) confirmed malignancies, and 44 (43.1%) histological ETE. The nonrestrictive definition had good sensitivity (86.4%) but low specificity (29.8%), with an NPV of 80.6%; the restrictive definition had higher specificity (81%), while the very restrictive had specificity and PPV of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: A more extensive surgical approach should not be based on US suspicion of ETE alone, with the possible exception of gross invasion appearance. The absence of any sign of ETE, on the other hand, has a substantial negative predictive value.

IS IT WORTH SUPPRESSING TSH IN LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-RISK PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER PATIENTS BEFORE THE FIRST DISEASE ASSESSMENT?

OBJECTIVE: Guidelines recommend thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression before the first response to treatment assessment in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of structural disease (SD) in low- and intermediate-risk PTC patients according to TSH levels measured 1 year after primary treatment. METHODS: A consecutive, prospective series of low- and intermediate-risk PTC patients with 3-years follow-up was collected. TSH, thyroglobulin (Tg), antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb), and neck ultrasonography (US) 1 and 3 years after primary treatment were analyzed. Recurrence risk and disease status at 1 year were defined according to the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines and as the presence or absence of SD after 3 years. Patients were grouped according to TSH level at 1 year: group 1, TSH <0.1 µUI/mL; group 2, TSH 0.1 to 0.5 µUI/mL; group 3, 0.5 to 2 µUI/mL; and group 4 >2 µUI/mL. RESULTS: This study included 263 patients (70.9% female, median age 47.2 years) of whom the risk of recurrence was low in 170 (65%), intermediate-low in 63 (24%), and intermediate-high in 30 (11%). The response to initial treatment at 1 year was excellent in 149 (57%), biochemical incomplete in 18 (7%), indeterminate in 84 (32%), and structural incomplete in 12 (4%). Group 1 consisted of 53 (20%) patients, group 2 of 85 (32%), group 3 of 61 (23%), and group 4 of 64 (24%). The rate of SD at 1 and 3 years from primary treatment was not significantly different between TSH groups. CONCLUSION: TSH suppression before the first response to treatment assessment does not appear to influence the rate of SD evaluated 1 and 3 years after primary treatment. ABBREVIATIONS: ATA = American Thyroid Association; DTC = differentiated thyroid cancer; FTC = follicular thyroid cancer; LT4 = levothyroxine; PTC = papillary thyroid cancer; SD = structural disease; Tg = thyroglobulin; TgAb = antithyroglobulin antibodies; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; US = ultrasonography.

May predictors of difficulty in thyroid surgery increase the incidence of complications? Prospective study with the proposal of a preoperative score.

BACKGROUND: Although thyroidectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed worldwide, some permanent complications, despite the considerably reducing incidence, may affect dramatically the patients quality of life. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether factors identified preoperatively and expressed in a score could be predictors of major surgical difficulty during total thyroidectomy and influence the incidence of complications. METHODS: A total of 164 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy were examined. For each patient we calculated a preoperative score, including seven parameters, which we evaluated to be predictors of difficulty in thyroid surgery, that is, sex, body mass index (BMI), neck length, neck extension, thyroid gland volume, thyroiditis, and increased parenchymal vascularization. The overall score was also compared with peri- and post-operative factors describing objectively the difficulty in thyroid surgery. These factors are the duration of the operation, the length of hospitalization, the incidence of complications such as hemorrhage, hypoparathyroidism, and recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant association between our score and either the percentage of postoperative complications or the length of hospitalization. The operative time was the only variable remarkably associated with the score value (p < 0.00001). Comparing the duration of the operation with each of the preoperative predictive factors, we found that none of the factors reached the value of statistical significance, but a close association could be noted with the thyroid volume and the BMI. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, predictors of difficulty in thyroidectomy did not affect morbidity rates, as suggested by previous studies, but only operative times, which were significantly increased in patients with higher score. Although our results have limited statistical significance, they allow us to confirm the fundamental role of a systematic use of optical magnification and microsurgical technique in thyroidectomy. Further studies, with a larger cohort of patients, are needed to validate our results and to formulate a universally accepted predictive score of difficulty in thyroidectomy preoperatively.

Diagnostic accuracy of 3T magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative localisation of parathyroid adenomas: comparison with ultrasound and 99mTc-sestamibi scans.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of 3TMRI in comparison with ultrasound (US) and 99mTc-sestamibi scan for presurgical localisation of parathyroid adenomas (PTAs) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). METHODS: Fifty-seven patients affected by PHPT were prospectively enrolled and underwent US, 99mTc-sestamibi and 3TMRI. T2-weighted and post-contrast T1-weighted Iterative decomposition of water and fat with Echo Asymmetry and Least squares estimation (IDEAL) sequences were acquired. Diagnostic performance of US, 99mTc-sestamibi and MRI in localising PTAs to correct quadrant were compared according to surgical and pathological findings. RESULTS: According to surgical findings, US correctly localised 41/46 PTAs (sensitivity of 89.1%; specificity 97.5%; PPV 93.1% and NPV 95.6%); 99mTc-sestamibi correctly localised 38/46 PTAs (sensitivity 83.6%, specificity 98.3%, PPV 95% and NPV 93.7%). US and 99mTc-sestamibi combined had a sensitivity of 93.4% (43/46 PTAs), specificity of 98.3%, PPV 95% and NPV 98.3%. MRI correctly localised 45/46 PTAs (sensitivity 97.8%; specificity 97.5%; PPV 93.7% and NPV 99.2%). MRI was able to detect six adenomas missed by 99mTc-sestamibi and two adenomas missed by US. MRI and US were able to detect all enlarged parathyroid glands in patients with multiglandular disease. MRI identified six of seven ectopic adenomas. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated high diagnostic performance of 3T MRI in the preoperative PTAs quadrant localisation, as well as in patients with multiglandular disease and ectopic PTAs. MRI may be preferred to adequately select patient candidates for minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP). KEY POINTS: • PTA(s) quadrant localisation by 3TMRI was more accurate than US+99mTc-sestamibi. • MRI identified all enlarged glands in multiglandular disease similarly to US. • MRI identified 6/7 ectopic PTAs similarly to 99mTc-sestamibi. • Presurgical PTA(s) localisation by 3TMRI select the optimal candidates for MIP.

Diagnosis and management of a mediastinal ectopic thyroid laying on the right bronchus: case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: The mediastinal ectopic thyroid is very rare, accounting for less than 1% of all cases of ectopic thyroid tissue. The differential diagnoses with other diseases such as lymphomas, thymic tumors and dermoid cysts is mandatory, in fact each one, needs different management and treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we discuss a rare case of mediastinal ectopic thyroid presenting with a paratracheal mass laying on the right bronchus without symptoms. A 63-year-old male presented with an abnormal well-defined mass along the right paratracheal side, detected by chest x-ray. The CT scan confirmed the presence of a 6 × 8 cm heterogeneously enhanced mass, located behind the superior vena cava and left brachiocephalic artery, reaching azygos vein and right bronchus, without a mass effect. Taking into account the clinical importance of a mediastinal mass, we removed it surgically, through a double surgical approach consisting in a classical transverse cervicotomy for the left thyroid lobe, followed then by a longitudinal sternal splitting to remove the mediastinal mass and complete the thyroidectomy. CONCLUSIONS: In case of mediastinal masses, the surgical excision is recommended, presenting the double advantage to clarify the diagnosis and to treat the pathology. As demonstrated in this case, a mediastinal ectopic thyroid should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis, considering its clinical importance.

Drawing as a Way of Knowing: How a Mapping Model Assists Preoperative Evaluation of Patients with Thyroid Carcinoma.

Background: Effective pre-surgical planning is crucial for achieving successful outcomes in endocrine surgery: it is essential to provide patients with a personalized plan to minimize operative and postoperative risks. Methods: Preoperative lymph node (LN) mapping is a structured high-resolution ultrasonography examination performed in the presence of two endocrinologists and the operating surgeon before intervention to produce a reliable "anatomical guide". Our aim was to propose a preoperative complete model that is non-invasive, avoids overdiagnosis of thyroid microcarcinomas, and reduces medical expenses. Results: The use of 'preoperative echography mapping' has been shown to be successful, particularly in patients with suspected or confirmed neoplastic malignancy. Regarding prognosis, positive outcomes have been observed both post-surgery and in terms of recurrence rates. We collected data on parameters such as biological sex, age, BMI, and results from cytologic tests performed with needle aspiration, and examined whether these parameters predict tumor malignancy or aggressiveness, calculated using a multivariate analysis (MVA). Conclusions: A standard multidisciplinary approach for evaluating neck lymph nodes pre-operation has proven to be an improved diagnostic and preoperative tool.

The Size of a Thyroid Nodule with ACR TI-RADS Does Not Provide a Better Prediction of the Nature of the Nodule: A Single-Center Retrospective Real-Life Observational Study.

We investigated if thyroid nodule size has a predictive value of malignancy on a par with composition, echogenicity, shape, margin, and echogenic foci, and what would be the consequence of observing the rule of the American College of Radiology (ACR) to perform a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). We conducted a retrospective real-life observational study on 86 patients who underwent surgery after a standardized diagnostic protocol. We divided the TR3, TR4, and TR5 classes into sub-classes according to the size threshold indicating FNAB (a: up to the threshold for no FNAB; b: over the threshold for FNAB suggested). We computed sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the different sub-classes and Youden's index (Y) for the different possible cutoffs. Each sub-class showed the following PPV (0.67, 0.68, 0.70, 0.78, 0.72), NPV (0.56, 0.54, 0.51, 0.52, 0.59), and Y (0.20, 0.20, 0.22, 0.31, 0.30). In this real-life series, we did not find a significant difference in prediction of malignancy between the sub-categories according to the size threshold. All nodules have a pre-evaluation likelihood of being malignant, and the impact and utility of size thresholds may be less clear than suggested by the ACR TIRADS guidelines in patients undergoing standardized thyroid work up.

Laterocervical lymph node metastases from suspected thyroidal primary site that turned out to be metastases of lung cancer: A case report.

Incidental sonographic discovery of thyroid nodules is an increasingly common event in clinical practice. Less frequently, patients with cytological benign thyroid nodules have suspicious cervical lymph nodes detected by ultrasound examination or by cytological exam. Here, we discuss an intriguing case of cervical lymph node metastasis with a probable thyroid origin in a 65-year-old asymptomatic male smoker. He underwent thyroidectomy and unilateral cervical lymphadenectomy. Despite a negative chest X-ray, the postoperative histological examination revealed that the lymph node metastasis was actually from a lung carcinoma. Metastatic lesions in cervical lymph nodes from non-thyroidal origins must be excluded when evaluating lesions in the region, especially when thyroid nodules subjected to fine needle aspiration biopsy yield negative results, or lymph node cytological evaluations are inconsistent with thyroid cytological findings and sonographic features. Thyroid and lung adenocarcinomas share some epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Thyroglobulin helps differentiate primary thyroid tumors from lung ones, but in cases of poor differentiation, distinguishing metastatic lesions in the thyroid gland can be challenging. Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, and survival rates have only marginally improved over the last several decades. The ongoing clinical challenge is detecting LC at earlier stages of the disease.

C-Cell Hyperplasia and Cystic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Patient with Type 1B Pseudohypoparathyroidism and Hypercalcitoninaemia: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Hypercalcitoninaemia has been described in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type 1A and 1B. Elevated calcitonin levels are thought to result from impaired Gsα receptor signaling, leading to multiple hormone resistance. Evidence on the risk of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or C-cell hyperplasia in PHP patients with hypercalcitoninaemia is lacking. A 43-year-old Caucasian man was referred to our endocrinology clinic for chronic hypocalcemia associated with elevated serum parathormone levels and a single cystic thyroid nodule. The patient did not show skeletal deformities, and screening for concomitant hormone resistances was negative, except for the presence of elevated serum calcitonin levels. The workup led to a molecular diagnosis of sporadic PHP1B. Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid nodule was not diagnostic. The calcium stimulation test yielded an abnormal calcitonin response. Given the scarcity of data on the risk of thyroid malignancy in PHP and calcium stimulation test results, total thyroidectomy was performed. Histological examination revealed cystic papillary thyroid cancer in a background of diffuse C-cell hyperplasia. To our knowledge, we are the first to describe a rare form of thyroid cancer combined with C-cell hyperplasia in a patient with PHP and hypercalcitoninaemia. In the present case, a mere receptor resistance might not fully explain the elevated calcitonin levels, suggesting that hypercalcitoninaemia should be carefully evaluated in PHP patients, especially in the case of concomitant thyroid nodules. Further studies on larger cohorts are needed to elucidate this topic.

Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer in Individuals with a First-Degree Family History of Non-Medullary Thyroid Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Sonographic Screening.

Background: The actual rates of suspicious thyroid nodules (TNs) and confirmed thyroid cancer (TC) in putatively "at-risk" selected populations (e.g., individuals with family history of TC) are still uncertain. Methods: Our aim was to explore the prevalence of TC and TN in a cross-sectional study of a consenting population of unaffected individuals (10 years of age or older) with a first-degree relative known to have non-medullary TC (NMTC). Enrolled subjects underwent ultrasonographic studies of the neck between 2009 and 2018. Nodules considered suspicious according to current guidelines were subjected to fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for cytology. Results: The screenee population comprised 1176 individuals (median age 42 [26-56] years, 650 females, 55.3%) from 473 kindreds (346 with 1 established NMTC diagnosis at entry, 103 with 2 established NMTC diagnoses, and 24 with 3 or more established NMTC diagnoses at entry). Screening revealed TNs in 500 screenees (42.5%; confidence interval [CI] 39.7-45.4%). Ninety-seven of these (19.4%; CI 16.2-23.1%) underwent FNAB. Only 11 cases of TC were diagnosed in the whole population (0.9%; CI 0.5-1.7%). The prevalence of TC in screenees from kindreds with ≥3 cases (3/24, 12.5%) was higher than that for kindreds with one affected member (6/346, 1.7%; p = 0.01, odds ratio [OR] 7.99; CI 1.21-40.75) and for those with two affected members (2/103, 1.9%; p = 0.05, OR 7.05; CI 0.76-89.44). The prevalence of TNs was 61.8% (CI 56.6-66.8%), 75.7% (CI 66.6-83%), and 66.7% (CI 46.7-82%) in the kindreds with 1, 2, and ≥3 cases, respectively (p = 0.03). Conclusions: On the whole, ultrasound-based screening of unaffected relatives of individuals with established diagnoses of NMTC is likely to reveal a high prevalence of TN and a low prevalence of TC. However, a significantly higher prevalence of TC may be found among screenees from kindreds with at least three established NMTC diagnoses before screening, suggesting that closer surveillance may be warranted in kindreds with this level of familiality.

Selective Use of Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Papillary Thyroid Cancers With Low or Lower-Intermediate Recurrence Risk.

CONTEXT: Current guidelines recommend a selective use of radioiodine treatment (RAI) for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to determine how policy changes affect the use of RAI and the short-term outcomes of patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of longitudinal data was conducted in an academic referral center of patients with nonaggressive PTC variants; no extrathyroidal invasion or limited to soft tissues, no distant metastases, and 5 or fewer central-compartment cervical lymph node metastases. In cohort 1, standard treatments were total thyroidectomy and RAI (May 2005-June 2011); in cohort 2 decisions on RAI were deferred for approximately 12 months after surgery (July 2011-December 2018). Propensity score matching was used to adjust for sex, age, tumor size, lymph node status, and extrathyroidal extension. Intervention included immediate RAI or deferred choice. Main outcome measures were responses to initial treatment during 3 or more years of follow-up. RESULTS: In cohort 1, RAI was performed in 50 of 116 patients (51.7%), whereas in cohort 2, it was far less frequent: immediately in 10 of 156 (6.4%), and in 3 more patients after the first follow-up data. The frequencies of structural incomplete response were low (1%-3%), and there were no differences between the 2 cohorts at any follow-up visit. Cohort 2 patients had higher rates of "gray-zone responses" (biochemical incomplete or indeterminate response). CONCLUSION: Selective use of RAI increases the rate of patients with "uncertain" status during early follow-up. The rate of structural incomplete responses remains low regardless of whether RAI is used immediately. Patients should be made aware of the advantages and drawbacks of omitting RAI.

Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Single Centre Experience and Review of the Literature.

There is controversy in the literature regarding a distinct subset of thyroid carcinoma whose histologically classification falls between well-differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas, previously identified as 'poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma' (PDTC), or 'insular carcinoma', in view of the peculiar morphological characteristics of the cell groupings. The correct diagnosis and treatment of this entity have important prognostic and therapeutic significance. In this review, we describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of PDTC and report our single centre experience to add to the limited evidence existing in the literature.

Preoperative Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Suspected Familial Non-Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Are We Able to Predict Multifocality and Extrathyroidal Extension?

Family history of thyroid cancer increases the risk of harboring thyroid malignancies that end up having extrathyroidal extension (ETE) and multifocality on histology; some authors suggest a more aggressive surgical approach. Their pre-operative identification could allow more conservative surgical procedures if none of these features are suspected. Our aim was to assess if neck ultrasonography could identify or exclude multifocality or ETE in these patients to tailor the extent of surgery. This retrospective study included patients with previous thyroid surgery, ≥1 first-grade relative with thyroid cancer, and who had undergone pre-surgical ultrasound. ETE was suspected in the case of thyroid border interruption or gross invasion of perithyroidal tissues. Multiple suspicious nodules were defined as suspicion of multifocal cancer. The cohort consisted of 45 patients (median age 49 years, 40 with thyroid cancer, 30 females). The positive predictive value of ultrasonography in predicting multifocality and ETE was 57.14% (25.25-84.03) and 41.67% (21.5-65.1%), respectively, while the negative predictive values were 63.2% (56.4-69.4%) and 72.7% (63.3-80.5%). Pre-operative ultrasound examination is unable to reliably identify or exclude multifocal disease or extrathyroidal extension. In patients scheduled for surgery and with a first-degree relative affected by DTC, a "negative" pre-operative US report does not exclude the potential finding of multifocality and ETE at final histopathology.

Thyroid Nodule Characterization: How to Assess the Malignancy Risk. Update of the Literature.

Ultrasound (US) is the first imaging modality for thyroid parenchyma evaluation. In the last decades, the role of ultrasound has been improved with the introduction of new US software, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and US-elastography (USE). USE is nowadays recognized as an essential part of the multiparametric ultrasound (MPUS) examination, in particular for the indeterminate thyroid nodule with possible fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) number reduction; even if further and larger studies are needed to validate it. More controversial is the role of CEUS in thyroid evaluation, due to its high variability in sensitivity and specificity. Semi-automatic US systems based on the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system are producing interesting results, especially as an aid to less experienced operators. New knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in thyroid cancer is allowing practitioners to identify new genomic thyroid markers that could reduce the number of "diagnostic" thyroidectomies. We have therefore drawn up an updated representation of the current evidence in the literature for thyroid nodule multiparametric ultrasound (MPUS) evaluation with particular regard to USE, the US CAD system and CEUS.

Laryngeal Neuroendocrine Tumor With Elevated Serum Calcitonin: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge. Case Report and Review of Literature.

Introduction: Laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a rare group of NENs of the neck, which commonly show immunostaining for calcitonin. Laryngeal NENs with calcitonin hypersecretion and lymph node metastases represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, which should be included in the differential diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). We report a complex case of laryngeal NEN with calcitonin hypersecretion and a review of the literature. Case Presentation: A 59-year-old man presented with dysphagia, dyspnea, and lateral cervical mass; he was a smoker. At first imaging, a laryngeal lesion with lateral cervical lymphadenopathies was found, and it resulted as a moderately differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (G2), Ki67 = 5%, positive for calcitonin. Increased levels of serum calcitonin (50 pg/ml) were found. The patient started somatostatin analogs for lesions positivity to somatostatin receptor-based imaging. After 5 months, the disease progressed at 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET-CT, and also new painful cutaneous lesions occurred. Considering high serum levels of calcitonin, differential diagnosis with MTC was required. Patient performed a thyroid color Doppler ultrasound, nodule fine needle aspiration, calcitonin dosage in fine needle washout fluid, and a calcium gluconate stimulation test. After multidisciplinary evaluation, we decided to perform a total thyroidectomy associated with lateral cervical lymphadenectomy and resection of skin metastases. No MTC was found. Two of the five resected lymph nodes, left upper parathyroid, and skin lesions were metastases of NEN G2, positive for calcitonin. After 2 months, new painful skin lesions occurred, and a target therapy with everolimus 10 mg/day was started. After 6 months of therapy, partial metabolic response with a reduction of 53.7% of radiotracer uptake at primary tumor was detected together with an improvement of patient's quality of life. Conclusions: The present case is the seventh described in the literature of laryngeal NEN associated with elevated serum calcitonin levels and the first case with parathyroid metastasis, suggesting the importance of a correct differential diagnosis between MTC and calcitonin-secreting laryngeal NEN, using an integrated approach of biochemistry and advanced imaging. This is also the first time that somatostatin analogs and then everolimus were used in this setting, resulting in clinical and partial metabolic response.

Computer-aided diagnostic system for thyroid nodule sonographic evaluation outperforms the specificity of less experienced examiners.

PURPOSE: Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) may improve interobserver agreement in the risk stratification of thyroid nodules. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS) classification as estimated by an expert radiologist, a senior resident, a medical student, and a CAD system, as well as the interobserver agreement among them. METHODS: Between July 2016 and 2018, 107 nodules (size 5-40 mm, 27 malignant) were classified according to the K-TIRADS by an expert radiologist and CAD software. A third-year resident and a medical student with basic imaging training, both blinded to previous findings, retrospectively estimated the K-TIRADS classification. The diagnostic performance was calculated, including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: The CAD system and the expert achieved a sensitivity of 70.37% (95% CI 49.82-86.25%) and 81.48% (61.92-93.7%) and a specificity of 87.50% (78.21-93.84%) and 88.75% (79.72-94.72%), respectively. The specificity of the student was significantly lower (76.25% [65.42-85.05%], p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: In our opinion, the CAD evaluation of thyroid nodules stratification risk has a potential role in a didactic field and does not play a real and effective role in the clinical field, where not only images but also specialistic medical practice is fundamental to achieve a diagnosis based on family history, genetics, lab tests, and so on. The CAD system may be useful for less experienced operators as its specificity was significantly higher.

Is thyroid nodule location associated with malignancy risk?

PURPOSE: Nodules located in the upper pole of the thyroid may carry a greater risk for malignancy than those in the lower pole. We conducted a study to analyze the risk of malignancy of nodules depending on location. METHODS: The records of patients undergoing thyroid-nodule fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) at an academic thyroid cancer unit were prospectively collected. The nodules were considered benign in cases of a benign histology or cytology report, and malignant in cases of malignant histology. Pathological findings were analyzed based on the anatomical location of the nodules, which were also scored according to five ultrasonographic classification systems. RESULTS: Between November 1, 2015 and May 30, 2018, 832 nodules underwent FNAC, of which 557 had a definitive diagnosis. The prevalence of malignancy was not significantly different in the isthmus, right, or left lobe. Among the 227 nodules that had a precise longitudinal location noted (from 219 patients [155 females], aged 56.2±14.0 years), malignancy was more frequent in the middle lobe (13.2%; odds ratio [OR], 9.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.95 to 48.59). This figure was confirmed in multivariate analyses that took into account nodule composition and the Thyroid Imaging, Reporting, and Data System (TIRADS) classification. Using the American College of Radiologists TIRADS, the upper pole location also demonstrated a slightly significant association with malignancy (OR, 6.92; 95% CI, 1.02 to 46.90; P=0.047). CONCLUSION: The risk of thyroid malignancy was found to be significantly higher for mid-lobar nodules. This observation was confirmed when suspicious ultrasonographic features were included in a multivariate model, suggesting that the longitudinal location in the lobe may be a risk factor independently of ultrasonographic appearance.

Reducing the Number of Unnecessary Thyroid Biopsies While Improving Diagnostic Accuracy: Toward the "Right" TIRADS.

Context: The prevalence of thyroid nodules in the general population is increasingly high, and at least half of those biopsied prove to be benign. Sonographic risk-stratification systems are being proposed as "rule-out" tests that can identify nodules that do not require fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Objective: To comparatively assess the performances of five internationally endorsed sonographic classification systems [those of the American Thyroid Association, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American College of Radiology (ACR), the European Thyroid Association, and the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology] in identifying nodules whose FNAs can be safely deferred and to estimate their negative predictive values (NPVs). Design: Prospective study of thyroid nodules referred for FNA. Setting: Single academic referral center. Patients: Four hundred seventy-seven patients (358 females, 75.2%); mean (SD) age, 55.9 (13.9) years. Main Outcome Measures: Number of biopsies classified as unnecessary, false-negative rate (FNR), sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and diagnostic ORs for each system. Results: Application of the systems' FNA criteria would have reduced the number of biopsies performed by 17.1% to 53.4%. The ACR Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) allowed the largest reduction (268 of 502) with the lowest FNR (NPV, 97.8%; 95% CI, 95.2% to 99.2%). Except for the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology TIRADS, all other systems exhibited significant discriminatory performance but produced significantly smaller reductions in the number of procedures. Conclusions: Internationally endorsed sonographic risk stratification systems vary widely in their ability to reduce the number of unnecessary thyroid nodule FNAs. The ACR TIRADS outperformed the others, classifying more than half the biopsies as unnecessary with a FNR of 2.2%.

Thyroid Cancer Patients With No Evidence of Disease: The Need for Repeat Neck Ultrasound.

CONTEXT: Ultrasonography (US) is considered the most sensitive tool for imaging persistent or recurrent papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in the neck. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the usefulness of routine neck US in low- and intermediate-risk patients with PTC with no evidence of disease 1 year after thyroidectomy. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively recorded data. SETTING: Academic center. PATIENTS: Two hundred twenty-six patients with PTC with sonographically normal neck lymph nodes and unstimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels that were either undetectable (<0.20 ng/mL) or low (0.21 to 0.99 ng/mL) at the 1-year evaluation. INTERVENTIONS: Yearly assessment: unstimulated serum Tg level, anti-Tg-antibody (TgAb) titer, TSH levels, and ultrasound examination of neck lymph nodes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of ultrasonographic lymph node abnormalities at the 3-year and last follow-up visits. RESULTS: In patients with an undetectable Tg level at the 1-year evaluation, sonographically suspicious neck lymph nodes were found in 1.2% of patients at 3 years and in 1.8% at the last visit [negative predictive values (NPVs) of 1-year Tg < 0.2 ng/mL: 98.8% (95% CI 95.8% to 99.9%) and 98.2% (95% to 99.6%), respectively]. Similar NPVs emerged for low detectable 1-year Tg levels [98.2% (90.3% to 99.9%) and 94.5% (84.9% to 98.9%) at the 3-year and last visits, respectively]. Seventy-five percent of the nodal lesions were likely false positive; none required treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Low- and intermediate-risk patients with PTC with negative ultrasound findings and unstimulated Tg levels <1 ng/mL at the 1-year evaluation can be safely followed with clinical assessments and unstimulated serum Tg determinations. Neck US might be repeated if TgAb titers rise, or unstimulated Tg levels exceed 1 ng/mL.