Lead damage after cardiac implantable device replacement procedure: Comparison between electrical plasma tool and electrocautery.

BACKGROUND: Lead damage is a complication caused by lead manipulation or heating damage from conventional electrocautery (EC) after cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) replacement. Application of electrical plasma (PEAK PlasmaBlade) is a new technology that reportedly reduces this risk. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to compare the effect of EC versus PEAK PlasmaBlade on lead parameters and complications after generator replacement procedures. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 410 consecutive patients (840 leads) who underwent CIED replacement using EC (EC group) and 410 consecutive patients (824 leads) using PEAK PlasmaBlade (PlamaBlade group). Pacing lead impedance, incidence of lead damage, and complications were compared between both groups. RESULTS: Lead impedance increased in 393 leads (46.8%) in the EC group versus 282 leads (34.2%) in the PlasmaBlade group (p < .01) with average percent changes of 6.7% and 4.0% (p < .01), respectively. Lead impedance decreased in 438 leads (52.1%) in the EC group versus 507 leads (61.5%) in the PlasmaBlade group (p < .01) with average percent changes of -5.7% and -7.1% (p < .01), respectively. Lead damage requiring lead revision occurred in five leads (0.6%) or after five procedures (1.2%) in the EC group compared to three leads (0.4%, p = .50) or after three procedures (0.7%, p = .48) in the PlasmaBlade group. There were no significant differences in the procedural-related complications between the EC group (nine patients, 2.2%) and the PlasmaBlade group (five patients, 1.2%, p = .28). CONCLUSION: Conventional electrocautery can potentially damage lead insulations. However, this study shows that when used carefully electrocautery is as safe as the PEAK PlasmaBlade™.

The harm of delayed diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiac sarcoidosis: a case series.

AIMS: Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a known cause of ventricular tachycardia (VT). However, an arrhythmogenic presentation may not prompt immediate comprehensive evaluation. We aimed to assess the diagnostic and disease course of patients with arrhythmogenic cardiac sarcoidosis (ACS). METHODS AND RESULTS: From the Leiden VT-ablation-registry, consecutive patients with CS as underlying aetiology were retrospectively included. Data on clinical presentation, time-to-diagnosis, cardiac function, and clinical outcomes were collected. Patients were divided in early (<6 months from first cardiac presentation) and late diagnosis. After exclusion of patients with known causes of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), 15 (12%) out of 129 patients with idiopathic NICM were ultimately diagnosed with CS and included. Five patients were diagnosed early; all had early presentation with VTs. Ten patients had a late diagnosis with a median delay of 24 (IQR 15-44) months, despite presentation with VT (n = 5) and atrioventricular block (n = 4). In 6 of 10 patients, reason for suspicion of ACS was the electroanatomical scar pattern. In patients with early diagnosis, immunosuppressive therapy was immediately initiated with stable cardiac function during follow-up. Adversely, in 7 of 10 patients with late diagnosis, cardiac function deteriorated before diagnosis, and in only one cardiac function recovered with immunosuppressive therapy. Six (40%) patients died (five of six with late diagnosis). CONCLUSION: Arrhythmogenic cardiac sarcoidosis is an important differential diagnosis in NICM patients referred for VT ablation. Importantly, the diagnosis is frequently delayed, which leads to a severe disease course, including irreversible cardiac dysfunction and death. Early recognition, which can be facilitated by electroanatomical mapping, is crucial.

Arrhythmia exacerbation after post-infarction ventricular tachycardia ablation: prevalence and prognostic significance.

AIMS: Catheter ablation is an effective treatment for post-infarction ventricular tachycardia (VT). However, some patients may experience a worsened arrhythmia phenotype after ablation. We aimed to determine the prevalence and prognostic impact of arrhythmia exacerbation (AE) after post-infarction VT ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1187 consecutive patients (93% men, median age 68 years, median ejection fraction 30%) who underwent post-infarction VT ablation at six centres were included. Arrhythmia exacerbation was defined as post-ablation VT storm or incessant VT in patients without prior similar events. During follow-up (median 717 days), 426 (36%) patients experienced VT recurrence. Events qualifying as AE occurred in 67 patients (6%). Median times to VT recurrence with and without AE were 238 [interquartile range (IQR) 35-640] days and 135 (IQR 22-521) days, respectively (P = 0.25). Almost half of the patients (46%) who experienced AE experienced it within 6 months of the index procedure. Patients with AE had had longer ablation times during the ablation procedures compared to the rest of the patients (median 42 vs. 34 min, P = 0.02). Among patients with VT recurrence, the risk of death or heart transplantation was significantly higher in patients with than without AE (hazard ratio 1.99, 95% CI 1.28-3.10; P = 0.002) after adjusting for age, gender, ejection fraction, cardiac resynchronization therapy, post-ablation non-inducibility, and post-ablation amiodarone use. CONCLUSION: Arrhythmia exacerbation after ablation of infarct-related VT is infrequent but is independently associated with an adverse long-term outcome among patients who experience a VT recurrence. The mechanisms and mitigation strategies of AE after catheter ablation require further investigation.

2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias: executive summary.

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.

2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias.

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.

Thromboembolic prophylaxis protocol with warfarin after radiofrequency catheter ablation of infarct-related ventricular tachycardia.

INTRODUCTION: Ablation in the left ventricle (LV) is associated with a risk of thromboembolism. There are limited data on the use of specific thromboembolic prophylaxis strategies postablation. We aimed to evaluate a thromboembolic prophylaxis protocol after ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The index procedures of 217 patients undergoing ablation for infarct-related VT with open irrigated-tip catheters were included. Patients with large LV endocardial ablation area (>3 cm between ablation lesions) were started on low-dose, slowly escalating unfractionated heparin (UFH) infusion 8 hours after access hemostasis, followed by 3 months of anticoagulation. Patients with less extensive ablation were treated only with antiplatelet agents postablation. Postablation bridging anticoagulation was used in 181 (83%) patients. Of them, 11 (6%) patients experienced bleeding events (1 required endovascular intervention) and 1 (0.6%) experienced lower extremity arterial embolism requiring vascular surgery. Systemic anticoagulation was prescribed in 190 (89%) of 214 patients discharged from the hospital (warfarin in 98%), while the rest received single- or dual-antiplatelet therapy alone. Patients treated with an anticoagulant had significantly longer radiofrequency time compared to patients treated with antiplatelet agents only. One (0.5%) of the patients treated with oral anticoagulation experienced major bleeding 2 weeks postablation. No thromboembolic events were documented in either the anticoagulation or the "antiplatelet only" group postdischarge. CONCLUSION: A slowly escalating bridging regimen of UFH, followed by 3 months of oral anticoagulation, is associated with low thromboembolic and bleeding risks after infarct-related VT ablation. In the absence of extensive ablation, antiplatelet therapy alone is reasonable.

Risk of Adverse Outcomes Associated With Cardiac Sarcoidosis Diagnostic Schemes.

BACKGROUND: Multiple cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) diagnostic schemes have been published. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the association of different CS diagnostic schemes with adverse outcomes. The diagnostic schemes evaluated were 1993, 2006, and 2017 Japanese criteria and the 2014 Heart Rhythm Society criteria. METHODS: Data were collected from the Cardiac Sarcoidosis Consortium, an international registry of CS patients. Outcome events were any of the following: all-cause mortality, left ventricular assist device placement, heart transplantation, and appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. Logistic regression analysis evaluated the association of outcomes with each CS diagnostic scheme. RESULTS: A total of 587 subjects met the following criteria: 1993 Japanese (n = 310, 52.8%), 2006 Japanese (n = 312, 53.2%), 2014 Heart Rhythm Society (n = 480, 81.8%), and 2017 Japanese (n = 112, 19.1%). Patients who met the 1993 criteria were more likely to experience an event than patients who did not (n = 109 of 310, 35.2% vs n = 59 of 277, 21.3%; OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.38-2.90; P < 0.001). Similarly, patients who met the 2006 criteria were more likely to have an event than patients who did not (n = 116 of 312, 37.2% vs n = 52 of 275, 18.9%; OR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.74-3.71; P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant association between the occurrence of an event and whether a patient met the 2014 or the 2017 criteria (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.85-2.27; P = 0.18 or OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 0.97-2.33; P = 0.067, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: CS patients who met the 1993 and the 2006 criteria had higher odds of adverse clinical outcomes. Future research is needed to prospectively evaluate existing diagnostic schemes and develop new risk models for this complex disease.

Outcomes Associated With Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

Importance: Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is associated with high mortality in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS), and medical management of CS-associated VT is limited by high failure rates. The role of catheter ablation has been investigated in small, single-center studies. Objective: To investigate outcomes associated with VT ablation in patients with CS. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study from the Cardiac Sarcoidosis Consortium registry (2003-2019) included 16 tertiary referral centers in the US, Europe, and Asia. A total of 158 consecutive patients with CS and VT were included (33% female; mean [SD] age, 52 [11] years; 53% with ejection fraction [EF] <50%). Exposures: Catheter ablation of CS-associated VT and, as appropriate, medical treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures: Immediate and short-term outcomes included procedural success, elimination of VT storm, and reduction in defibrillator shocks. The primary long-term outcome was the composite of VT recurrence, heart transplant (HT), or death. Results: Complete procedural success (no inducible VT postablation) was achieved in 85 patients (54%). Sixty-five patients (41%) had preablation VT storm that did not recur postablation in 53 (82%). Defibrillator shocks were significantly reduced from a median (IQR) of 2 (1-5) to 0 (0-0) in the 30 days before and after ablation (P < .001). During median (IQR) follow-up of 2.5 (1.1-4.9) years, 73 patients (46%) experienced VT recurrence and 81 (51%) experienced the composite primary outcome. One- and 2-year rates of survival free of VT recurrence, HT, or death were 60% and 52%, respectively. EF less than 50% and myocardial inflammation on preprocedural 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography were significantly associated with adverse prognosis in multivariable analysis for the primary outcome (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.37-3.64; P = .001 and HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.31-6.55; P = .009, respectively). History of hypertension was associated with a favorable long-term outcome (adjusted HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.28-0.92; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance: In this observational study of selected patients with CS and VT, catheter ablation was associated with reductions in defibrillator shocks and recurrent VT storm. Preablation LV dysfunction and myocardial inflammation were associated with adverse long-term prognosis. These data support the role of catheter ablation in conjunction with medical therapy in the management of CS-associated VT.

Radiofrequency ablation guided by mechanical termination of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating in the right ventricular outflow tract.

BACKGROUND: Termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT) by mechanical pressure has been described for fascicular and postinfarction VT. Mechanical interruption of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VT/premature ventricular complexes [PVCs]) arising in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) has not been described in systematic fashion. METHODS: Eighteen consecutive patients (13 females, age 49 +/- 13 years, ejection fraction 0.55 +/- 0.12) underwent mapping and ablation of RVOT VT or PVCs. In 7 patients, 9 distinct VTs (mean cycle length 440 +/- 127 ms), and in 11 patients, 11 distinct PVCs originating in the RVOT were targeted. Mechanical termination was considered present if a reproducibly inducible VT was no longer inducible or if frequent PVCs suddenly ceased with the mapping catheter at a particular location. Endocardial activation time, electrogram characteristics, and pace-mapping morphology were assessed at this location. Radiofrequency energy was delivered if mechanical termination was observed. RESULTS: All targeted arrhythmias were successfully ablated. In 7 of 18 patients (39%), catheter manipulation terminated the arrhythmia with the mapping catheter located at a particular site. Local endocardial activation time was earlier at sites of mechanical termination (-31 +/- 7 ms) compared with effective sites without termination (-25 +/- 3 ms, P = 0.04). The 10-ms isochronal area was smaller in patients with mechanical interruption (0.35 +/- 0.2 cm(2)) than in patients without mechanical termination (1.33 +/- 0.9 cm(2), P = 0.01). At all sites susceptible to mechanical trauma, the pace map displayed a match with the targeted VT/PVC. All sites where mechanical termination of VT or PVCs occurred were effective ablation sites. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical suppression at the site of origin of idiopathic RVOT arrhythmias frequently occurs during the mapping procedure and is a reliable indicator of effective ablation sites. Mechanical termination of RVOT arrhythmias may be indicative of a more localized arrhythmogenic substrate.

Isolated potentials and pace-mapping as guides for ablation of ventricular tachycardia in various types of nonischemic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: In patients with prior infarction, isolated potentials (IPs) during sinus rhythm reflect fixed scar and often indicate sites critical for ventricular tachycardia (VT). The purpose of this study was to determine the value of IPs in conjunction with pace-mapping to guide VT ablation in patients with various types of nonischemic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Mapping and ablation of VT were performed in 35 consecutive patients (26 men, age 55 ± 13 years, ejection fraction 0.31 ± 0.14) with VT and various etiologies of nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Pace-mapping was performed at sites with low voltage. Radiofrequency energy was delivered at sites with concealed entrainment or matching pace-maps. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-five VTs (mean cycle length 363 ± 88 ms) were induced. Sites with prespecified ablation criteria displaying IPs during sinus rhythm were recorded in 21 of 35 patients (60%, IP-positive). In these patients, a total of 216 sites meeting prespecified ablation criteria were identified and 146 of 216 sites (68%) displayed IPs. Fifteen of 21 IP-positive patients (71%) no longer had inducible VT after ablation. In 14 of 35 patients, no sites with IPs where prespecified ablation criteria were met were identified (IP-negative) despite combined endocardial and epicardial mapping in 7 of 14 patients. Only 1 of 14 IP-negative patients (7%) no longer had inducible VT at the end of the ablation procedure. During a mean follow-up of 18 ± 13 months, 14 of 21 IP-positive patients (67%) remained arrhythmia-free, compared to 1 of 14 IP-negative patients (7%; P < 0.01). Half of the IP-negative patients had major adverse events due to recurrent arrhythmias, compared to none in IP-positive patients. CONCLUSION: IPs in conjunction with pace-mapping are helpful for identifying critical isthmus areas for ablation of VT in patients with various types of nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy in whom the arrhythmogenic substrate is characterized by IPs have a more favorable outcome than patients in whom IPs are absent.

2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias: Executive summary.

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.

2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias.

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.

2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias: Executive summary.

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.

2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias.

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.

2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias: Executive summary.

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.

2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias.

Ventricular arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and come in a variety of forms, from single premature ventricular complexes to sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Rapid developments have taken place over the past decade in our understanding of these arrhythmias and in our ability to diagnose and treat them. The field of catheter ablation has progressed with the development of new methods and tools, and with the publication of large clinical trials. Therefore, global cardiac electrophysiology professional societies undertook to outline recommendations and best practices for these procedures in a document that will update and replace the 2009 EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias. An expert writing group, after reviewing and discussing the literature, including a systematic review and meta-analysis published in conjunction with this document, and drawing on their own experience, drafted and voted on recommendations and summarized current knowledge and practice in the field. Each recommendation is presented in knowledge byte format and is accompanied by supportive text and references. Further sections provide a practical synopsis of the various techniques and of the specific ventricular arrhythmia sites and substrates encountered in the electrophysiology lab. The purpose of this document is to help electrophysiologists around the world to appropriately select patients for catheter ablation, to perform procedures in a safe and efficacious manner, and to provide follow-up and adjunctive care in order to obtain the best possible outcomes for patients with ventricular arrhythmias.

Association of preprocedural cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with outcomes of ventricular tachycardia ablation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of complex arrhythmogenic substrates can help plan ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether preprocedural late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) can improve ablation outcomes in DCM. METHODS: Consecutive patients (N = 96) with idiopathic DCM underwent VT ablation with open-irrigated catheters (2006-2016). Before 2012, LGE-MRI was not performed at our institution in patients with implanted devices, but it has been performed routinely in all patients after implementation of a new MRI protocol in 2012. We retrospectively compared acute and long-term outcomes of initial VT ablation procedures in patients with (n = 41) and those without (n = 55) preprocedural LGE-MRI. Procedural outcome was classified as successful if VT was not inducible postablation. RESULTS: The 2 groups had a similar mean age and ejection fraction, comorbidities, and frequency of epicardial ablation. Preablation LGE-MRI was independently associated with improved procedural success (63% vs 24%) by logistic regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 7.86, P <.001). This result was consistent even when patients with nondiagnostic MRIs due to artifact were included in the imaging group (OR 4.87, P = .005). Preablation imaging was also associated with improved survival free of the composite endpoint of VT recurrence, heart transplantation, or death, which was met by 11 (27%) and 33 (60%) patients in the imaging and no imaging groups, respectively, after median 7.6 months of follow-up (unadjusted log-rank P = .02). However, there was no association with long-term outcomes after adjustment for other covariates. CONCLUSION: Preprocedural imaging with LGE-MRI may be associated with improved outcomes of VT ablation in DCM.