High Performance of a Dominant/X-Linked Gene Panel in Patients with Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) affect 2-5% of the population and approximately 50% of cases are due to genetic factors. Since de novo pathogenic variants account for the majority of cases, a gene panel including 460 dominant and X-linked genes was designed and applied to 398 patients affected by intellectual disability (ID)/global developmental delay (GDD) and/or autism (ASD). Pathogenic variants were identified in 83 different genes showing the high genetic heterogeneity of NDDs. A molecular diagnosis was established in 28.6% of patients after high-depth sequencing and stringent variant filtering. Compared to other available gene panel solutions for NDD molecular diagnosis, our panel has a higher diagnostic yield for both ID/GDD and ASD. As reported previously, a significantly higher diagnostic yield was observed: (i) in patients affected by ID/GDD compared to those affected only by ASD, and (ii) in females despite the higher proportion of males among our patients. No differences in diagnostic rates were found between patients affected by different levels of ID severity. Interestingly, patients harboring pathogenic variants presented different phenotypic features, suggesting that deep phenotypic profiling may help in predicting the presence of a pathogenic variant. Despite the high performance of our panel, whole exome-sequencing (WES) approaches may represent a more robust solution. For this reason, we propose the list of genes included in our customized gene panel and the variant filtering procedure presented here as a first-tier approach for the molecular diagnosis of NDDs in WES studies.

Considerations on the Analysis of E-900 Food Additive: An NMR Perspective.

Food additives are in widespread use in the food industry to extend the shelf life of food, improve its organoleptic characteristics or facilitate industrial processing. Their use is not without controversy, which makes regulation and control crucial for food safety and public health. Among food additives, silicone-based antifoaming agents (polysiloxanes or E900) are difficult to analyze and quantify due to their polymeric nature. Currently, there is no official method of quantifying this additive in foods. In this context, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a quantitative method for speciation analysis of silicon compounds almost without known interferents. In this work, we describe the evolution of the regulation of the E900 additive, discuss different analytic methods quantifying polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), and propose a new method based on NMR suitable for analyzing the content of E900 in the form of PDMS in various types of food from dietary oils to marmalades and jellies, among others. The proposed method consists of a previous quantitative concentration of PDMS by liquid-liquid extraction and the monitoring of the quantification using a bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene (BTMSB) standard to control the variability, ranging within 2-7%, depending on the food. This simple, direct, and reproducible procedure for aqueous and lipidic foods may help to monitor and fill a gap in regulatory legislation regarding the E900 additive.

BAC array CGH in patients with Velocardiofacial syndrome-like features reveals genomic aberrations on chromosome region 1q21.1.

BACKGROUND: Microdeletion of the chromosome 22q11.2 region is the most common genetic aberration among patients with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) but a subset of subjects do not show alterations of this chromosome region. METHODS: We analyzed 18 patients with VCFS-like features by comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH) array and performed a face-to-face slide hybridization with two different arrays: a whole genome and a chromosome 22-specific BAC array. Putative rearrangements were confirmed by FISH and MLPA assays. RESULTS: One patient carried a combination of rearrangements on 1q21.1, consisting in a microduplication of 212 kb and a close microdeletion of 1.15 Mb, previously reported in patients with variable phenotypes, including mental retardation, congenital heart defects (CHD) and schizophrenia. While 326 control samples were negative for both 1q21.1 rearrangements, one of 73 patients carried the same 212-kb microduplication, reciprocal to TAR microdeletion syndrome. Also, we detected four copy number variants (CNVs) inherited from one parent (a 744-kb duplication on 10q11.22; a 160 kb duplication and deletion on 22q11.21 in two cases; and a gain of 140 kb on 22q13.2), not present in control subjects, raising the potential role of these CNVs in the VCFS-like phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed aCGH as a successful strategy in order to characterize additional submicroscopic aberrations in patients with VCF-like features that fail to show alterations in 22q11.2 region. We report a 212-kb microduplication on 1q21.1, detected in two patients, which may contribute to CHD.

Analyses of variants located in estrogen metabolism genes (ESR1, ESR2, COMT and APOE) and schizophrenia.

Relationships between gender, age-of-onset of schizophrenia and reproductive age strongly suggest a key role for gonadal hormones, and more specifically for estrogens, in the etiology of the illness. Also, estrogens act as neural growth and trophic factors influencing neuron and glial cells in many areas of the central nervous system. Therefore, we investigated the association between schizophrenia and 4 genes related to estrogen metabolism. These genes are ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1), ESR2 (estrogen receptor 2), APOE (apolipoprotein E) and COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase). The expression of APOE and COMT, which contain estrogen response elements, have been demonstrated to be regulated by the estrogen receptors. In this current association study, we examined 59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the ESR1 (26), ESR2 (14), APOE (7) and COMT (12) loci. Allele frequencies were evaluated in the schizophrenia (n=585)-control (n=615) sample and no association was found with any of the four genes. In conclusion, our data suggest that the four analyzed genes do not play an important role in susceptibility to schizophrenia.

Association of schizophrenia with DTNBP1 but not with DAO, DAOA, NRG1 and RGS4 nor their genetic interaction.

Recent reports indicate that DAO, DAOA, DTNBP1, NRG1 and RGS4 are some of the most-replicated genes implicated in susceptibility to schizophrenia. Also, the functions of these genes could converge in a common pathway of glutamate metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate if each of these genes, or their interaction, was associated with schizophrenia. A case-control study was conducted in 589 Spanish patients having a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and compared with 617 equivalent control subjects. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each gene were determined in all individuals. SNP and haplotype frequencies were compared between cases and controls. The interaction between different SNPs at the same, or at different gene, loci was analyzed by the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method. We found a new schizophrenia risk and protective haplotypes in intron VII of DTNBP1; one of the most important candidate genes for this disorder, to-date. However, no association was found between DAO, DAOA, NRG1 and RGS4 and schizophrenia. The hypothesis that gene-gene interaction in these five genes could increase the risk for the disorder was not confirmed in the present study. In summary, these results may provide further support for an association between the dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) and schizophrenia, but not between the disease and DAO, DAOA, NRG1 and RGS4 or with the interaction of these genes. In the light of recent data, these results need to be interpreted with caution and future analyses with dense genetic maps are awaited.

Failure to detect the 22q11.2 duplication syndrome rearrangement among patients with schizophrenia.

Chromosome aberrations have long been studied in an effort to identify susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. Chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion is associated with DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial syndromes (DG/VCF) and provides the most convincing evidence of an association between molecular cytogenetic abnormality and schizophrenia. In addition, this region is one of the best replicated linkage findings for schizophrenia. Recently, the reciprocal microduplication on 22q11.2 has been reported as a new syndrome. Preliminary data indicates that individuals with these duplications also suffer from neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study we have investigated the appropriateness of testing schizophrenia patients for the 22q11.2 microduplication. We used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to measure copy number changes on the 22q11.2 region in a sample of 190 patients with schizophrenia. Our results corroborate the prevalence of the 22q11.2 microdeletion in patients with schizophrenia and clinical features of DG/VCFS and do not suggest an association between 22q11.2 microduplication and schizophrenia.

Genetic testing in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer using massive parallel sequencing.

High throughput methods such as next generation sequencing are increasingly used in molecular diagnosis. The aim of this study was to develop a workflow for the detection of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations using massive parallel sequencing in a 454 GS Junior bench top sequencer. Our approach was first validated in a panel of 23 patients containing 62 unique variants that had been previously Sanger sequenced. Subsequently, 101 patients with familial breast and ovarian cancer were studied. BRCA1 and BRCA2 exon enrichment has been performed by PCR amplification using the BRCA MASTR kit (Multiplicom). Bioinformatic analysis of reads is performed with the AVA software v2.7 (Roche). In total, all 62 variants were detected resulting in a sensitivity of 100%. 71 false positives were called resulting in a specificity of 97.35%. All of them correspond to deletions located in homopolymeric stretches. The analysis of the homopolymers stretches of 6 bp or longer using the BRCA HP kit (Multiplicom) increased the specificity of the detection of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to 99.99%. We show here that massive parallel pyrosequencing can be used as a diagnostic strategy to test for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations meeting very stringent sensitivity and specificity parameters replacing traditional Sanger sequencing with a lower cost.

Comprehensive copy number variant (CNV) analysis of neuronal pathways genes in psychiatric disorders identifies rare variants within patients.

BACKGROUND: Copy number variations (CNV) have become an important source of human genome variability noteworthy to consider when studying genetic susceptibility to complex diseases. As recent studies have found evidences for the potential involvement of CNVs in psychiatric disorders, we have studied the dosage effect of structural genome variants as a possible susceptibility factor for different psychiatric disorders in a candidate gene approach. METHODS: After selection of 68 psychiatric disorders' candidate genes overlapping with CNVs, MLPA assays were designed to determine changes in copy number of these genes. The studied sample consisted of 724 patients with psychiatric disorders (accounting for anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders and schizophrenia) and 341 control individuals. RESULTS: CNVs were detected in 30 out of the 68 genes screened, indicating that a considerable proportion of neuronal pathways genes contain CNVs. When testing the overall burden of rare structural genomic variants in the different psychiatric disorders compared to control individuals, there was no statistically significant difference in the total amount of gains and losses. However, 14 out of the 30 changes were only found in psychiatric disorder patients but not in control individuals. These genes include GRM7, previously associated to major depression disorder and bipolar disorder, SLC6A13, in anxiety disorders, and S100B, SSTR5 and COMT in schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: Although we have not been able to found a clear association between the studied CNVs and psychiatric disorders, the rare variants found only within the patients could account for a step further towards understanding the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.

Microdeletion and microduplication 22q11.2 screening in 295 patients with clinical features of DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome.

The 22q11.2 region is susceptible to chromosomal rearrangements, leading to various types of congenital malformation and mental retardation. The most common anomaly is 22q11.2 microdeletion, associated with DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome (DG/VCFS). Recently the microduplication 22q11.2 syndrome has been identified. Some clinical features in patients with this new chromosomal disorder present a substantial overlap with DG/VCFS. The aim of this hospital-based study was to evaluate the incidence of deletions and duplications on 22q11.2 in patients with DG/VCFS features. We investigated a group of 295 patients with widely variable manifestations associated with DG/VCFS. Along with the clinical diagnoses different anomalies were noted such as conotruncal cardiac anomaly, velopharyngeal insufficiency, characteristic facial dysmorphic features, language impairment, developmental delay/learning difficulties, and immunologic anomalies or thymic hypoplasia. Laboratory studies included conventional cytogenetic and FISH testing. Metaphase and interphase cells were analyzed for the presence of 22q11.2 microdeletion or microduplication. There were 12 patients who carried 22q11.2 microdeletion and no microduplication in the region was identified. Other chromosomal anomalies were reported in five patients with an overlapped DG/VCFS phenotype. All patients with 22q11.2 microdeletion showed a characteristic phenotype of DG/VCFS. We did not identify 22q11.2 microduplication, suggesting that this is a rare event in patients with DG/VCFS features.