Does the Location of Endotracheal Intubation Affect the Success of Airway Management in a Helicopter Air Ambulance Service? A Simulation Study.

OBJECTIVE: Airway management is a cornerstone of helicopter air ambulance patient management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall quality of airway management of critical care crews in 3 common locations for intubation. METHODS: This was a prospective observational simulation study assessing the overall airway management of critical care providers managing simulated patients in an emergency department, helicopter, and ambulance. Composite scores were obtained and compared with respect to physical environment and provider certification level. RESULTS: Fifty-four participants completed the simulations. The median score for the emergency department was 100; for ambulance, it was 80; and for helicopter, it was 80. Ambulance scores were significantly lower than emergency department scores (median difference = -5 points, P = .002) as were helicopter scores (median difference = -10 points, P < .001). The small sample size limited the statistical power to detect differences in provider type, and no statistically significant differences were found in these groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, the physical location of airway management negatively impacted the overall airway management success as determined by a standardized composite score. This suggests that airway management may have the highest rate of success in an emergency department as opposed to ground ambulance or helicopter air ambulance settings.

Self-efficacy to Get Cancer-Related Information or Advice.

Self-efficacy, or confidence, for being able to get cancer information may affect a person's understanding of cancer risk and subsequent cancer-related decisions such as screening, treatment, and genetic testing. In this study, we explored key correlates associated with self-efficacy for getting cancer information. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2018 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, Cycle 2). There were 3504 responses in the full dataset; 2513 remained after eliminating respondents with incomplete data for all variables of interest. Self-efficacy for getting cancer information was assessed with the item, "Overall, how confident are you that you could get advice or information about cancer if you needed it?" First, we explored correlates associated with self-efficacy in getting cancer information including sociodemographic factors, patient-provider communication, and health-related self-efficacy in the full sample. Secondarily, we examined associations between self-efficacy to get cancer information and cancer information-seeking burden (e.g., difficulty understanding cancer information) in the subset of participants who reported ever looking for cancer-specific information. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were conducted. Asian race/ethnicity, higher perceived quality of patient-provider communication, and higher health-related self-efficacy were associated with higher odds of confidence about getting cancer information. In the subset of people who ever sought cancer-specific information, higher patient-provider communication scores, higher health-related self-efficacy, greater difficulty understanding information, greater concern about the quality of information, and greater frustration during the search were associated with higher self-efficacy for getting cancer information. Future research should evaluate strategies to improve cancer information seeking skills.

Effects of a Labor Dispute on a Hospital-Based Helicopter Air Ambulance Service's Volume and Destinations.

OBJECTIVE: In the United States, there are few unionized hospitals with air medical transport agencies. When labor disputes and strikes occur, information about the effect on helicopter air ambulances and critical care ground transport services is limited. For this study, a helicopter air ambulance and critical care ground transport agency's volume of transports was examined before, during, and after a strike and compared with volumes from the prior year. METHODS: This was a retrospective, descriptive comparative review of a unionized hospital's air ambulance and critical care mobile ground transport service records from March 28 to July 22, 2018 (control year, 872 transports) and March 28 to July 22, 2019 (strike year, 863 transports). RESULTS: Compared with the prior year, during the strike period alone, the volume of flight transports remained stable; however, there was a significant 31% loss in transports for time-critical diseases including trauma, stroke, and myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: The unionized helicopter air ambulance experienced little change in overall volume, but there was a statistically and financially significant decline in flight transports for patients with time-critical diseases. When preparing for labor disputes, potential declines in the transportation of this population type should be considered, and future studies should look at patient and requesting agency preferences during strikes.

Use of Online Medical Records to Support Medical Decision Making: A Cross-Sectional Study of US Adults.

The use of online medical records has increased over time and may enhance patient involvement in medical decisions. We explored sociodemographic, medical condition, and digital health correlates of using online medical records to support medical decision making. Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, Cycle 3, N = 5438) were analyzed. Final analyses included participants who accessed their online medical records within 12 months and had complete data for all variables (n = 1807). The outcome was, "In the past 12 months have you used your online medical record to help you make a decision about how to treat an illness or condition (yes/no)?" Univariate and multivariate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Multivariately, the odds of using online medical records to support medical decision making were significantly higher for individuals who (a) used online medical records to securely send messages to health care providers, (b) used a smartphone health app to access their online medical records, (c) had online medical records that contained clinical notes, (d) reported that online medical records were useful for monitoring health, and (e) self-identified as African American, Asian, or "Other." Online medical records may support medical decision making depending on the context.

Retrospective analysis of small intracranial hemorrhage in trauma: Is acute care surgery team management alone safe?

Background: The Brain Injury Guidelines (BIG) provide a validated framework for categorizing patients with small intracranial haemorrhages (ICH) who could be managed by acute care surgery without neurosurgical consultation or repeat head computed tomography in the absence of neurological deterioration. This replication study retrospectively applied BIG criteria to ICH subjects and only included BIG1 and BIG2 subjects.Methods: The trauma registry was queried from 2014 to 2019 for subjects with a traumatic ICH <1 cm, Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14/15 and not on anticoagulation therapy. Patients were then categorized under BIG 1 or BIG2 and outcomes were evaluated.Results: Two hundred fourteen subjects were reviewed (88 BIG1 and 126 BIG2). Twenty-three subjects had worse repeat imaging, but only one had worsening exam that resolved spontaneously. None required neurosurgical intervention. One died of non-neurological causes.Conclusions: Retrospective analysis supported our hypothesis that patients categorized as BIG1 or BIG2 could have been safely managed by acute care surgeons without neurosurgical consultation or repeat head imaging. A review of minor worsening on repeat imaging without changes in neurological exams and no need for neurosurgical interventions supports this evidence-based approach to the management of small intracranial haemorrhages.

Prehospital Ketamine Use for Rapid Sequence Intubation: Are Higher Doses Associated With Adverse Events?

OBJECTIVE: Ketamine for rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is typically dosed at 1 to 2 mg/kg intravenously. The need to ensure dissociation during RSI led some to administer ketamine at doses greater than 2 mg/kg. This study assessed associations between ketamine dose and adverse events. METHODS: This multisite, retrospective study included adult subjects undergoing RSI with intravenous ketamine. Subjects were categorized into 2 groups: a standard ketamine dose (≤ 2 mg/kg intravenously) or a high dose (> 2 mg/kg intravenously). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for adverse events. RESULTS: Eighty subjects received standard-dose ketamine, and 50 received high-dose ketamine. The high-dose group had a significantly (P < .05) higher proportion of trauma patients, were younger, and had higher predose blood pressure compared with the standard-dose group. High-dose ketamine was associated with greater odds of adverse events including hypotension (OR = 7.0; 95% CI, 3.0-16.6), laryngospasm (OR = 10.8; 95% CI, 1.3-93.4), bradycardia (OR = 7.5; 95% CI, 1.5-36.6), repeat medications (OR = 12.9; 95% CI, 1.5-107.9), oxygen desaturation (OR = 6.0; 95% CI, 1.8-19.9), multiple attempts (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5-6.8%), and failed airway (OR = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.0-12.7). CONCLUSION: Ketamine at higher doses was associated with increased odds of adverse events. Studies assessing adverse events of ketamine at lower than standard doses in shock patients are needed.

Role of digital health communication, sociodemographic factors, and medical conditions on perceived quality of patient-centered communication.

OBJECTIVE: To simultaneously explore associations between digital health, sociodemographic factors, and medical conditions on patient-centered communication (PCC). These are under-explored, yet important knowledge gaps to fill because perceived quality PCC may influence health information seeking behaviors and health outcomes. METHODS: Data from the 2019 Health Information National Trends Survey were analyzed. The primary outcome was PCC, which was the summed score of 7 PCC-related questions. Factors of interest included whether participants used electronic methods to communicate with health professionals, age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, feelings about household income, and history of medical conditions. Descriptive statistics and linear regressions were conducted. RESULTS: In the multivariate linear regression model, people aged 65-74 years compared with 18-34 year-olds, those with some college compared with college graduates, and those who felt they were living comfortably on their household income compared with all others reported higher PCC scores. People with a history of hypertension compared with those without reported higher PCC scores. CONCLUSION: Similar to past studies, sociodemographic factors were associated with PCC. A novel finding was that a history hypertension was associated with perceived quality of PCC. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This research may inform methods to enhance communication between patients and clinicians.

Correlates of U.S. Adults Aged 50-75 Years Having Had a Colorectal Cancer Screening Test.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. Until 2021, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended colorectal cancer screening for all adults aged 50-75 years. Using a nationally representative sample, we explored the associations between having colorectal cancer screening and key sociodemographic and health-related factors among U.S. adults aged 50-75 years. Methods: We analyzed self-reported data from the National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey 5 (Cycle 4) collected from February to June 2020. A multivariable weighted logistic regression model was conducted using all of the factors that were univariably significant with p<0.10. Using backward elimination, factors that were not significant with p>0.05 were removed one at a time until the remaining factors were all significant collectively with p<0.05. Results: Complete data were available for 1,649 respondents: 1,384 (81.2% weighted) had a colorectal cancer screening test, and 265 (18.8% weighted) did not. Multivariably, the odds of having had a colorectal cancer screening test increased with age (OR=1.07) and were higher for participants who identified as Black/African American than for White participants (OR=2.4), participants who had a family member who ever had cancer (OR=1.7), participants who believed that being overweight and obese influences development of cancer a lot than those who believed not at all (OR=2.0), and participants who had friends or family to talk with about health (OR=2.3). Conclusions: Age, race, family history, weight-related beliefs about the causes of cancer, and having someone to talk with about health were associated with having colorectal cancer screening test.

Correlates of knowledge of clinical trials among U.S. adults: Findings from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge about clinical trials affects efficient and equitable clinical trial recruitment and retention. This study explored correlates of clinical trial knowledge in a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, Cycle 4) were evaluated. There were 3,865 responses in the full dataset; 2,648 remained after eliminating respondents without complete data for all covariates of interest. Participants were asked, "How would you describe your level of knowledge about clinical trials?" The response options "know a little bit" and "know a lot" were combined and compared to the response option "don't know anything." Covariates of interest included patient-provider communication, history of medical conditions, eHealth use, knowledge of clinicaltrials.gov, prior invitation to join a clinical trial, and socio-demographic factors. RESULTS: Participants with a history of cancer were 1.6 times more likely [CI 1.2, 2.2] to have knowledge of clinical trials. Participants who used electronic means to look for health information were 1.7 times more likely [CI 1.2, 2.4] to have knowledge of clinical trials. Participants who had heard of the website clinicaltrials.gov had 5.1 times greater odds of knowing about clinical trials [CI 2.6, 10.3] and 4.5 greater odds if they had been invited to participate in a clinical trial [CI 2.0, 9.8]. College graduates had higher odds than others. CONCLUSION: Several factors affect clinical trial knowledge in US adults. Findings from this study may inform interventions to raise awareness about clinical trials and thereby, potentially improve enrollment.

Use of YouTube to watch health-related videos and participation in online support groups among US adults with heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension.

Objective: Social media use has grown over time. However, it is unclear how people with a self-reported history of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease-related risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension use social media. Methods: Data from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, Cycle 4) were analyzed (N = 3865). Only respondents with complete data for all variables of interest were included in the analyses, resulting in 306 respondents with a heart condition, 1291 with hypertension, and 608 with diabetes. We explored associations between two dependent variables: (1) participated in an online forum or support group and (2) watched a health-related video on YouTube, and sociodemographic factors and patient-provider communication. Analyses were conducted separately by medical condition. Odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values were calculated. Results: In respondents with a heart condition, hypertension, or diabetes, 5.4%, 8.4%, and 10.3% had participated in an online support group and 29.6%, 40.4%, and 36.6% had watched health-related videos on YouTube, respectively. Univariately, the odds of using online support groups was associated with younger age (vs. > = 65) in people with a heart condition and hypertension, but not diabetes. Regarding YouTube, younger age was associated with watching health-related videos across all three medical conditions, with additional gender and education associations observed in those with hypertension. There were no associations between social media use and patient-provider communication. Conclusions: These findings may inform the selection of social media platforms for behavioral interventions depending on the intended patient population and goals (e.g. social support vs. video-based health education).

Detecting accurate tumor size across imaging modalities in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Of the most common imaging modalities for breast cancer diagnosis - mammogram (MAM), ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - it has not been well established which of these most accurately corresponds to the histological tumor size. OBJECTIVE: To determine which imaging modality (MAM, US, MRI) is most accurate for determining the histological tumor size of breast lesions. METHODS: A retrospective study of 76 breast cancers found in 73 female patients who received MAM, US, and/or MRI was performed. 239 charts were reviewed and 73 patients met inclusion criteria. Analysis was performed using signed rank tests comparing the reported tumor size on the imaging modality to the tumor size on pathology report. RESULTS: Mammography and ultrasonography underestimated tumor size by 3.5 mm and 4 mm (p-values < 0.002), respectively. MRI tends to overestimate tumor size by 3 mm (p-value = 0.0570). Mammogram was equivalent to pathological size within 1 mm 24% of the time and within 2 mm 35% of the time. CONCLUSIONS: No one single modality is the most accurate for detecting tumor size. When interpreting the size reported on breast imaging modalities, the amount of underestimation and overestimation in tumor size should be considered for both clinical staging and surgical decision-making.

Perceived involvement in health care decisions among US adults: Sociodemographic and medical condition correlates.

OBJECTIVE: To explore factors associated with how often US adults perceived that they were "always" involved in decisions about health care to the degree that they desired. METHODS: We examined cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the 2018 Health Information National Trends Survey. There were 3504 responses in the full HINTS dataset; 2499 remained after eliminating respondents with missing data for any factor of interest. Sociodemographic factors included age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education. Medical conditions included diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, lung disease, arthritis, cancer, and depression. Participants were asked to think about communication with health professionals during the last 12 months and how often health professionals involved them in decisions about health care. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, Asian and Hispanic race were associated with lower odds of always being involved in decisions about health care; whereas higher education and a history of cancer were associated with higher odds of "always" being involved in decisions about health care, p < 0.05. In multivariate analyses, race and education both remained significant; however, history of cancer did not. CONCLUSION: Differences by race/ethnicity and educational attainment exist regarding perceived involvement in decisions about health care. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Findings may inform future shared decision making interventions.

Initial distribution of COVID-19 vaccines to front-line hospital workers and community first responders-A prospective descriptive study.

As one of the initial ten sites in Ohio designated to receive and distribute the first COVID-19 vaccines in December 2020, we initiated a self-reported IRB-approved research survey to describe the demographics, side-effects, and missed work time experienced by front-line health care workers in an urban tertiary care center and a rural regional hospital. First responders from both the urban and rural surrounding communities were also included in the initial Tier 1A vaccine distribution. The primary outcome measure was to identify the most frequently experienced side effects from the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, based on type of vaccine, first or second dose, age, gender, race and occupation. The secondary outcome measure was to document the total number of work shifts missed after receiving the vaccine. Of interest to health care risk managers, the survey identified the most common side effects and resulting missed time from work broken down by type of vaccine and first or second dose. This information will be helpful for those institutions who have not yet vaccinated a majority of their work force, employees who still need their second dose, and for strategic scheduling of employees when booster doses become available later in the year.

The impact of clinical crisis management on trauma team outcomes following a prolonged strike by nursing, technical, and support staff.

There is a paucity of literature describing the preparation of hospital institutions prior to a nursing strike and the quality outcomes during and after a prolonged nursing strike. No published study was found describing the effects of a prolonged strike on quality outcomes specific to trauma patients. The American College of Surgeons (ACS) suggests specific critiques and complications data that each trauma program may choose to track as quality indicators, and those metrics are submitted to regional, state and national databanks and closely examined during site accreditations. This research study analyzed data from three equal time periods following a multiservices strike involving both nurses and service/technical staff lasting 63 days. The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate the effects of prestrike organizational leadership and crisis management planning on organizational staffing and emergency management to reduce health care risk during the strike, (2) describe outcomes data from three equal time periods: prestrike, strike, and poststrike, and (3) specifically compare the trauma program's selected ACS trauma metrics for critiques and complication rates for our high-risk/high-volume population as a level 1 trauma center.

Radiographic findings of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study was undertaken to identify and compare findings of chest radiography and computed tomography among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: This retrospective study was undertaken at a tertiary care center. Eligible subjects included consecutive patients age 18 and over with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection between March and July 2020. The primary outcome measures were results of chest radiography and computed tomography among patients with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: Among 724 subjects, most were admitted to a medical floor (46.4%; N = 324) or admitted to an ICU (10.9%; N = 76). A substantial number of subjects were intubated during the emergency department visit or inpatient hospitalization (15.3%; N = 109). The majority of patients received a chest radiograph (80%; N = 579). The most common findings were normal, bilateral infiltrates, ground-glass opacities, or unilateral infiltrate. Among 128 patients who had both chest radiography and computed tomography, there was considerable disagreement between the 2 studies (52.3%; N = 67; 95% confidence interval: 43.7% to 61.0%).). The presence of bilateral infiltrates (infiltrates or ground-glass opacities) was associated with clinical factors including older age, ambulance arrivals, more urgent triage levels, higher heart rate, and lower oxygen saturation. Bilateral infiltrates were associated with poorer outcomes, including higher rate of intubation, greater number of inpatient days, and higher rate of death. CONCLUSIONS: Common radiographic findings of SARS-CoV-2 infection include infiltrates or ground-glass opacities. There was considerable disagreement between chest radiography and computed tomography. Computed tomography was more accurate in defining the extent of involved lung parenchyma. The presence of bilateral infiltrates was associated with morbidity and mortality.

Nursing satisfaction and Web-based competencies.

This article describes the study of nursing satisfaction with Web-based learning and competency assignment given the learning management system (LMS) change from one LMS to another in 1 year. An anonymous paper-pencil survey was distributed to nursing staff after completing a year with two LMSs and prior to assigning Web-based competency requirements in the newer system (pre) and again after completing requirements (post). Nursing satisfaction and ease of use improved with assignment of requirements. Implications for staff development are described.

Use of Tablets and Smartphones to Support Medical Decision Making in US Adults: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Tablet and smartphone ownership have increased among US adults over the past decade. However, the degree to which people use mobile devices to help them make medical decisions remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to explore factors associated with self-reported use of tablets or smartphones to support medical decision making in a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from participants in the 2018 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, Cycle 2) were evaluated. There were 3504 responses in the full HINTS 5 Cycle 2 data set; 2321 remained after eliminating respondents who did not have complete data for all the variables of interest. The primary outcome was use of a tablet or smartphone to help make a decision about how to treat an illness or condition. Sociodemographic factors including gender, race/ethnicity, and education were evaluated. Additionally, mobile health (mHealth)- and electronic health (eHealth)-related factors were evaluated including (1) the presence of health and wellness apps on a tablet or smartphone, (2) use of electronic devices other than tablets and smartphones to monitor health (eg, Fitbit, blood glucose monitor, and blood pressure monitor), and (3) whether people shared health information from an electronic monitoring device or smartphone with a health professional within the last 12 months. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted using SAS version 9.4. Weighted population estimates and standard errors, univariate odds ratios, and 95% CIs were calculated, comparing respondents who used tablets or smartphones to help make medical decisions (n=944) with those who did not (n=1377), separately for each factor. Factors of interest with a P value of <.10 were included in a subsequent multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: Compared with women, men had lower odds of reporting that a tablet or smartphone helped them make a medical decision. Respondents aged 75 and older also had lower odds of using a tablet or smartphone compared with younger respondents aged 18-34. By contrast, those who had health and wellness apps on tablets or smartphones, used other electronic devices to monitor health, and shared information from devices or smartphones with health care professionals had higher odds of reporting that tablets or smartphones helped them make a medical decision, compared with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: A limitation of this research is that information was not available regarding the specific health condition for which a tablet or smartphone helped people make a decision or the type of decision made (eg, surgery, medication changes). In US adults, mHealth and eHealth use, and also certain sociodemographic factors are associated with using tablets or smartphones to support medical decision making. Findings from this study may inform future mHealth and other digital health interventions designed to support medical decision making.

Evaluation of manual cuff palpation to confirm proper endotracheal tube depth.

INTRODUCTION: In the prehospital setting, optimal endotracheal tube (ETT) depth may be approximated using the patient's sex or height, and assessed by auscultation. Even when using these methods, the ETTs still may be placed at inappropriate depths. PROBLEM: This study assessed the inter-rater reliability and accuracy of manual cuff palpation (ballottement) at excluding an improperly placed ETT depth in adult patients. METHODS: This is a prospective, observational, pilot study in a convenience sample of adults recently intubated in the prehospital, medical floor, intensive care unit, or emergency department settings of an urban, teaching hospital. Two physician participants separately performed ballottement on each intubated subject and rated the ballottement as none, weak, or strong prior to assessment of appropriate depth using a chest radiograph (CXR). Results were compared for simple agreement and compared to the CXR to estimate accuracy. RESULTS: Of 163 patients, 27 (17%) had an inappropriate ETT depth. Physician assessments of ballottement agreed in 79% of patients (95% CI = 72-85%). Chest radiograph assessment found the ETT in the "strong" ballottement group properly placed in 93%, as compared to 77% in the "weak", and 42% in the "none" groups. Combining "weak" and "strong" ballottement, the sensitivity was 96% (95% CI = 93-100%), specificity was 26% (95% CI = 9-43%), and accuracy was 85% (95% CI = 79-90%). CONCLUSIONS: Manual cuff palpation is a simple and reproducible technique that is sensitive, but nonspecific, in identifying intubations of appropriate depth.

Pain perception among Emergency Department patients with headache: responses to standardized painful stimuli.

Perception of pain varies significantly across groups of patients. The primary objective of this study was to measure perceived pain among Emergency Department (ED) patients with headache in response to standardized painful stimuli, including blood pressure (BP) cuff inflation and intravenous catheterization (IVC). In this prospective, case-control series, ED patients undergoing IVC and with a headache were compared to those undergoing IVC but without a headache. Medical care of participants was not altered. Data were collected by trained research assistants, including demographic and historical characteristics, and perceived pain scores. Using a 10-point verbal numeric rating scale (0 = no pain ... 10 = worst imaginable pain), participants rated their perceived pain of BP measurement and IVC. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CI) constructed around means and proportions were used to assess group differences. One hundred participants had headache; 100 participants with no headache served as controls. There were no differences between groups with regard to gender, ethnicity, or insurance status. Intravenous catheterization was successful in all 200 participants, with a median intravenous catheter gauge of 20 (range 18-24). There were no differences between groups in difficulty of insertion of intravenous catheter or number of intravenous catheterization attempts. Participants with headache reported significantly higher pain scores from BP cuff inflation (mean score 2.9) compared to participants without headache (mean 1.4; mean difference between groups 1.5, 95% CI 0.7-2.3). Participants with headache reported slightly higher pain scores from IVC (mean 4.6) compared to participants without headache (mean 3.9; mean difference between groups 0.7, 95% CI -0.2-1.6), but this difference was not significant. Among participants with headache, there were no statistically significant differences between single headache, acute headache (<10/past 30 days), and chronic headache (>or=10/past 30 days) for reported pain scores of BP cuff inflation or IVC. ED participants with headache reported significantly higher pain scores secondary to BP cuff inflation when compared to control participants without headache.

End-of-life decisions: family views on advance directives.

A cross-sectional survey was administered to family members of patients who died at 1 of the 5 Catholic institutions comprising Mercy Health Partners, a health care system in Ohio, to determine their opinions about patient and family participation in decisions about end-of-life care. Among 165 respondents, 118 (86%) of 138 agreed that the family was encouraged to join in decisions and 133 (91%) of 146 that their family member's health care choices were followed. Most agreed that nurses answered their questions (93%, 141/151) and that the doctor communicated well with family members (83%, 128/155). Seventy percent (107/152) indicated that their family member had at least 1 advance directive. There were no differences in whether health care choices were followed when patients with formal advance directives (92%, 92/100) were compared with patients without formal advance directives (88%, 35/40). A unique survey instrument can be used to measure family perceptions and opinions of participation in decisions about end-of-life care.