Relationship between demographic and social variables and performance in virtual reality among healthcare personnel: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality is emerging as an important component of medical education. Although the benefits of virtual reality are apparent, the optimal strategy to orient to or differentiate learners in the virtual space have not been delineated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between demographic variables, social variables, and self-perceived comfort with technology to performance on a standardized non-medical virtual reality experience. METHODS: This observational study was performed at the International Meeting on Simulation in Healthcare in 2022. This conference includes medical and non-medical attendees. Participants provided demographic information and participated in a scored non-medical VR experience due to the heterogeneity of the sample. Participants then completed a System Usability Index and NASA Task Load Index form. Participants were dividedintolow scoring, medium scoring, and high scoring groups according to their final game score for further analysis. RESULTS: 95 participants were included in final analysis. 55 (57.9%) of participants had prior virtual reality experience. Higher scores were associated with younger age (11.09, p < 0.001), identifying as male (11.09, p < 0.001), and a higher frequency of playing video games in the past (18.96, p < 0.001). The high score group was more likely to report comfort with virtual reality (6.29, p = 0.003) as well as comfort with new technology (4.61, p = 0.012). NASA Task Load Index scores trended down and System Usability Index scores trended up with increasing score. Being a nurse was a positive predictor of a higher score when compared to physicians in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Performance during an immersive virtual reality experience was most closely related to age, gender, and frequency of playing video games. Self-perceived comfort with virtual reality was more predictive of score than prior virtual reality experience.

The use of simulation in liver transplantation anesthesiology fellowship training: A survey of fellowship program directors in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation surgeries are challenging cases for anesthesiologists. While intra-operative teaching is paramount, simulation has emerged as an educational tool to augment clinical training. A variety of simulation modalities have been described in the literature, but no study has aimed to assess the use of simulation in liver transplantation fellowship training. METHODS: A 20-question survey detailing the use of simulation, including simulation modalities used and barriers to simulation use, was developed and distributed to 22 program directors for liver transplantation anesthesiology fellowships. An exploratory analysis was performed on multiple-choice and free-text responses. RESULTS: Thirteen program directors completed the survey and were included in our analysis. Most programs (61.5%) did not report the use of simulation for liver transplantation fellow training. Of the programs that did use simulation, four required it as a mandatory component of their curriculum. Task trainers and screen-based simulators were more commonly used by these programs. Faculty availability and interest, as well as a lack of an established curriculum, were cited as major limitations to simulation use. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation is an important component of anesthesiology trainee education, as evidenced by the requirement for simulation during residency by the American Council for Graduate Medical Education. Our findings suggest that simulation is an underutilized educational tool that we believe could greatly augment the training of liver transplantation anesthesiology fellows by providing exposure to a wide range of clinical challenges.

Propofol misuse in medical professions: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: We aimed to describe the current literature concerning propofol misuse in medical professionals, specifically relating to the individual demographics of those misusing propofol and the outcomes of propofol misuse. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective scoping review of the literature using a modified PRISMA approach. We used MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases to identify relevant studies based on search terms. Studies describing individual medical professionals misusing propofol were included. RESULTS: Twenty-four articles describing 88 individual cases of propofol misuse were included for data charting and analysis. Anesthesiologists and certified registered nurse anesthetists were most commonly identified. Death was a common method of identification of misuse, while rehabilitation and death were common final outcomes associated with propofol misuse. CONCLUSIONS: Despite knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of propofol by those misusing this medication, death was a common outcome reported in the literature. Data related to long-term outcomes including re-entry to clinical practice or success of rehabilitation were limited.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Nous avons cherché à décrire la littérature actuelle concernant l'abus de propofol chez les professionnels de la santé, en particulier en ce qui concerne les données démographiques individuelles de ceux qui abusent du propofol et les issues d'un tel abus. MéTHODE: Nous avons réalisé une étude de portée rétrospective de la littérature à l'aide d'une approche PRISMA modifiée. Nous avons utilisé les bases de données MEDLINE, EMBASE et PsycINFO pour identifier les études pertinentes en fonction des termes de recherche. Les études décrivant des professionnels de la santé abusant du propofol ont été incluses. RéSULTATS: Vingt-quatre articles décrivant 88 cas individuels d'abus de propofol ont été inclus pour la cartographie et l'analyse des données. Les anesthésiologistes et les infirmières anesthésistes autorisées certifiées ont été le plus souvent identifiés. La mort était une méthode courante d'identification de l'abus, tandis que la réhabilitation et la mort étaient des issues finales fréquemment associées à l'abus de propofol. CONCLUSION: Malgré la connaissance des propriétés pharmacocinétiques et pharmacodynamiques du propofol par ceux qui abusent de ce médicament, le décès était une issue fréquente rapportée dans la littérature. Les données relatives aux issues à long terme, y compris le retour à la pratique clinique ou le succès de la réhabilitation, étaient limitées.

Self-reported Race/Ethnicity and Intraoperative Occult Hypoxemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Pulse oximetry is ubiquitous in anesthesia and is generally a reliable noninvasive measure of arterial oxygen saturation. Concerns regarding the impact of skin pigmentation and race/ethnicity on the accuracy of pulse oximeter accuracy exist. The authors hypothesized a greater prevalence of occult hypoxemia (arterial oxygen saturation [Sao2] less than 88% despite oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry [Spo2] greater than 92%) in patients undergoing anesthesia who self-reported a race/ethnicity other than White. METHODS: Demographic and physiologic data, including self-reported race/ethnicity, were extracted from a departmental data warehouse for patients receiving an anesthetic that included at least one arterial blood gas between January 2008 and December 2019. Calculated Sao2 values were paired with concurrent Spo2 values for each patient. Analysis to determine whether Black, Hispanic, Asian, or Other race/ethnicities were associated with occult hypoxemia relative to White race/ethnicity within the Spo2 range of 92 to 100% was completed. RESULTS: In total, 151,070 paired Sao2-Spo2 readings (70,722 White; 16,011 Black; 21,223 Hispanic; 8,121 Asian; 34,993 Other) from 46,253 unique patients were analyzed. The prevalence of occult hypoxemia was significantly higher in Black (339 of 16,011 [2.1%]) and Hispanic (383 of 21,223 [1.8%]) versus White (791 of 70,722 [1.1%]) paired Sao2-Spo2 readings (P < 0.001 for both). In the multivariable analysis, Black (odds ratio, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.11 to 1.87]; P = 0.006) and Hispanic (odds ratio, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.03 to 1.68]; P = 0.031) race/ethnicity were associated with occult hypoxemia. Asian and Other race/ethnicity were not associated with occult hypoxemia. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported Black and Hispanic race/ethnicity are associated with a greater prevalence of intraoperative occult hypoxemia in the Spo2 range of 92 to 100% when compared with self-reported White race/ethnicity.

Barrier Devices, Intubation, and Aerosol Mitigation Strategies: Personal Protective Equipment in the Time of Coronavirus Disease 2019.

BACKGROUND: Numerous barrier devices have recently been developed and rapidly deployed worldwide in an effort to protect health care workers (HCWs) from exposure to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during high-risk procedures. However, only a few studies have examined their impact on the dispersion of droplets and aerosols, which are both thought to be significant contributors to the spread of COVID-19. METHODS: Two commonly used barrier devices, an intubation box and a clear plastic intubation sheet, were evaluated using a physiologically accurate cough simulator. Aerosols were modeled using a commercially available fog machine, and droplets were modeled with fluorescein dye. Both particles were propelled by the cough simulator in a simulated intubation environment. Data were captured by high-speed flash photography, and aerosol and droplet dispersion were assessed qualitatively with and without a barrier in place. RESULTS: Droplet contamination after a simulated cough was seemingly contained by both barrier devices. Simulated aerosol escaped the barriers and flowed toward the head of the bed. During barrier removal, simulated aerosol trapped underneath was released and propelled toward the HCW at the head of the bed. Usage of the intubation sheet concentrated droplets onto a smaller area. If no barrier was used, positioning the patient in slight reverse Trendelenburg directed aerosols away from the HCW located at the head of the bed. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations imply that intubation boxes and sheets may reduce HCW exposure to droplets, but they both may merely redirect aerosolized particles, potentially resulting in increased exposure to aerosols in certain circumstances. Aerosols may remain within the barrier device after a cough, and manipulation of the box may release them. Patients should be positioned to facilitate intubation, but slight reverse Trendelenburg may direct infectious aerosols away from the HCW. Novel barrier devices should be used with caution, and further validation studies are necessary.

Managing COVID-19 from the epicenter: adaptations and suggestions based on experience.

In March 2020, the New York City metropolitan area became the epicenter of the United States' SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the surge of new cases threatened to overwhelm the area's hospital systems. This article describes how an anesthesiology department at a large urban academic hospital rapidly adapted and deployed to meet the threat head-on. Topics included are preparatory efforts, development of a team-based staffing model, and a new strategy for resource management. While still maintaining a fully functioning operating theater, discrete teams were deployed to both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 intensive care units, rapid response/airway management team, the difficult airway response team, and labor and delivery. Additional topics include the creation of a temporary 'pop-up' anesthesiology-run COVID-19 intensive care unit utilizing anesthesia machines for monitoring and ventilatory support as well as the development of a simulation and innovation team that was instrumental in the rapid prototyping of a controlled split-ventilation system and conversion of readily available BIPAP units into emergency ventilators. As the course of the disease is uncertain, the goal of this article is to assist others in preparation for what may come next with COVID-19 as well as potential future pandemics.

Evolving Regional Anesthesiology and Acute Pain Medicine fellowship application process: a program director survey.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Most Regional Anesthesiology and Acute Pain Medicine (RAAPM) fellowship programs transitioned to virtual interviews in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Then, the RAAPM fellowship match started in 2023 in order to make the application process more equitable. In this study, we surveyed RAAPM fellowship program directors (PDs) to determine how such major events of the early 2020s shaped the fellowship application process. METHODS: A 16-question survey was distributed to US RAAPM program directors. The survey aimed to assess whether PDs prefer the fellowship match over the previous rolling application format and to gauge PDs' confidence in using virtual interviews to evaluate applicants. RESULTS: 56 (71%) RAAPM program directors completed the survey. 79% of respondents participated in the inaugural match. 59% of PDs preferred the fellowship match over the rolling application format. The interview was rated the most important selection criterion. Of the 93% of PDs who switched to virtual interviews during the pandemic, only 4 PDs (7%) resumed in-person interviews in some capacity. Majority of PDs believed that virtual interviews were not inferior to in-person interviews for assessing applicants; 48% of respondents preferred virtual interviews over in-person interviews. CONCLUSIONS: Most RAAPM programs continued to conduct virtual interviews exclusively. Majority of program directors preferred the fellowship match. PDs ranked the interview as the most important selection factor. Most PDs thought virtual interviews were not inferior to in-person interviews, but they remained divided on which format they prefer.

The Impact of Race/Ethnicity on Disparities in Utilization and Outcomes of Neuraxial Anesthesia for Hip and Femoral Shaft Fractures.

Background/Objectives: The use of neuraxial anesthesia versus general anesthesia for hip fracture surgery remains an active area of research, with recent studies demonstrating mixed findings supporting neuraxial over general anesthesia. The benefits of neuraxial anesthesia have been documented in associated surgeries, including total joint arthroplasty. However, racial disparities in the administration of neuraxial anesthesia have been identified in numerous procedures. We aimed to examine the association of race/ethnicity with neuraxial anesthesia use and the effect of neuraxial anesthesia on length of stay, non-home discharge, 30-day severe adverse events, and rates of readmission among patients undergoing isolated hip and femoral shaft fracture operations. Methods: The American College of Surgeons National Quality Improvement Program database was queried for isolated hip or femoral shaft fractures from 2015 to 2019. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between race/ethnicity and neuraxial anesthesia use. Within each sex-race stratum, neuraxial anesthesia recipients were propensity-matched to general anesthesia recipients in a 1:2 ratio. Logistic regression and negative binomial regression were performed on the propensity-matched cohort. Results: A total of 12,004 neuraxial and 64,250 general anesthesia hip and femoral shaft fracture patients were identified. Compared to White patients, Black and Hispanic patients were between 0.64 and 0.61 times less likely to receive neuraxial anesthesia over general anesthesia, respectively (p < 0.05). 11,993 patients who received neuraxial anesthesia were propensity matched to 23,946 patients who received general anesthesia. Propensity-matched logistic regressions found that neuraxial anesthesia was associated with decreased length of stay, 30-day severe adverse events, and acute rehab/skilled nursing facility discharge for White patients (p < 0.05 for all), but only decreased length of stay in Black and Hispanic patients (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: Notable disparities exist in the administration of neuraxial anesthesia for isolated hip and femoral shaft fracture patients. Hispanic and Black race/ethnicity in particular influences provision of neuraxial anesthesia. Further research is required to understand the degree of effect modification and root causes of regional anesthesia access and benefits for this high-volume patient population.

Human dissection for anesthesiology resident training augments anatomical knowledge and clinical skills.

Anatomy is an essential component of clinical anesthesiology. The use of simulated patients and alternative materials, including embalmed human bodies, have become increasingly common during resident physician training due to the deemphasis on anatomical education during undergraduate medical training. In this report, the need for a more extensive review of relevant anatomy for the practice of anesthesiology was addressed by the design, evaluation, and dissemination of a human dissection course for procedural training of anesthesiology residents. The course utilized "freedom art" embalmed human bodies that allowed trainees to perform ultrasound-based regional and neuraxial techniques followed by detailed dissections of critical anatomy. One hundred and four residents participated in workshops and small group discussions and were evaluated using pre- and post-course assessments. A variety of clinical techniques were performed on the bodies, including regional blocks and neuraxial catheter placement. Insertion of peripheral/neuraxial catheters was successful, with dissections demonstrating the expected placement. Assessment scores improved following the course (pre-course mean 52.7%, standard deviation (σ) 13.1%; post-course mean 72.2%, σ 11.6%; t-test p < 0.0001) and feedback highlighted the usefulness and clinical relevance of course content. The ability to correlate ultrasound imaging with subsequent dissections of the "blocked" area and visualization of dye staining was extremely relevant for spatial understanding of the anatomy relevant for the clinical practice of these techniques. This manuscript demonstrates successful implementation of a comprehensive course for anesthesiology resident physicians to address gaps in undergraduate anatomical education and suggests that broader adoption of dissection courses may be beneficial for training anesthesiologists.

Open Access Data Repository and Common Data Model for Pulse Oximeter Performance Data.

The OpenOximetry Repository is a structured database storing clinical and lab pulse oximetry data, serving as a centralized repository and data model for pulse oximetry initiatives. It supports measurements of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) by arterial blood gas co-oximetry and pulse oximetry (SpO2), alongside processed and unprocessed photoplethysmography (PPG) data and other metadata. This includes skin color measurements, finger diameter, vital signs (e.g., arterial blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide), and arterial blood gas parameters (e.g., acid-base balance, hemoglobin concentration). Data contributions are encouraged. All data, from desaturation studies to clinical trials, are collected prospectively to ensure accuracy. A common data model and standardized protocols for consistent archival and interpretation ensure consistent data archival and interpretation. The dataset aims to facilitate research on pulse oximeter performance across diverse human characteristics, addressing performance issues and promoting accurate pulse oximeters. The initial release includes controlled lab desaturation studies (CLDS), with ongoing updates planned as further data from clinical trials and CLDS become available.

Analgesic options for anterior approach to scoliosis repair: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: The ideal analgesic regimen for the anterior approach to scoliosis repair is not clearly defined. The purpose of the study was to summarize and identify gaps in the current literature specific to the anterior approach to scoliosis repair. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted in July 2022 utilizing PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases guided by the PRISMA-ScR framework. RESULTS: The database search generated 641 possible articles, 13 of which met all inclusion criteria. All articles focused on the effectiveness and safety of regional anesthetic techniques, while a minority also provided both opioid and non-opioid medication frameworks. CONCLUSION: Continuous Epidural Analgesia (CEA) is the most well-studied intervention for pain control in anterior scoliosis repair, but other, more novel regional anesthetic techniques offer safe and effective potential alternatives. More research is indicated to compare the effectiveness of different regional techniques and perioperative medication regimens specific to anterior scoliosis repair.

Single-use versus reusable metallic laryngoscopes for non-emergent intubation: A retrospective review of 72,672 intubations.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Increased regulatory requirements for sterilization in recent years have prompted a widespread transition from reusable to single-use laryngoscopes. The purpose of this study was to determine if the transition from metallic reusable to metallic single-use laryngoscopes impacted the performance of direct laryngoscopy at an academic medical center. DESIGN: Single-site retrospective cohort study. SETTING: General anesthetic cases requiring tracheal intubation. PATIENTS: Adult patients undergoing non-emergent procedures. INTERVENTIONS: Data were collected two years before and two years after a transition from metallic reusable to metallic single-use laryngoscopes. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was need for intubation rescue with an alternate device. Secondary outcomes were difficult laryngeal view (modified Cormack-Lehane grade ≥ 2b) and hypoxemia (SpO2 < 90% for >30 s) during direct laryngoscopy intubations. Subgroup analyses for rapid sequence induction, Macintosh blades, Miller blades, and patients with difficult airway risk factors (Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Mallampati ≥3, Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2) were performed. MAIN RESULTS: In total, 72,672 patients were included: 35,549 (48.9%) in the reusable laryngoscope cohort and 37,123 (51.1%) in the single-use laryngoscope cohort. Compared with reusable laryngoscopes, single-use laryngoscopes were associated with fewer rescue intubations with an alternate device (covariates-adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.81 95% CI 0.66-0.99). Single-use laryngoscopes were also associated with lower odds of difficult laryngeal view (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.80-0.93). Single use laryngoscopes were not associated with hypoxemia during the intubation attempt (OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.88-1.20). Similar results were observed for subgroup analyses including rapid sequence induction, Macintosh blades, Miller blades, and patients with difficult airway risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Metallic single-use laryngoscopes were associated with less need for rescue intubation with alternate devices and lower incidence of poor laryngeal view compared to reusable metallic laryngoscopes.

Development of an Easily Reproducible Cough Simulator With Droplets and Aerosols for Rapidly Testing Novel Personal Protective Equipment.

INTRODUCTION: The current COVID-19 pandemic has produced numerous innovations in personal protective equipment, barrier devices, and infection mitigation strategies, which have not been validated. During high-risk procedures such as airway manipulation, coughs are common and discrete events that may expose healthcare workers to large amounts of viral particles. A simulated cough under controlled circumstances can rapidly test novel devices and protocols and thus aid in their evaluation and the development of implementation guidelines. Physiologic cough simulators exist but require significant expertise and specialized equipment not available to most clinicians. METHODS: Using components commonly found in healthcare settings, a cough simulator was designed for clinicians to easily assemble and use. Both droplet and aerosol particle generators were incorporated into a bimodal experimental system. High-speed flash photography was used for data collection. RESULTS: Using a gas flow analyzer, video recordings, and high-speed digital photography, the cough and particle simulators were quantitatively and qualitatively compared with known physiologic cough parameters and in vivo Schlieren imaging of human coughs. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our validation studies, this cough and particle simulator model approximates a physiologic, human cough in the context of testing personal protective equipment, barrier devices, and infection prevention measures.

Development of entrustable professional activities for regional anesthesia and pain medicine fellowship training.

INTRODUCTION: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) offers descriptions of competencies and milestones but does not provide standardized assessments to track trainee competency. Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and special assessments (SAs) are emerging methods to assess the level of competency obtained by regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine (RAAPM) fellows. METHODS: A panel of RAAPM physicians with experience in education and competency assessment and one medical student were recruited to participate in a modified Delphi method with iterative rounds to reach consensus on: a list of EPAs, SAs, and procedural skills; detailed definitions for each EPA and SA; a mapping of the EPAs and SAs to the ACGME milestones; and a target level of entrustment for graduating US RAAPM fellows for each EPA and procedural skill. A gap analysis was performed and a heat map was created to cross-check the EPAs and SAs to the ACGME milestones. RESULTS: Participants in EPA and SA development included 19 physicians and 1 medical student from 18 different programs. The Delphi rounds yielded a final list of 23 EPAs, a defined entrustment scale, mapping of the EPAs to ACGME milestones, and graduation targets. A list of 73 procedural skills and 7 SAs were similarly developed. DISCUSSION: A list of 23 RAAPM EPAs, 73 procedural skills, and 7 SAs were created using a rigorous methodology to reach consensus. This framework can be utilized to help assess RAAPM fellows in the USA for competency and allow for meaningful performance feedback.

Using Simulation to Develop Solutions for Ventilator Shortages From the Epicenter.

SUMMARY STATEMENT: The COVID-19 pandemic threatened to overwhelm the medical system of New York City, and the threat of ventilator shortages was real. Using high-fidelity simulation, a variety of solutions were tested to solve the problem of ventilator shortages including innovative designs for safely splitting ventilators, converting noninvasive ventilators to invasive ventilators, and testing and improving of ventilators created by outside companies. Simulation provides a safe environment for testing of devices and protocols before use on patients and should be vital in the preparation for emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Intraoperative aerosol box use: does an educational visual aid reduce contamination?

BACKGROUND: The aerosol box was rapidly developed and disseminated to minimize viral exposure during aerosolizing procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet users may not understand how to use and clean the device. This could potentially lead to increased viral exposure to subsequent patients and practitioners. We evaluated intraoperative contamination and aerosol box decontamination and the impact of a preoperative educational visual aid. METHODS: Using a double-blinded randomized design, forty-four anesthesiology trainees and faculty completed a simulated anesthetic case using an aerosol box contaminated with a fluorescent marker; half of the subjects received a visual aid prior to the simulation. Intraoperative contamination was evaluated at 10 standardized locations using an ultraviolet (UV) light. Next, subjects were instructed to clean the aerosol box for use on the next patient. Following cleaning, the box was evaluated for decontamination using an UV light. RESULTS: Median total contamination score was significantly reduced in the experimental group (5.0 vs. 10.0, P < 0.001). The aerosol box was completely cleaned by 36.4% of subjects in the experimental group compared to 4.5% in the control group (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a visual aid significantly decreased intraoperative contamination and improved box cleaning. Despite these findings, a potentially clinically significant amount of viral exposure may exist. Thorough evaluation of the risks and benefits of the aerosol box should be completed prior to use. If an aerosol box is used, a visual aid should be considered to remind practitioners how to best use and clean the box.

Survey of regional anesthesiology fellowship directors in the USA on the use of simulation in regional anesthesiology training.

BACKGROUND: Despite a growing interest in simulated learning, little is known about its use within regional anesthesia training programs. In this study, we aimed to characterise the simulation modalities and limitations of simulation use for US-based resident and fellow training in regional anesthesiology. METHODS: An 18-question survey was distributed to regional anesthesiology fellowship program directors in the USA. The survey aimed to describe residency and fellowship program demographics, modalities of simulation used, use of simulation for assessment, and limitations to simulation use. RESULTS: Forty-two of 77 (54.5%) fellowship directors responded to the survey. Eighty per cent of respondents with residency training programs utilized simulation for regional anesthesiology education, while simulation was used for 66.7% of fellowship programs. The most common modalities of simulation were gel phantom models (residency: 80.0%, fellowship: 52.4%) and live model scanning (residency: 50.0%, fellowship: 42.9%). Only 12.5% of residency programs and 7.1% of fellowship programs utilized simulation for assessment of skills. The most common greatest limitation to simulation use was simulator availability (28.6%) and funding (21.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Simulation use for education is common within regional anesthesiology training programs, but rarely used for assessment. Funding and simulator availability are the most common limitations to simulation use.