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BACKGROUND: Alcohol reduces neutrophil function and decreases salivary flow, which could affect the composition of the oral microbiome. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that the α- and ß-diversity of the oral microbiome and the relative abundance of bacterial taxa would differ by frequency and type of alcohol consumption. METHODS: We used a food frequency questionnaire to assess the frequency of consumption of beer, wine, and liquor (drinks/week) in a sample of 1179 postmenopausal women in the Osteoporosis and Periodontal Disease Study. Women were categorized as nondrinkers, drinking <1 drink/wk, ≥1 to <7 drinks/wk, or ≥7 drinks/wk for total alcohol consumption and for beer, wine, and liquor consumption. The composition and diversity of the oral microbiome was assessed from subgingival plaque samples using 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was used to examine ß-diversity (between-sample diversity) in the microbiome between alcohol consumption categories. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the mean α-diversity (within-sample diversity), assessed by the Shannon index (species evenness), Chao1 index (species richness), and observed operational taxonomic unit (OTU) count and the mean relative abundance of 245 bacterial taxa across alcohol consumption categories. RESULTS: Over half of the participants (67%) consumed alcohol, with 14% reporting ≥1 drink/d. The ß-diversity across categories of total alcohol consumption, but not categories of alcohol type, was statistically significantly different (P for PERMANOVA = 0.016). Mean α-diversity measures were statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the highest category of total alcohol and wine consumption compared to nondrinkers; no significant associations were found for beer or liquor consumption. The relative abundance of 1 OTU, Selenomonassp._oral_taxon_133, was significantly lower in the highest level of total alcohol consumption compared to nondrinkers after adjustment for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption was associated with the diversity and composition of the subgingival microbiome.
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Microbiota , Vinho , Humanos , Feminino , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Pós-Menopausa , Bebidas Alcoólicas , EtanolRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The metabolism of choline (highly present in animal products) can produce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite with atherosclerotic effects; however, dietary fiber may suppress this metabolic pathway. This study aimed to develop a dietary pattern predictive of plasma TMAO and choline concentrations using reduced rank regression (RRR) and to evaluate its construct validity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Diet and plasma concentrations of choline (µmol/L) and TMAO (µmol/L) were assessed in 1724 post-menopausal women who participated in an ancillary study within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (1993-1998). The TMAO dietary pattern was developed using RRR in half of the sample (Training Sample) and applied to the other half of the sample (Validation Sample) to evaluate its construct validity. Energy-adjusted food groups were the predictor variables and plasma choline and TMAO, the response variables. ANCOVA and linear regression models were used to assess associations between each biomarker and the dietary pattern score. Discretionary fat, potatoes, red meat, and eggs were positively associated with the dietary pattern, while yogurt, fruits, added sugar, and starchy vegetables were inversely associated. Mean TMAO and choline concentrations significantly increased across increasing quartiles of the dietary pattern in the Training and Validation samples. Positive associations between the biomarkers and the TMAO dietary pattern were also observed in linear regression models (Validation Sample: TMAO, adjusted beta-coefficient = 0.037 (p-value = 0.0088); Choline, adjusted beta-coefficient = 0.011 (p-value = 0.0224). CONCLUSION: We established the TMAO dietary pattern, a dietary pattern reflecting the potential of the diet to contribute to plasma concentrations of TMAO and choline.
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Biomarcadores , Colina , Padrões Dietéticos , Metilaminas , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biomarcadores/sangue , Colina/sangue , Dieta Saudável , Fibras na Dieta , Metilaminas/sangue , Pós-Menopausa/sangue , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nutrient-dense foods, which are often low in energy density (ED), are recommended for a healthy diet in infants and children. How ED changes during the transition from a complementary diet in infancy to a conventional diet is unknown. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the ED, the amount of energy (e.g., kcal) per weight (e.g., g), of food or beverage in infants and preschool-age children. It was hypothesized that ED would be higher among older children. METHODS: The ED of food (ED-Food Only) and of food and all beverages excluding human milk and infant formula (ED-Food and Beverages) of children's (6 mo-5 y) diets were examined overall and by age subgroups using data from the NHANES (2009-2018). Survey-adjusted linear regression followed by pairwise comparisons were used to compare ED across age subgroups. The percentages of calories consumed from low-, medium-, and high-ED foods across age subgroups were also examined. RESULTS: Mean ED-Food Only was 1.21 kcal/g (95% CI: 1.13, 1.29 kcal/g) among 6- to 11-mo-olds and 1.62 kcal/g (95% CI: 1.54, 1.69 kcal/g) among 12- to 17-mo-olds (P < 0.05). ED-Food and Beverages was higher across consecutive age subgroups from 0.99 kcal/g (95% CI: 0.96, 1.02 kcal/g) in 12-17 mo through 3 y (1.22 kcal/g; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.26 kcal/g; P < 0.05). Mean percentage of calories consumed from low-ED food (≤1.0 kcal/g) became lower with age from 6- to 11-mo-olds (47.3%; 95% CI: 44.3%, 50.4%) through 18- to 23-mo-olds (16.2%; 95% CI: 14.5%, 17.9%; P < 0.05). A greater percentage of calories was consumed from high-ED food (≥3.0 kcal/g) among 18- to 23-mo-olds (39.0%; 95% CI: 37.1%, 40.9%) than among 12- to 17-mo-olds (34.0%; 95% CI: 32.0%, 35.9%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ED increased across age subgroups, driven by a decrease in the percentage of calories consumed from low-ED food and an increase in the percentage of calories consumed from high-ED food.
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Dieta , Ingestão de Energia , Adolescente , Bebidas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Fórmulas Infantis , Inquéritos NutricionaisRESUMO
To understand the role public health students play in response to COVID-19 despite cuts in funding for graduate student emergency response programs (GSERPs), we reviewed the websites of the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Council on Education in Public Health, and individual schools and programs to identify student participation in COVID-19 response activities. Thirty schools and programs of public health are supporting public health agencies in response to COVID-19, primarily through the provision of surge capacity (n = 20, 66.7%), contact tracing (n = 19, 63.3%), and training (n = 11, 36.7%). The opportunity to participate in formal and informal applied public health experiences like practica, service-learning, and field placements can benefit both public health students and agency partners. Although recent publications have identified gaps in academic public health response to COVID-19, in part due to the cessation of funding for workforce development and other university-based programs in public health preparedness, schools and programs of public health continue to support public health agencies. Future funding should explicitly link public health students to applied public health activities in ways that can be measured to document impacts on public health emergency response and the future public health workforce.
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COVID-19/epidemiologia , Faculdades de Saúde Pública/organização & administração , Estudantes de Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , COVID-19/psicologia , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/organização & administração , Comportamento Cooperativo , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Estudantes de Saúde Pública/psicologia , Universidades , Recursos Humanos/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Previous research suggests that fasting increases lead absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and that regularly eating meals may reduce blood lead. However, there is insufficient evidence linking breakfast status and blood-metal levels in children. We assessed the cross-sectional association between breakfast consumption status and children and adolescent's blood levels of lead and cadmium. We also explored blood hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and age group as potential effect modifiers of these associations. METHODS: This analysis included children and adolescents aged 6-17 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2013-2018 with complete data on breakfast consumption status (consumers vs. skippers), blood metals, and covariates (N=3722). Blood metal variables were log-transformed. Crude and covariate-adjusted, survey-weighted linear regression models were conducted for each blood metal outcome. Potential effect modification was explored using stratification. RESULTS: Overall fewer participants reported skipping breakfast (n=719) than eating breakfast (n=3003). Mean (SE) concentrations of blood lead and cadmium (µg/L) were 0.63 (0.01) µg/dL and 0.13 (0.00) µg/L, respectively. Children and adolescents who skipped breakfast were more likely to be female (51.2%), older (mean 12.2 years, SE = 0.1), have a higher body mass index (mean 22.8â¯kg/m2, SE = 0.2), and a lower income-poverty ratio (mean 1.7, SE = 0.1) than breakfast consumers. No associations between breakfast consumption and any of the blood metals were found. When stratified by age (≤ 10, 11-13, and 14-17 years), children aged 11-13 years who consumed breakfast had lower log-transformed blood lead levels [ß = -0.14⯵g/L; 95% CI: (-0.25, -0.03)] compared to children of the same age who skipped breakfast. CONCLUSION: Children 11-13 years-old who were breakfast consumers had lower blood lead levels compared to children of the same age who skipped breakfast. Our results support that encouraging breakfast consumption among school-age children may contribute to lower blood lead levels.
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Desjejum , Cádmio , Chumbo , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Humanos , Chumbo/sangue , Criança , Adolescente , Cádmio/sangue , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Jejum IntermitenteRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In adults, behavioral-based interventions support prevention of Type 2 diabetes; less is known in children. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the impact of behavioral-based interventions on cardiometabolic outcomes among children at risk for diabetes. METHODS: PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched between September 2011 and September 2021. RCTs in children aged 6-12 years at risk for Type 2 diabetes that implemented a behavioral-based intervention and included ≥1 cardiometabolic outcome were eligible. If reported, dietary quality data were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS: Of the 2,386 records identified, 4 met the inclusion criteria. Study length ranged from 10 weeks to 24 months, with sample sizes ranging from 53 to 113 participants. Among the 4 studies, there were 5 behavioral-based arms. All studies included weight status outcomes, with 3 finding significant between-group differences. Four studies assessed fasting glucose, and 3 assessed HbA1c; none found significant changes between groups. Of the 4 studies reporting blood pressure outcomes, 1 found a significant between-group difference for systolic blood pressure. Three studies assessed cholesterol and found no changes. No studies reported measures of dietary quality. All studies had some concerns about risk of bias. DISCUSSION: Behavioral-based interventions improved weight status and supported the maintenance of cardiometabolic parameters. Stronger consideration of the most important risk factors in children along with intermediate outcomes (e.g., diet quality) may help to elucidate the relationship between behavioral-based interventions and cardiometabolic outcomes.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Terapia Comportamental , Dieta , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
To assess COVID-19 information and services available to domestic violence service providers, survivors, and racially and culturally specific communities in the U.S., a content analysis of 80 national and state/territorial coalition websites was performed in June 2020. COVID-19 information was available on 84% of websites. National organizations provided more information for survivors related to safety and mental health and for racially and culturally specific communities. State/territorial coalitions provided more information for providers on COVID-19 and general disaster preparedness. COVID-19 and social distancing measures implemented to control it diminished help-seeking in unique ways. Greater online access to information and resources may be needed to address changing needs of survivors during disasters and emergencies.
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COVID-19 , Desastres , Violência Doméstica , Humanos , Organizações , SobreviventesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dietary recommendations have promoted the consumption of a low-energy-dense dietary pattern; however, guidelines to implement this dietary pattern are lacking. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this narrative review are to discuss approaches used to implement a low-energy-dense dietary pattern within dietary interventions and to understand if these approaches achieve a lower energy-dense diet. METHODS: Interventions that modified the diet for the purpose of altering energy density were referenced. Articles were chosen on the basis of the authors' knowledge of the energy density literature, reviewing relevant articles' reference lists, and discussion among coauthors. RESULTS: Eight articles were chosen for this review. Two approaches have been used to alter energy density: 1) modification to the consumption of dietary components that influence energy density (eg, reducing fat, increasing fruits and vegetables) or 2) use of an energy density classification method based on the numeric energy density value of foods. Although both approaches were used successfully to lower energy density, only the approach that used an energy density classification method allowed for the establishment of specific behavioral goals for participants to achieve regarding energy density. CONCLUSION: The use of an energy density classification method to develop specific intake goals may aid in the behavioral implementation of a low-energy-dense dietary pattern, but more high-quality studies are needed to draw stronger conclusions. Furthermore, barriers to consuming a low-energy-dense dietary pattern, such as dietary costs, need to be considered.