Optimization of reference gene panels for gene expression analysis in preclinical models of inflammatory skin diseases.

Reverse transcriptase qPCR is the most common method to determine and compare mRNA expression levels and relies on normalization using reference genes. The expression levels of the latter, however, are themselves often variable between experimental conditions, thus compromising the results. Using the geNorm algorithm, we have examined seven genes with respect to their suitability as reference genes for gene analysis in mouse models of skin inflammation, using the antibody transfer model of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and in the Aldara™ -induced psoriasiform dermatitis. Our results indicate that the combination of at least 2-3 reference genes is required for stable normalization. Notably, the expression of reference genes changed when comparing lesional skin of both models or when comparing lesional to non-lesional skin within one model. This highlights the need for precise selection of reference genes dependent on the specific experimental setup.

Linking Complement C3 and B Cells in Nasal Polyposis.

Nasal polyposis often is characterized by a persistent inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa, disease recurrence after medical or surgical intervention, and asthma comorbidity. Dysregulated complement activation may contribute to immunologic alterations and disease. To date, there is only scattered knowledge on the source and regulation of the central complement factors in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Here, we aim to study complement signatures, especially the C3-C3aR axis, and focus on cellular sources and targets in nasal polyps. Expression of complement factors, including C3, C5, and the anaphylatoxin receptors, was analyzed in nasal polyp tissue samples, the corresponding inferior turbinates, and healthy controls using transcriptomic methods and protein measurements. Distinct patterns of complement expression were found in nasal polyps compared to controls, characterized by an increased C3 activation and an increase in C3aR-bearing cells. In contrast, no difference was shown for epithelial-dependent C3 production. Besides low intracellular C3-expression levels for lymphocytes in general, we could identify an enlarged B lymphocyte population in nasal polyps displaying high amounts of intracellular C3. Our data suggest a prominent role for the C3-C3aR-axis in nasal polyps and, for the first time, describe a B cell population containing high levels of intracellular C3, suggesting a new role of B cells in the maintenance of the inflammation by complement.