Mutation in Chek2 triggers von Hippel-Lindau hemangioblastoma growth.

PURPOSE: Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is a rare inherited disease mainly characterized by the growth of tumours, predominantly hemangioblastomas (Hbs) in the CNS and retina, and renal carcinomas. The natural history of VHL disease is variable, differing in the age of onset and its penetrance, even among relatives. Unfortunately, sometimes VHL shows more severe than average: the onset starts in adolescence, and surgeries are required almost every year. In these cases, the factor that triggers the appearance and growth of Hbs usually remains unknown, although additional mutations are suspected. METHODS: We present the case of a VHL patient whose first surgery was at 13 years of age. Then, along his next 8 years, he has undergone 5 surgeries for resection of 10 CNS Hbs. To clarify this severe VHL condition, DNA from a CNS Hb and white blood cells (WBC) was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. RESULTS: Massive DNA sequencing of the WBC (germ line) revealed a pathogenic mutation in CHEK2 and the complete loss of a VHL allele (both tumour suppressors). Moreover, in the tumour sample, several mutations, in BRAF1 and PTPN11 were found. Familiar segregation studies showed that CHEK2 mutation was in the maternal lineage, while VHL was inherited by paternal lineage. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, clinical history correlated to the different genotypes in the family, concluding that the severity of these VHL manifestations are due to both, VHL-and-CHEK2 mutations. This case report aims to notice the importance of deeper genetic analyses, in inherited rare diseases, to uncover non-expected mutations.

Ileal signet-ring cell carcinoma with brain metastases: A case report.

Background: Signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a rare subtype of adenocarcinoma that frequently originates in the stomach. Uncommonly, this tumor can lead to brain metastases; an event rarely reported in the literature. Case Description: A 76-year-old man with a history of cognitive impairment was diagnosed with two brain space-occupying lesions. A whole-body 18F-FDG PET/computed tomography scan revealed a hypermetabolic lesion in a segment of the ileum corresponding to mural thickening and an ulcerated lesion detected on colonoscopy. A brain biopsy, using an immunohistochemistry protocol, showed signet-ring cells with a pattern that suggested an intestinal origin. The diagnosis of SRCC brain metastases with an ileal origin was made, and a treatment protocol was designed. However, the patient rapidly deteriorated, and passed away shortly afterward. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of an ileal SRCC with brain metastases.