The phallic structures in Gryllotalpidae (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpoidea), and its generic implications.

A nomenclature for phallic structures of members of the family Gryllotalpidae is proposed. Genital structures of the main genera of mole crickets are described, discussing the relationships among subfamilies and their generic delimitation. A key is provided for separation of genera based on genitalia structure. Finally, parthenogenesis in genus Gryllotalpella is recorded for the first time.

The phylogeny of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpoidea: Gryllotalpidae).

The monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of the family Gryllotalpidae were researched. Twenty-six in-group taxa, representing all known genera of Gryllotalpidae were included in a cladistic analysis, based on 89, morphological characters (including genital characters of the males). The different analyses of the resulting data matrix supported the monophyly of Scapteriscinae and Gryllotalpinae and its internal group. Subfamilies, tribes and genera of Gryllotalpidae are fully diagnosed, illustrated and keys to their identification are provided. Four tribes are established (Indioscaptorini n. trib. (Scapteriscinae), Triamescaptorini n. trib., Gryllotalpellini n. trib. and Neocurtillini n. trib. (Gryllotalpinae)) and two other are fully delimited (Scapteriscini stat. rev. and Gryllotalpini stat. rev.). Two new genera are described (Neoscapteriscus n. gen. and Leptocurtilla n. gen.) and as well as seven new species: Gryllotalpella rehni n. sp., G. tindalei n. sp., G. lawrencei n. sp., Neocurtilla ingrischi n. sp., N. townsendi n. sp., Leptocurtilla juanmanueli n. sp. and L. chopardi n. sp. The following nomenclatural changes were made: All species previously placed in Scapteriscus s.l. are transferred to the new genus Neoscapteriscus, except Scapteriscus oxydactilus and S. headsi that are still placed in Scapteriscus, Gryllotalpa chilensis reinst. stat. and Leptocurtilla maranona, n. comb. Finally, previous contributions about the phylogenetic relationships of molecrickets are contrasted with the results of this research.

The tribe Dysoniini part IV: New species of Quiva Hebard, 1927 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from Brazilian rainforest and some clarifications.

Two new species of the genus Quiva: Quiva buhrnheimi n. sp. and Quiva gutjahrae n. sp. from Brazilian Amazon are described. Determinations for distributional data previously published by Sovano & Mendes (2013) are clarified and the synonymy of Ituana dorisae under Q. abacata is confirmed. In this paper, an updated key to subgenus Quiva is provided.

Zebragryllus Desutter-Grandcolas & Cadena-Casteñada, n.gen. a new Gryllinae genus from Eastern and Western Amazonia, South America (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae).

We describe a new genus of grylline cricket, Zebragryllus Desutter-Grandcolas & Cadena-Casteñada n. gen., from the Neotropical Region, using characters of morphology and male genitalia; genitalic characters clearly show that Zebragryllus n. gen. is closely related to Anurogryllus Saussure, 1878. Six species are described as new to science, originating from western (Peru, Colombia) and eastern (French Guiana) Amazonia: Zebragryllus fuscus Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp., Z. guianensis Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp., Z. intermedius Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp., Zebragryllus nauta Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp., Zebragryllus nouragui Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp., and Zebragryllus wittoto Desutter-Grandcolas and Cadena-Casteñada, n. sp., type species of the genus. They are characterized by their size, coloration (shining black, most often with white patterns of coloration, hence the genus name), and male and female genitalia. The calling songs of Z. guianensis Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp., Z. intermedius Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp., Z. nouragui Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp., and Z. wittoto Desutter-Grandcolas and Cadena-Casteñada, n. sp. are described. An identification key is proposed for both males and females.

The tribe Dysoniini part II: the genus Markia (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Phaneropterinae), new species and some clarifications.

This paper clarifies the status of the species of the genus Markia White, 1862, also providing new distribution data. It describes M. erinaceus from Peru, M. arizae n.sp. from the Amazonian foothills of Colombia and Ecuador, M. sarriai n.sp. from the Colombian Biogeographic Chocó, M. espinachi n.sp. from Costa Rica; as well as the true male of M. major (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878), clarifying the real distributional range this latter species. M. longivertex n. syn., is proposed as a synonym of M. major. The colour polymorphism in M. hystrix (Westwood, 1844) is discussed and its distribution range is defined. A key to the species of Markia is provided.

The spider-like katydid Arachnoscelis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Listroscelidinae): anatomical study of the genus.

This paper provides some observations on the anatomy of the neotropical katydid Arachnoscelis arachnoides Karny (Insecta: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Arachnoscelis is a genus of predaceous katydids that comprise species that resemble spiders in their general body appearance. The type species, A. arachnoids, was described in 1891 from a single male collected in Colombia. Following the original description, these creatures were never found again, and were thought to have gone extinct or mistakenly assigned to the type locality. But between 1891 and 2012 four more species were described and in- correctly assigned to Arachnoscelis based on a similarity of body form. In this paper we present an anatomical comparaison of Arachnoscelis and its relatives, and propose that Arachnoscelis should be treated as a monotypic genus. This implies that other species previously described in Arachnoscelis, should be placed in different genera.

New species and taxonomic rearrangements of Anostostomatid Crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea: Anostostomatidae) from the Neotropics.

This paper describes and illustrates a new species of the genus Anabropsis (Anostostomatidae: Anabropsinae) from Colombia, we group the species of this genus were grouped into three groups: Mexicana, Alata and Aptera. A brief review of the genus Apotetainenus (Anostostomatidae: Lutosinae) is also given including a new species from the Colombian rainforest; also A. clipeatus is redescribed and a new distribution data are provided. Finally A. politus (Brunner, 1915) is designated as synonym of A. clipeatus.

Studies on Raspy Crickets: Astyloplatum n. gen. a new gryllacrid genus from Colombian Andes (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae).

Astyloplatum luteolum n. gen. et n. sp., is described, as a new monospecific genus from the eastern slope of the Colombian Andes, of the middle and highlands of the departments of Boyacá and Santander. This new taxon is distinguished by its yellowish coloration and the lack of articulated stylli on the male subgenital plate; this character converges with several taxa unrelated to the tribe Gryllacridini in which Astyloplatum n. gen. is placed. The convergence of characters in gryllacridines, diversity, complement of the current classification, and the importance of the phallic complex for the delimitation of genera and species are discussed.

Studies on Neotropical crickets: Crinklyalis n. gen., a new cricket genus (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae: Paragryllinae) from the foothills of theColombian Andes.

A new genus of small phalangopsids (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the foothills of the Colombian Andes is described. Crinklyalis n. gen. is distinguished from the other genera of the subtribe Strogulomorphina (Paragryllini) by the modification in the mesal region of the tegmina, apparently an acoustic chamber; reduction of wing venation; male genitalia tubular, elongated and mostly membranous, with only the distal section sclerotized. Additionally, the key for the identification of the genera of the subtribe was updated, and the morphology of the new genus was discussed, as well as distributional gaps that currently exist for the Strogulomorphina taxa.

Are the recently described fossil Mole Crickets of Myanmar amber real gryllotalpids? (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae & Gryllidae).

We report five new Myanmar amber specimens attributable to "Mole Cricket" †Pherodactylus rectanguli n. comb., hitherto regarded as a Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Grylloptalpidae). The new material includes two adult males, two adult females, and one nymph. The specimens are redescribed, and additional new characters are provided for their delimitation and corresponding species identification. We carry out a comparison between these new specimens with other taxa of mole crickets from Myanmar amber and extant true crickets. The result indicates that some species merely represent different nymphal development stages or adults of †Pherodactylus rectanguli n. comb., however, they were misidentified as different species. We also treated genera †Tresdigitus n. syn. and †Chunxiania n. syn. as synonyms of genus †Pherodactylus Poinar, Su & Brown, 2020, and treat †Tresdigitus gracilis Jiang, Xu, Jarzembowski & Xiao, 2022 n. syn. and †Chunxiania fania n. syn. as synonyms of †Pherodactylus rectanguli n. comb. †Burmagryllotalpa longa is valid, because its shape of the pronotum curved without lateral carinae. The morphological convergences and specializations of subterranean dwelling species are discussed. The robust fore tibia and long apical spurs of †P. micromorphus, †P. rectanguli n. comb. and †B. longa are insufficient evidence for an assignment to the family Gryllotalpidae. Instead, we suggest place them into the subfamily Gryllinae (Gryllidae), tribe Sclerogryllini, and group them into their own subtribe Pherodactylina n. subtr.. A key to the identification of recent and fossil Sclerogryllini is also provided. Their taxonomy and morphology are discussed.

Studies on Neotropical Pseudophyllinae: A new, short-winged Platyphyllini genus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from a High Andean Forest in Colombia.

By combining different research disciplines, biologists can understand natural processes in a broader way. Here, we combine both taxonomic and bioacoustic methodologies to provide the first observations of the morphology, geographical distribution, and the acoustic behavior of the monotypic genus Andeophylloides n. gen. This katydid is the second short-winged genus of the tribe Platyphyllini, after Brachyplatyphylloides, both of which are found in the Colombian Andes. This new genus is unique, because it is the first to be collected in a High Andean Forest, in contrast to the other members of the tribe that have been found predominantly at lower elevations. The sound recordings showed males calling with an echeme duration in average of 5.9 ± 3.1 s, a peak frequency of 22.5 kHz, and peak activity starting at 19:00 and decreasing until 05:00. These calls occur mainly in the months of the first rainy season of the year (March to May). Andeophylloides zarauzensis n. sp., is the sixth species of platyphyllines which calling song is known. Additionally, we discuss the taxonomy, bioacoustics, and differentiate the species with Dasyscelidius atrifrons (Pleminiini). This is required as the females are superficially similar and both species share the same geographical distribution.

Batrachideinae (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Tetrigidae): an overview of the most diverse tetrigids of the Neotropical region.

The Batrachideinae subfamily is a well-defined and taxonomically stable taxon, with a pantropical distribution and an important representation in the Neotropical region. In this study, the characters and distributions of the genera and species are discussed based on a morphological analysis and a key to genera of the American Batrachideinae is also provided. New synonymies are established: Tettigidea Scudder, 1862 = Eotetrix Gorochov, 2012 syn. nov.; Batrachidea mucronata (Saint-Fargeau Serville, 1825) = Tettigidea granulosa Bruner, 1913 syn. nov.; Batrachidea planus (Hancock, 1907) = Batrachidea brevis (Hancock, 1909) syn. nov.; Tettigidea lateralis (Say, 1824) = Tettigidea nicaraguae Bruner, 1895 syn. nov.; Tettigidea lateralis (Say, 1824) = Tettigidea annulipes Bruner, 1910 syn. nov.; Tettigidea cuspidata Scudder, 1875 = Tettigidea corrugata Bruner, 1910 syn. nov.; Tettigidea cuspidata Scudder, 1875 = Tettigidea multicostata Bolívar, 1887 syn. nov.; Tettigidea chapadensis Bruner, 1910 = Tettigidea costalis Bruner, 1910 syn. nov.; Tettigidea chapadensis Bruner, 1910 = Tettigidea hancocki Bruner, 1910 syn. nov.; Tettigidea intermedia Bruner, 1910 = Tettigidea subatera Bruner, 1910 syn. nov.; Tettigidea scudderi Bolívar, 1887 = Tettigidea steinbachi Bruner, 1920 syn. nov. Three species are transferred from the genus Tettigidea to the genus Paxilla Bolívar, 1887: Paxilla mexicana (Hancock, 1915) comb. nov., Paxilla tecta (Morse, 1900) comb. nov., Paxilla nigra (Morse, 1900) comb. nov.; Tettigidea unicornis (Gorochov, 2012) comb. nov. is transferred from the genus Eotetrix Gorochov, 2012 to Tettigidea, and Batrachidea planus (Hancock, 1907) comb. nov. from Tettigidea to Batrachidea Serville, 1838. Five new species groups (lateralis, armata, cuspidata, paratecta and scudderi) are recognized in the genus Tettigidea. Neotype of Tettigidea lateralis lateralis is designated. Keys to the Batrachideinae genera and species of the most diverse American genera (Tettigidea and Paxilla) are also provided.

Studies on Raspy Crickets: A new Andean Hyperbaenini genus (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Hyperbaeninae).

Mikrohyperbaenus n. gen. is the first Andean genus for the tribe Hyperbaenini, the other genera such as Hyperbaenus and Dibelona inhabit the low and humid lands of South America. The new genus is distinguished by the structure of the male terminalia and the apex of the labial and maxillary palps, which are unusually naked or without the cuticle, that covers the other body segments. Mikrohyperbaenus n. gen. is a monotypic genus, found in the surroundings of the Zapatoca municipality, Santander, Colombia, a territory inhabited in the past by the Guane indigenous people, for which the new species Mikrohyperbaenus guane n. gen. et n. sp. is dedicated to that particular Pre-columbian indigenous people.

Studies on Neotropical crickets: The continental Otteiini taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae), those cave crickets are not confined to the West Indies.

The tribe Otteiini is a group of cave crickets, that were believed only to inhabit the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Cayman Islands, and Hispaniola). However, when reviewing and studying similar cave crickets in Mexico, their relationship was proven with island taxa, expanding their distribution to the continental area, from the Yucatan Peninsula to the Gulf and Northeast of Mexico. Herein, the genus Paracophus is divided, and three additional genera are described: Hubbellcophus n. gen., Venegascophus n. gen. and Hortacophus n. gen. Also, two additional species for Paracophus are described (P. victoriensis n. sp. and P. velazquezi n. sp.). Diagnoses for all genera and dichotomous keys for genera and species are provided. Finally, the taxonomic relationships between the insular and continental taxa of the tribe are discussed, and the different taxonomic placements they had over time, with some genera located in Phalangopsinae and Luzarinae (Phalangopsidae) and Pentacentrinae (Gryllidae).

Studies on Neotropical crickets: A new Anurogryllina genus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae).

Andeogryllus n. gen. including two new species from the inter-Andean slopes and valleys of the Magdalena and Cauca rivers of Colombia are described. This new genus is similar to Zebragryllus in their habitus, differed by not have white stripes on the body or antennae and by a modified pseudoepiphallic sclerite. The genus Atsigryllus (Atsigryllae group) is located in the subtribe Anurogryllina, highlighting the secondary reduction of the median lobe. An updated key is provided for the genera of the subtribe Anurogryllina and the species of the new genus.

Studies on Neotropical crickets: New species and notes on the classification of Field Crickets genera Anurogryllus and Gryllus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae).

In this contribution to the American Field and Short-tail crickets, two new species from the continental and insular area of Colombia are described. Anurogryllus (Urogryllus) edithsantosum n. sp. from the Meta department, is more related to some Caribbean species, and its genital structure fits the morphological current definition of the subgenus Urogryllus, although it has pseudepiphallic median lophi covered with hairs, as it happens in the species of the subgenus Pilosogryllus. The same way, Gryllus (Gryllus) providiensis n. sp. from Providencia Island, San Andres Archipelago is described, this new species has thick hairs on the pronotum as Gryllus (Gryllus) assimilis (widely distributed in America), as well as the color pattern of the cephalic capsule; but the new species is smaller in size, and has a particular organization in the harp veins of the tegmina, which only resembles Gryllus (Gryllus) marchena from the Galapagos Archipelago (Ecuador), from which it differs markedly in its morphology. Finally, the status of the Gryllus species, distributed in Latin America and the Caribbean, is reviewed, and it is recorded which species have acoustic records, and from here we start with the review of this peculiar genus in Latin America.

Review of the status of the genus Phelene stat. resurr. (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Lophotettiginae) and description of a new species.

The status of the genus Phelene stat. resurr., previously synonymized under Chiriquia is revalidated. The genus is redescribed and Phelene turgida stat. rev. a lectotype and paralectotypes are designated for this species. Tetrix laticeps is proposed as nomen dubium and its described a new additional species Phelene maroon n. sp. The diagnosis of the subfamily is adjusted with the characters of the new taxa included and an updated key of genera and species is provided.

Review of Glaphyrosoma (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea: Anostostomatidae), including new species and biological information.

We describe four new Glaphyrosoma species: G. brevivaginalis n. sp., G. huasteca n. sp., G. paragracile n. sp. and G. unumtympana n. sp. We redescribe and provide new distributional data for G. gracile, G. mexicanum and G. stephanosoltis. The subfamily status to tribe Glaphyrosomatini is proposed and a key to identify the genera is provided. The key to Glaphyrosoma species is updated to include the species here described. Finally, we present karyotype data and drumming information for selected species.

Studies in Colombian Ensifera and adjacent countries: New taxa of smallest field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae).

Atsigryllus sikuani n. gen et n. sp. and Perugryllus ranoredium n. sp., tiny field crickets from the Orinoquian and Colombian Amazon respectively, are described. The diversity and distribution of field crickets for Colombia is discussed.

Studies in Colombian Ensifera and adjacent countries: Gigagryllus, a new genus of giant field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) with comments on current Neotropical Gryllinae classification.

Gigagryllus omayrae n. gen et n. sp., a new genus of giant field cricket, from the middle Magdalena of Colombia, more precisely from the department of Tolima, in the region of the Armero tragedy, for which this species is dedicated to the memory of Omayra Sanchez, a symbol of the most terrible natural tragedy that has occurred in the recent history of Colombia. Gigagryllus n. gen. is one of the largest genera in America, with a size similar to Titanogryllus, Megalogryllus and some species of Gryllita. The classification of the American Gryllinae is discussed, and a key to the American genera is provided. Besides, genera groups are proposed for the subtribe Brachytrupine (Gryllini) taxa, which differs from Old World genera. Geogryllus n. syn. and Rubrogryllus n. syn. are synonymized under Gryllita and Cophogryllus americanus is considered as nomen dubium, ruling out the presence of subtribe Cophogryllina in America.