Quality of life and associations with health-related behaviours among older adults with increased cardiovascular risk.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A better understanding of the relationship between cardiovascular disease risk factors and quality of life (QoL) in older age is needed to inform development of risk reduction strategies. This cross-sectional study investigated the association of QoL with health-related behaviours in older adults at risk of heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Older adults (N = 328) at risk of heart failure residing in Melbourne, Australia, provided data on QoL and health-related behaviours including physical activity, diet, smoking and alcohol consumption. Multiple linear regression modelling was used to examine associations between health-related behaviours, QoL and its constituent domains. After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index and comorbidities, current smoking was found to have a negative association with the mental component score (MCS) of QoL (ß = -0.174, p ≤ 0.01), with a positive association seen between MCS and physical activity (ß = 0.130, p = 0.01). Current alcohol use had a positive association with the physical component score (PCS) (ß = 0.120, p = 0.02) and saturated fat intake consumption had a negative association with the physical functioning domain of QoL (ß = -0.105, p = 0.03) but was not associated with either PCS or MCS. CONCLUSION: Engagement of older adults at increased cardiovascular risk with behavioural risk factor modification using QoL as a driver of change may offer new opportunities to promote healthy ageing. Development of such strategies should consider that for some behaviours which are cardiovascular risk factors (alcohol intake, in particular), the positive association to QoL is complicated and needs further deliberation.

A qualitative study of rural healthcare providers' views of social, cultural, and programmatic barriers to healthcare access.

BACKGROUND: Ensuring access to healthcare is a complex, multi-dimensional health challenge. Since the inception of the coronavirus pandemic, this challenge is more pressing. Some dimensions of access are difficult to quantify, namely characteristics that influence healthcare services to be both acceptable and appropriate. These link to a patient's acceptance of services that they are to receive and ensuring appropriate fit between services and a patient's specific healthcare needs. These dimensions of access are particularly evident in rural health systems where additional structural barriers make accessing healthcare more difficult. Thus, it is important to examine healthcare access barriers in rural-specific areas to understand their origin and implications for resolution. METHODS: We used qualitative methods and a convenience sample of healthcare providers who currently practice in the rural US state of Montana. Our sample included 12 healthcare providers from diverse training backgrounds and specialties. All were decision-makers in the development or revision of patients' treatment plans. Semi-structured interviews and content analysis were used to explore barriers-appropriateness and acceptability-to healthcare access in their patient populations. Our analysis was both deductive and inductive and focused on three analytic domains: cultural considerations, patient-provider communication, and provider-provider communication. Member checks ensured credibility and trustworthiness of our findings. RESULTS: Five key themes emerged from analysis: 1) a friction exists between aspects of patients' rural identities and healthcare systems; 2) facilitating access to healthcare requires application of and respect for cultural differences; 3) communication between healthcare providers is systematically fragmented; 4) time and resource constraints disproportionately harm rural health systems; and 5) profits are prioritized over addressing barriers to healthcare access in the US. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate access to healthcare is an issue in the US, particularly in rural areas. Rural healthcare consumers compose a hard-to-reach patient population. Too few providers exist to meet population health needs, and fragmented communication impairs rural health systems' ability to function. These issues exacerbate the difficulty of ensuring acceptable and appropriate delivery of healthcare services, which compound all other barriers to healthcare access for rural residents. Each dimension of access must be monitored to improve patient experiences and outcomes for rural Americans.

Kidney age - chronological age difference (KCD) score provides an age-adapted measure of kidney function.

BACKGROUND: Given the age-related decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy individuals, we examined the association of all-cause death or cardiovascular event with the Kidney age - Chronological age Difference (KCD) score, whereby an individual's kidney age is estimated from their estimated GFR (eGFR) and the age-dependent eGFR decline reported for healthy living potential kidney donors. METHODS: We examined the association between death or cardiovascular event and KCD score, age-dependent stepped eGFR criteria (eGFRstep), and eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (eGFR60) in a community-based high cardiovascular risk cohort of 3837 individuals aged ≥60 (median 70, interquartile range 65, 75) years, followed for a median of 5.6 years. RESULTS: In proportional hazards analysis, KCD score ≥ 20 years (KCD20) was associated with increased risk of death or cardiovascular event in unadjusted analysis and after adjustment for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors. Addition of KCD20, eGFRstep or eGFR60 to a cardiovascular risk factor model did not improve area under the curve for identification of individuals who experienced death or cardiovascular event in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. However, addition of KCD20 or eGFR60, but not eGFRstep, to a cardiovascular risk factor model improved net reclassification and integrated discrimination. KCD20 identified individuals who experienced death or cardiovascular event with greater sensitivity than eGFRstep for all participants, and with greater sensitivity than eGFR60 for participants aged 60-69 years, with similar sensitivities for men and women. CONCLUSIONS: In this high cardiovascular risk cohort aged ≥60 years, the KCD score provided an age-adapted measure of kidney function that may assist patient education, and KCD20 provided an age-adapted criterion of eGFR-related increased risk of death or cardiovascular event. Further studies that include the full age spectrum are required to examine the optimal KCD score cut point that identifies increased risk of death or cardiovascular event, and kidney events, associated with impaired kidney function, and whether the optimal KCD score cut point is similar for men and women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00400257 , NCT00604006 , and NCT01581827 .

Embedded Computation Architectures for Autonomy in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS).

This paper addresses the challenge of embedded computing resources required by future autonomous Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Based on an analysis of the required onboard functions that will lead to higher levels of autonomy, we look at most common UAS tasks to first propose a classification of UAS tasks considering categories such as flight, navigation, safety, mission and executing entities such as human, offline machine, embedded system. We then analyse how a given combination of tasks can lead to higher levels of autonomy by defining an autonomy level. We link UAS applications, the tasks required by those applications, the autonomy level and the implications on computing resources to achieve that autonomy level. We provide insights on how to define a given autonomy level for a given application based on a number of tasks. Our study relies on the state-of-the-art hardware and software implementations of the most common tasks currently used by UAS, also expected tasks according to the nature of their future missions. We conclude that current computing architectures are unlikely to meet the autonomy requirements of future UAS. Our proposed approach is based on dynamically reconfigurable hardware that offers benefits in computational performance and energy usage. We believe that UAS designers must now consider the embedded system as a masterpiece of the system.

Extensive Post-Traumatic Surgical Emphysema Exacerbated by Cocaine Insufflation.

Surgical emphysema (SE) is characterized by air in the soft tissues causing a crackling sensation on palpation. In oral and maxillofacial surgery, it might occur using conventional air-driven dental hand pieces, as a complication of trauma and with cocaine insufflation.The subcutaneous air may travel through tissue planes causing cervicofacial emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. It may carry bacteria and potentially lead to cellulitis or necrotizing fasciitis.The SE is usually a self-limiting entity requiring analgesia, close observation of the airway, occasionally prophylactic antibiotics, and rarely steroids. Although, the consensus on antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy is unclear.Here presented an unusual and extensive presentation of surgical emphysema. A 29 years old male presented with emphysema following a left orbital-zygomatic complex fracture and following intranasal cocaine insufflation. It extended from the temple to the parotid region, down into the neck and into the mediastinum. No surgical intervention was required. The patient was discharged after 24 hours of observation with a week-long course of co-amoxiclav antibiotics and no corticosteroids administration.Typical instructions following facial bone fractures are to avoid nose blowing because of the risk of SE, however, avoidance of drug habits is rarely considered. This case report highlights the importance of tailored advice to this particular patient cohort.

Custom-Made Three-Dimensional Models for Craniosynostosis.

The use of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing in oral and maxillofacial surgery is an ever-growing field.The availability of 3D models, cutting guides, and customised surgical instruments gives surgeons the opportunity to modify and improve their surgical procedures.Here, we discuss the use of computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing to improve the management of a case of nonsyndromic metopic synostosis through the construction of: A cutting guide for the cranium, custom-made orbital protectors, a 3D model of the predicted postoperative meninges to allow off the table bone recontouring, and a template frontal bar to allow more specific recontouring of the frontal bar.

Risk factor management in a contemporary Australian population at increased cardiovascular disease risk.

BACKGROUND: Effective management of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease risk factors offers longer, healthier lives and savings in healthcare. AIM: To examine risk factor management in participants of the SCReening Evaluation of the Evolution of New Heart Failure study, a self-selected population at increased cardiovascular disease risk recruited from members of a health insurance fund in Melbourne and Shepparton, Australia. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 60 years with one or more self-reported ischaemic or other heart diseases, irregular or rapid heart rhythm, cerebrovascular disease, renal impairment or treatment for hypertension or diabetes for ≥2 years. Exclusion criteria were known heart failure or cardiac abnormality on echocardiography or other imaging. Medical history, clinical examination, full blood examination and biochemistry (without lipids and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)) were performed for 3847 participants on enrolment, and blood pressure, lipids and HbA1c were measured 1-2 years after enrolment for 3203 participants. RESULTS: Despite 99% of 3294 participants with hypertension receiving antihypertensive medication, half had blood pressures >140/90 mmHg. Approximately 77% of participants were overweight or obese, with one third being obese. Additionally, 74% of participants at high cardiovascular disease risk had low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels ≥2 mmol/L, one third of diabetic participants had HbA1c >7%, 22% had an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 , and substantial proportions had under-utilisation of antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation and were physically inactive. CONCLUSIONS: This population demonstrated substantial potential to reduce cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality and healthcare costs through more effective management of modifiable risk factors.

SCReening Evaluation of the Evolution of New Heart Failure Study (SCREEN-HF): early detection of chronic heart failure in the workplace.

Objective The aim of the present study was to determine whether asymptomatic heart failure (HF) in the workplace is subject to the health worker effect, making screening using conventional risk factors combined with a cardiac biomarker, namely N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), as useful as in the general population. Methods Between June 2007 and December 2009 a 'well' population deemed at high risk for development of HF was identified through health insurance records. Blood was collected from volunteer participants for analysis of urea, electrolytes and creatinine, a full blood count and NT-proBNP. An echocardiogram was performed on selected participants based on high NT-proBNP concentrations. Results The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly reduced in participants with the highest compared with the lowest NT-proBNP quintile. In multivariate analysis, log-transformed NT-proBNP was independently associated with impaired LVEF and with moderate to severe diastolic dysfunction after adjustment for age, sex, coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Conclusions A large burden of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction (AVLD) was observed in subjects aged 60 and over with plasma NT-proBNP in the top quintile that was independent of conventional risk factors and work status. HWE does not appear to operate in AVLD. NT-proBNP testing in a population with HF risk factors may cost-effectively identify those at greatest risk of developing HF in a working population and facilitate early diagnosis, treatment and maintenance of work capacity. What is known about the topic? Chronic heart failure (CHF) has several causes, the most common being hypertension and coronary ischaemia. CHF is a major health problem of increasing prevalence that severely impacts quality of life, shortens lives and reduces worker productivity. It is often not diagnosed early enough to take full advantage of ameliorating medication. What does this paper add? Population screening for CHF is not currently advocated. This may be because conventional risk factors must be used in combination and there is no useful biomarker available. Yet evidence (SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction trials) recommends early diagnosis. We believe the work place is an area of potential screening where there is little supporting evidence. This paper provides evidence that the biomarker NT-proBNP is a useful new tool that improves cost-effectiveness of screening in a selected population. Specifically, the paper recommends CHF screening in the population with the highest potential health gain (i.e. the working population) by the sector with the highest economic gain (i.e. employers). What are the implications for practitioners? The paper presents important health screening recommendations for medical and health and safety practitioners within a selected population of workers. We feel practitioners should consider screening for incipient heart failure, particularly within Australia's working population, to save lives, provide economic benefit and extend working longevity.

Therapeutic modulation of tissue kallikrein expression.

The kallikrein kinin system has cardioprotective actions and mediates in part the cardioprotection produced by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers. Additional approaches to exploit the cardioprotective effects of the kallikrein kinin system include the administration of tissue kallikrein and kinin receptor agonists. The renin inhibitor aliskiren was recently shown to increase cardiac tissue kallikrein expression and bradykinin levels, and to reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by bradykinin B2 receptor- and angiotensin AT2 receptor-mediated mechanisms. Thus, aliskiren represents a prototype drug for the modulation of tissue kallikrein expression for therapeutic benefit.

Stigma Predicts Treatment Preferences and Care Engagement Among Veterans Affairs Primary Care Patients with Depression.

BACKGROUND: Whereas stigma regarding mental health concerns exists, the evidence for stigma as a depression treatment barrier among patients in Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care (PC) is mixed. PURPOSE: This study tests whether stigma, defined as depression label avoidance, predicted patients' preferences for depression treatment providers, patients' prospective engagement in depression care, and care quality. METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional and prospective analyses of existing data from 761 VA PC patients with probable major depression. RESULTS: Relative to low-stigma patients, those with high stigma were less likely to prefer treatment from mental health specialists. In prospective controlled analyses, high stigma predicted lower likelihood of the following: taking medications for mood, treatment by mental health specialists, treatment for emotional concerns in PC, and appropriate depression care. CONCLUSIONS: High stigma is associated with lower preferences for care from mental health specialists and confers risk for minimal depression treatment engagement.

Can cardiovascular disease guidelines that advise treatment decisions based on absolute risk be improved?

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) will remain the predominant cause of death and a major cause of morbidity for the foreseeable future. Consequently, CVD prevention offers the greatest potential for the prevention of premature mortality and the compression of morbidity. DISCUSSION: The 2013 guidelines of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association expand the eligibility for CVD preventive treatment based on the calculated 10-year CVD risk derived from the pooled cohort equation to all persons who have a 10-year risk of CVD of ≥7.5% as estimated by the pooled cohort equation. Previous analyses show that the use of a uniform 10-year risk threshold of 7.5% for all ages disadvantages younger individuals for whom preventive therapy has most to offer. Here I show that reducing the threshold to 3% in younger adults (women aged <66 years and men aged <56 years) will substantially increase the number of cardiovascular events prevented at a similar number needed to treat to prevent one event. Importantly, this increase in cardiovascular event prevention will occur in individuals with greater life expectancy. CONCLUSION: Reducing the threshold 10-year risk of CVD derived from the pooled cohort equation for CVD preventive treatment to 3% in younger adults (women aged <66 years and men aged <56 years) will more effectively prevent premature mortality and compress morbidity to an older age.

Compensatory regulation of HDAC5 in muscle maintains metabolic adaptive responses and metabolism in response to energetic stress.

Some gene deletions or mutations have little effect on metabolism and metabolic adaptation because of redundancy and/or compensation in metabolic pathways. The mechanisms for redundancy and/or compensation in metabolic adaptation in mammalian cells are unidentified. Here, we show that in mouse muscle and myogenic cells, compensatory regulation of the histone deacetylase (HDAC5) transcriptional repressor maintains metabolic integrity. HDAC5 phosphorylation regulated the expression of diverse metabolic genes and glucose metabolism in mouse C2C12 myogenic cells. However, loss of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a HDAC5 kinase, in muscle did not affect HDAC5 phosphorylation in mouse skeletal muscle during exercise, but resulted in a compensatory increase (32.6%) in the activation of protein kinase D (PKD), an alternate HDAC5 kinase. Constitutive PKD activation in mouse C2C12 myogenic cells regulated metabolic genes and glucose metabolism. Although aspects of this response were HDAC5 phosphorylation dependent, blocking HDAC5 phosphorylation when PKD was active engaged an alternative compensatory adaptive mechanism, which involved post-transcriptional reductions in HDAC5 mRNA (-93.1%) and protein. This enhanced the expression of a specific subset of metabolic genes and mitochondrial metabolism. These data show that compensatory regulation of HDAC5 maintains metabolic integrity in mammalian cells and reinforces the importance of preserving the cellular metabolic adaptive response.

Prorenin stimulates a pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory response in retinal endothelial cells and an M1 phenotype in retinal microglia.

Angiogenesis and inflammation are causative factors in the development of neovascular retinopathies. These processes involve the retinal endothelium and the retinal immune cells, microglia. The renin-angiotensin system contributes to retinal injury via the actions of the type 1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R). However, it has been suggested that prorenin, the initiator of the renin-angiotensin system cascade, influences retinal injury independently from the AT1R. We evaluated whether prorenin induced a pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory response in retinal endothelial cells and a pro-inflammatory phenotype in retinal microglia. Primary cultures of retinal endothelial cells and microglia were studied. Rat recombinant prorenin (2 nmol/L) stimulated the proliferation and tubulogenesis of retinal endothelial cells; it increased the levels of pro-angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1, and tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains, and pro-inflammatory factors, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, relative to the controls. The messenger RNA levels of the (pro)renin receptor were also increased. These effects occurred in the presence of the AT1R blocker candesartan (10 µmol/L) and the renin inhibitor aliskiren (10 µmol/L). Microglia, which express the (pro)renin receptor, elicited an activated phenotype when exposed to prorenin, which was characterized by increased levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1ß and by decreased levels of interleukin-10 and arginase-1 relative to controls. Candesartan did not influence the effects of prorenin on retinal microglia. In conclusion, prorenin has distinct pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory effects on retinal cells that are independent of the AT1R, indicating the potential importance of prorenin in retinopathy.

The operating surgeon is an independent predictor of chest tube drainage following cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Bleeding into the chest is a major cause of blood transfusion and adverse outcomes following cardiac surgery. The authors investigated predictors of bleeding following cardiac surgery to identify potentially correctable factors. DESIGN: Data were retrieved from the medical records of patients undergoing cardiac surgery over the period of 2002 to 2008. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of chest tube drainage. SETTING: Tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand five hundred seventy-five patients. INTERVENTIONS: Cardiac surgery. RESULTS: The individual operating surgeon was independently associated with the extent of chest tube drainage. Other independent factors included internal mammary artery grafting, cardiopulmonary bypass time, urgency of surgery, tricuspid valve surgery, redo surgery, left ventricular impairment, male gender, lower body mass index and higher preoperative hemoglobin levels. Both a history of diabetes and administration of aprotinin were associated with reduced levels of chest tube drainage. CONCLUSIONS: The individual operating surgeon was an independent predictor of the extent of chest tube drainage. Attention to surgeon-specific factors offers the possibility of reduced bleeding, fewer transfusions, and improved patient outcomes.

Associations between fearlessness about death and suicidal ideation in individuals with psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Despite high rates of suicide among people with psychosis, relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying the transition from suicidal ideation to behavior in this population. The Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS) proposes that fearlessness about death (FAD) may play a role in this relationship. The present study tested whether constructs of the IPTS [thwarted belongingness (TB), perceived burdensomeness (PB), and FAD] were associated with the severity of suicidal ideation in a sample of adults with histories of psychosis. METHOD: 261 adults with histories of psychosis completed measures of IPTS constructs, current severity of suicidal ideation, and history of suicidal attempts. We examined differences between those with past suicide attempts and those without and conducted regression analyses to evaluate the associations among TB, PB, FAD and severity of current suicidal ideation. RESULTS: Contrary to expectations, a history of suicidal behavior was not uniquely associated with FAD. Regression analyses revealed TB × PB and FAD × PB interactions emerged as significant correlates of the severity of suicidal ideation, with the relationship between PB and suicidal ideation more pronounced at higher levels of FAD and TB. Interestingly, positive symptoms of psychosis were positively associated with PB. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides support for broadening the investigation of FAD as a contributor to suicidal ideation in individuals with psychotic symptoms. Future research investigating the role of other contributors that may influence capability for suicide (e.g., impulsivity) may add additional understanding of suicide in this population.

The association of blood transfusion with mortality after cardiac surgery: cause or confounding? (CME).

BACKGROUND: Bleeding into the chest is a life-threatening complication of cardiac surgery. Blood transfusion has been implicated as an important cause of harm associated with bleeding, based largely on studies demonstrating an independent association between transfusion and mortality. These studies did not, however, consider the possibility that bleeding may in itself be harmful, inasmuch as drains are inefficient at clearing blood from the chest and retained blood may compromise cardiac and lung function. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We undertook a multivariate logistic regression analysis of the risk factors associated with mortality in 2599 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Unlike previous studies the risk factors examined included the volume of chest tube drainage at 24 hours. A stratified analysis was also undertaken that compared the adjusted risk of death for patients exposed or not exposed to a postoperative blood transfusion. RESULTS: Blood transfusion was not an independent predictor of mortality (p=0.4). Chest tube drainage was the strongest independent predictor of mortality (p<0.001). In the stratified analysis, chest tube drainage remained an independent predictor of mortality for patients not exposed to a blood transfusion (p<0.01). Furthermore, the risk of death of these patients was no different from patients exposed to a blood transfusion (p=0.7 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS: Our results argue that for patients undergoing cardiac surgery bleeding contributes to mortality through mechanisms unrelated to blood transfusion.

Do intravenous and subcutaneous angiotensin II increase blood pressure by different mechanisms?

Angiotensin (Ang) II plays a key role in blood pressure regulation. Mechanisms of the pressor effect of chronic intravenous AngII administration include vasoconstriction, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and aldosterone production, as well as direct effects on renal excretion of sodium and water. Chronic AngII administration by subcutaneous minipump at doses higher than required to increase blood pressure by the intravenous route has identified additional pressor mechanisms, including the immune system, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. However, pressor doses of subcutaneous AngII may exceed the angiotensinogen synthesis rate and produce inflammation, fibrosis and necrosis of skin overlying the minipump. Evidence that chronic subcutaneous and intravenous AngII increase blood pressure by different mechanisms includes the prevention of the pressor effects of subcutaneous, but not intravenous, AngII by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Furthermore, low doses of subcutaneous AngII reduce blood pressure of female, but not male, rodents and higher doses are less pressor in females than in males, whereas intravenous AngII is equally pressor in males and females. Pressor doses of chronic subcutaneous AngII produce greater weight loss, anorexia and reduced kidney weight and cause greater vascular, cardiac and renal pathology than equally pressor doses of chronic intravenous AngII. The different effects of chronic intravenous and subcutaneous AngII suggest that these two models of hypertension give different information and may differ in their relevance to blood pressure regulation in physiological and pathological states such as hypertension in humans.

Help-seeking from clergy and spiritual counselors among veterans with depression and PTSD in primary care.

Little is known about the prevalence or predictors of seeking help for depression and PTSD from spiritual counselors and clergy. We describe openness to and actual help-seeking from spiritual counselors among primary care patients with depression. We screened consecutive VA primary care patients for depression; 761 Veterans with probable major depression participated in telephone surveys (at baseline, 7 months, and 18 months). Participants were asked about (1) openness to seeking help for emotional problems from spiritual counselors/clergy and (2) actual contact with spiritual counselors/clergy in the past 6 months. At baseline, almost half of the participants, 359 (47.2%), endorsed being "very" or "somewhat likely" to seek help for emotional problems from spiritual counselors; 498 (65.4%) were open to a primary care provider, 486 (63.9%) to a psychiatrist, and 409 (66.5%) to another type of mental health provider. Ninety-one participants (12%) reported actual spiritual counselor/clergy consultation. Ninety-five (10.3%) participants reported that their VA providers had recently asked them about spiritual support; the majority of these found this discussion helpful. Participants with current PTSD symptoms, and those with a mental health visit in the past 6 months, were more likely to report openness to and actual help-seeking from clergy. Veterans with depression and PTSD are amenable to receiving help from spiritual counselors/clergy and other providers. Integration of spiritual counselors/clergy into care teams may be helpful to Veterans with PTSD. Training of such providers to address PTSD specifically may also be desirable.

Prediction of cardiovascular death and non-fatal cardiovascular events by the Kidney age-Chronological age Difference (KCD) score in men and women of different ages in a community-based cohort.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the utility of the Kidney age-Chronological age Difference (KCD) score, an age-adapted measure of kidney function, to identify increased cardiovascular (CV) death or non-fatal CV event risk in participants of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab), a community-based cohort aged 23-95 years. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: 11205 randomly selected participants from urban and nonurban areas across Australia. OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality status and underlying and contributory causes of death obtained from the Australian National Death Index, and non-fatal CV events from adjudicated hospital records. The association of CV death or non-fatal CV event risk with KCD score was examined using penalised spline curve analysis. RESULTS: Of 11 180 participants with serum creatinine measurement at baseline and 5-year outcome data, there were 308 CV deaths or non-fatal CV events after 5 years. Penalised spline curve analysis showed similar progressive increase in CV death or non-fatal CV event risk with increasing KCD score in men and women, and participants aged <50 years to ≥80 years. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed optimal discrimination at a KCD score ≥20 years (KCD20) for all participants. Among 148 participants aged<70 years with CV death or non-fatal CV event, KCD20 identified 24 (16%) participants, whereas estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 identified 8 (5%) participants (p=0.0001), with specificities of 95% and 99%, respectively (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: KCD20 predicted CV death or non-fatal CV event risk similarly in men and women of different ages in this population-based cohort. The higher sensitivity for prediction of CV death or non-fatal CV event risk in participants aged <70 years by KCD20 than by eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 offers opportunity for earlier renoprotective therapy in individuals with eGFR-associated increased CV death or non-fatal CV event risk.