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1.
Cell ; 174(4): 818-830.e11, 2018 08 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30057113

RESUMO

Rtt109 is a unique histone acetyltransferase acetylating histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56), a modification critical for DNA replication-coupled nucleosome assembly and genome stability. In cells, histone chaperone Asf1 is essential for H3K56 acetylation, yet the mechanisms for H3K56 specificity and Asf1 requirement remain unknown. We have determined the crystal structure of the Rtt109-Asf1-H3-H4 complex and found that unwinding of histone H3 αN, where K56 is normally located, and stabilization of the very C-terminal ß strand of histone H4 by Asf1 are prerequisites for H3K56 acetylation. Unexpectedly, an interaction between Rtt109 and the central helix of histone H3 is also required. The observed multiprotein, multisite substrate recognition mechanism among histone modification enzymes provides mechanistic understandings of Rtt109 and Asf1 in H3K56 acetylation, as well as valuable insights into substrate recognition by histone modification enzymes in general.


Assuntos
Aspergillus fumigatus/metabolismo , Histona Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Histonas/química , Lisina/metabolismo , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Acetilação , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Histona Acetiltransferases/química , Histonas/metabolismo , Lisina/química , Chaperonas Moleculares/química , Conformação Proteica , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Homologia de Sequência , Especificidade por Substrato
2.
Cell ; 167(3): 858-870.e19, 2016 Oct 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27720450

RESUMO

Even a simple sensory stimulus can elicit distinct innate behaviors and sequences. During sensorimotor decisions, competitive interactions among neurons that promote distinct behaviors must ensure the selection and maintenance of one behavior, while suppressing others. The circuit implementation of these competitive interactions is still an open question. By combining comprehensive electron microscopy reconstruction of inhibitory interneuron networks, modeling, electrophysiology, and behavioral studies, we determined the circuit mechanisms that contribute to the Drosophila larval sensorimotor decision to startle, explore, or perform a sequence of the two in response to a mechanosensory stimulus. Together, these studies reveal that, early in sensory processing, (1) reciprocally connected feedforward inhibitory interneurons implement behavioral choice, (2) local feedback disinhibition provides positive feedback that consolidates and maintains the chosen behavior, and (3) lateral disinhibition promotes sequence transitions. The combination of these interconnected circuit motifs can implement both behavior selection and the serial organization of behaviors into a sequence.


Assuntos
Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Drosophila melanogaster/fisiologia , Retroalimentação Sensorial/fisiologia , Mecanotransdução Celular/fisiologia , Células de Renshaw/fisiologia , Animais , Larva/fisiologia , Optogenética
3.
EMBO J ; 41(5): e109783, 2022 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35102600

RESUMO

Nucleosomes are disrupted transiently during eukaryotic transcription, yet the displaced histones must be retained and redeposited onto DNA, to preserve nucleosome density and associated histone modifications. Here, we show that the essential Spt5 processivity factor of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) plays a direct role in this process in budding yeast. Functional orthologues of eukaryotic Spt5 are present in archaea and bacteria, reflecting its universal role in RNA polymerase processivity. However, eukaryotic Spt5 is unique in having an acidic amino terminal tail (Spt5N) that is sandwiched between the downstream nucleosome and the upstream DNA that emerges from Pol II. We show that Spt5N contains a histone-binding motif that is required for viability in yeast cells and prevents loss of nucleosomal histones within actively transcribed regions. These findings indicate that eukaryotic Spt5 combines two essential activities, which together couple processive transcription to the efficient capture and re-deposition of nucleosomal histones.


Assuntos
Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Histonas/genética , RNA Polimerase II/genética , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Fatores de Elongação da Transcrição/genética , Nucleossomos/genética , Ligação Proteica/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética
4.
Mol Cell ; 72(1): 140-151.e3, 2018 10 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30244834

RESUMO

Although essential for epigenetic inheritance, the transfer of parental histone (H3-H4)2 tetramers that contain epigenetic modifications to replicating DNA strands is poorly understood. Here, we show that the Mcm2-Ctf4-Polα axis facilitates the transfer of parental (H3-H4)2 tetramers to lagging-strand DNA at replication forks. Mutating the conserved histone-binding domain of the Mcm2 subunit of the CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) DNA helicase, which translocates along the leading-strand template, results in a marked enrichment of parental (H3-H4)2 on leading strand, due to the impairment of the transfer of parental (H3-H4)2 to lagging strands. Similar effects are observed in Ctf4 and Polα primase mutants that disrupt the connection of the CMG helicase to Polα that resides on lagging-strand template. Our results support a model whereby parental (H3-H4)2 complexes displaced from nucleosomes by DNA unwinding at replication forks are transferred by the CMG-Ctf4-Polα complex to lagging-strand DNA for nucleosome assembly at the original location.


Assuntos
DNA Polimerase III/genética , Replicação do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina/genética , DNA Helicases/genética , Epigênese Genética , Histonas/genética , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Nucleossomos/genética , Ligação Proteica , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética
5.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 118(38)2021 09 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34531325

RESUMO

In response to DNA replication stress, DNA replication checkpoint kinase Mec1 phosphorylates Mrc1, which in turn activates Rad53 to prevent the generation of deleterious single-stranded DNA, a process that remains poorly understood. We previously reported that lagging-strand DNA synthesis proceeds farther than leading strand in rad53-1 mutant cells defective in replication checkpoint under replication stress, resulting in the exposure of long stretches of the leading-strand templates. Here, we show that asymmetric DNA synthesis is also observed in mec1-100 and mrc1-AQ cells defective in replication checkpoint but, surprisingly, not in mrc1∆ cells in which both DNA replication and checkpoint functions of Mrc1 are missing. Furthermore, depletion of either Mrc1 or its partner, Tof1, suppresses the asymmetric DNA synthesis in rad53-1 mutant cells. Thus, the DNA replication checkpoint pathway couples leading- and lagging-strand DNA synthesis by attenuating the replication function of Mrc1-Tof1 under replication stress.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Quinase do Ponto de Checagem 2/metabolismo , Replicação do DNA/fisiologia , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Quinase do Ponto de Checagem 2/genética , Replicação do DNA/genética , DNA Fúngico/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Fosforilação , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomycetales/genética , Saccharomycetales/metabolismo
6.
Nature ; 548(7666): 175-182, 2017 08 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28796202

RESUMO

Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a complete wiring diagram of a higher-order circuit supporting associative memory has not been previously available. Here we reconstruct one such circuit at synaptic resolution, the Drosophila larval mushroom body. We find that most Kenyon cells integrate random combinations of inputs but that a subset receives stereotyped inputs from single projection neurons. This organization maximizes performance of a model output neuron on a stimulus discrimination task. We also report a novel canonical circuit in each mushroom body compartment with previously unidentified connections: reciprocal Kenyon cell to modulatory neuron connections, modulatory neuron to output neuron connections, and a surprisingly high number of recurrent connections between Kenyon cells. Stereotyped connections found between output neurons could enhance the selection of learned behaviours. The complete circuit map of the mushroom body should guide future functional studies of this learning and memory centre.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Conectoma , Drosophila melanogaster/citologia , Drosophila melanogaster/fisiologia , Memória/fisiologia , Animais , Retroalimentação Fisiológica , Feminino , Larva/citologia , Larva/fisiologia , Corpos Pedunculados/citologia , Corpos Pedunculados/fisiologia , Vias Neurais , Sinapses/metabolismo
7.
PLoS Genet ; 16(2): e1008589, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32059010

RESUMO

Nervous systems have the ability to select appropriate actions and action sequences in response to sensory cues. The circuit mechanisms by which nervous systems achieve choice, stability and transitions between behaviors are still incompletely understood. To identify neurons and brain areas involved in controlling these processes, we combined a large-scale neuronal inactivation screen with automated action detection in response to a mechanosensory cue in Drosophila larva. We analyzed behaviors from 2.9x105 larvae and identified 66 candidate lines for mechanosensory responses out of which 25 for competitive interactions between actions. We further characterize in detail the neurons in these lines and analyzed their connectivity using electron microscopy. We found the neurons in the mechanosensory network are located in different regions of the nervous system consistent with a distributed model of sensorimotor decision-making. These findings provide the basis for understanding how selection and transition between behaviors are controlled by the nervous system.


Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Ligação Competitiva , Mecanotransdução Celular/fisiologia , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/fisiologia , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Ligação Competitiva/fisiologia , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Mapeamento Encefálico , Sinais (Psicologia) , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Vias Neurais/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fenótipo
8.
Trends Biochem Sci ; 43(2): 136-148, 2018 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29292063

RESUMO

During S phase, replicated DNA must be assembled into nucleosomes using both newly synthesized and parental histones in a process that is tightly coupled to DNA replication. This DNA replication-coupled process is regulated by multitude of histone chaperones as well as by histone-modifying enzymes. In recent years novel insights into nucleosome assembly of new H3-H4 tetramers have been gained through studies on the classical histone chaperone CAF-1 and the identification of novel factors involved in this process. Moreover, in vitro reconstitution of chromatin replication has shed light on nucleosome assembly of parental H3-H4, a process that remains elusive. Finally, recent studies have revealed that the replication-coupled nucleosome assembly is important for the determination and maintenance of cell fate in multicellular organisms.


Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/genética , Linhagem da Célula/genética , Replicação do DNA , Epigênese Genética , Nucleossomos/genética , Nucleossomos/metabolismo , Animais , Chaperonas de Histonas/genética , Chaperonas de Histonas/metabolismo , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Nucleossomos/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/citologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo
9.
Nat Methods ; 16(9): 870-874, 2019 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31384047

RESUMO

Light-sheet imaging of cleared and expanded samples creates terabyte-sized datasets that consist of many unaligned three-dimensional image tiles, which must be reconstructed before analysis. We developed the BigStitcher software to address this challenge. BigStitcher enables interactive visualization, fast and precise alignment, spatially resolved quality estimation, real-time fusion and deconvolution of dual-illumination, multitile, multiview datasets. The software also compensates for optical effects, thereby improving accuracy and enabling subsequent biological analysis.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Microscopia de Fluorescência/métodos , Software , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans , Drosophila , Feminino , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Camundongos
10.
Rev Esp Enferm Dig ; 114(2): 120-121, 2022 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34470455

RESUMO

We present the case of an 82-year-old male with a medical history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, ischemic heart disease and iron deficiency anemia. He was under therapy with hydralazine, furosemide, amlodipine, valsartan, nitroglycerin patches, bisoprolol, omeprazole, doxazosin, human insulin and oral iron. The patient presented at our institution with melena. Initial gastroscopy showed fresh blood and a gastric angiodysplasia that was treated with argon plasma coagulation (APC). Three months later, he suffered a new episode of bleeding and a small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) was subsequently indicated.


Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva , Angiodisplasia , Endoscopia por Cápsula , Doenças do Colo , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anemia Ferropriva/complicações , Angiodisplasia/complicações , Angiodisplasia/diagnóstico por imagem , Endoscopia por Cápsula/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Colo/complicações , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/terapia , Humanos , Intestino Delgado , Masculino
11.
BMC Gastroenterol ; 21(1): 334, 2021 Aug 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34445965

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 may produce intestinal symptoms that are generally mild, with a small percentage of patients developing more severe symptoms. The involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in the physiopathology of bowel damage is poorly known. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a useful tool that provides an understanding of SARS-CoV-2 invasiveness, replication and dissemination in body cells but information outside the respiratory tract is very limited. We report two cases of severe intestinal complications (intestinal lymphoma and ischaemic colitis) in which the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in intestinal tissue was confirmed by TEM. These are the first two cases reported in the literature of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated by TEM in intestinal tissue after COVID 19 recovery and SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal clearance. CASE PRESENTATION: During the first pandemic peak (1st March-30th April 2020) 932 patients were admitted in Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa due to COVID-19, 41 (4.4%) required cross-sectional imaging techniques to assess severe abdominal pain and six of them (0.64%) required surgical resection. SARS-CoV-2 in bowel tissue was demonstrated by TEM in two of these patients. The first case presented as an ileocaecal inflammatory mass which turned to be a B-cell lymphoma. Viral particles were found in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of damaged mucosa. In situ hybridization was negative in tumour cells, thus ruling out an oncogenic role for the virus. SARS-CoV-2 remained in intestinal tissue 6 months after nasopharyngeal clearance, suggesting latent infection. The second patient had a severe ischaemic colitis with perforation and SARS-CoV-2 was also identified in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Severe intestinal complications associated with COVID-19 are uncommon. SARS-CoV-2 was identified by TEM in two cases, suggesting a causal role in bowel damage.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Dor Abdominal , Células Endoteliais , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão
12.
Nature ; 520(7549): 633-9, 2015 Apr 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25896325

RESUMO

Natural events present multiple types of sensory cues, each detected by a specialized sensory modality. Combining information from several modalities is essential for the selection of appropriate actions. Key to understanding multimodal computations is determining the structural patterns of multimodal convergence and how these patterns contribute to behaviour. Modalities could converge early, late or at multiple levels in the sensory processing hierarchy. Here we show that combining mechanosensory and nociceptive cues synergistically enhances the selection of the fastest mode of escape locomotion in Drosophila larvae. In an electron microscopy volume that spans the entire insect nervous system, we reconstructed the multisensory circuit supporting the synergy, spanning multiple levels of the sensory processing hierarchy. The wiring diagram revealed a complex multilevel multimodal convergence architecture. Using behavioural and physiological studies, we identified functionally connected circuit nodes that trigger the fastest locomotor mode, and others that facilitate it, and we provide evidence that multiple levels of multimodal integration contribute to escape mode selection. We propose that the multilevel multimodal convergence architecture may be a general feature of multisensory circuits enabling complex input-output functions and selective tuning to ecologically relevant combinations of cues.


Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster/citologia , Drosophila melanogaster/fisiologia , Locomoção , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Central/citologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Drosophila melanogaster/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Interneurônios/metabolismo , Larva/citologia , Larva/fisiologia , Neurônios Motores/metabolismo , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Sinapses/metabolismo
14.
Rev Esp Enferm Dig ; 113(7): 545-546, 2021 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33611920

RESUMO

A 71-year-old woman with stage IV follicular lymphoma in complete remission since 2006. In March 2019, chemotherapy treatment was initiated due to a relapse with pulmonary involvement. At three months, the patient presented a bad general condition and fever. A positron emission tomography (PET) showed abnormal metabolic activity in the left adrenal gland (AG), suggestive of lymphoma recurrence.


Assuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus , Linfoma , Glândulas Suprarrenais , Idoso , Feminino , Fluordesoxiglucose F18 , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons
15.
Bioinformatics ; 33(15): 2424-2426, 2017 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28369169

RESUMO

SUMMARY: State-of-the-art light and electron microscopes are capable of acquiring large image datasets, but quantitatively evaluating the data often involves manually annotating structures of interest. This process is time-consuming and often a major bottleneck in the evaluation pipeline. To overcome this problem, we have introduced the Trainable Weka Segmentation (TWS), a machine learning tool that leverages a limited number of manual annotations in order to train a classifier and segment the remaining data automatically. In addition, TWS can provide unsupervised segmentation learning schemes (clustering) and can be customized to employ user-designed image features or classifiers. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: TWS is distributed as open-source software as part of the Fiji image processing distribution of ImageJ at http://imagej.net/Trainable_Weka_Segmentation . CONTACT: ignacio.arganda@ehu.eus. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


Assuntos
Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Microscopia/métodos , Software , Animais , Drosophila/anatomia & histologia , Drosophila/ultraestrutura
16.
Methods ; 115: 119-127, 2017 02 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28108198

RESUMO

In this paper, we present a novel error measure to compare a computer-generated segmentation of images or volumes against ground truth. This measure, which we call Tolerant Edit Distance (TED), is motivated by two observations that we usually encounter in biomedical image processing: (1) Some errors, like small boundary shifts, are tolerable in practice. Which errors are tolerable is application dependent and should be explicitly expressible in the measure. (2) Non-tolerable errors have to be corrected manually. The effort needed to do so should be reflected by the error measure. Our measure is the minimal weighted sum of split and merge operations to apply to one segmentation such that it resembles another segmentation within specified tolerance bounds. This is in contrast to other commonly used measures like Rand index or variation of information, which integrate small, but tolerable, differences. Additionally, the TED provides intuitive numbers and allows the localization and classification of errors in images or volumes. We demonstrate the applicability of the TED on 3D segmentations of neurons in electron microscopy images where topological correctness is arguable more important than exact boundary locations. Furthermore, we show that the TED is not just limited to evaluation tasks. We use it as the loss function in a max-margin learning framework to find parameters of an automatic neuron segmentation algorithm. We show that training to minimize the TED, i.e., to minimize crucial errors, leads to higher segmentation accuracy compared to other learning methods.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/ultraestrutura , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/estatística & dados numéricos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Microscopia Eletrônica/estatística & dados numéricos , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Reconhecimento Automatizado de Padrão/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Córtex Cerebral/anatomia & histologia , Drosophila melanogaster/citologia , Drosophila melanogaster/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Camundongos , Neurônios/citologia
17.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 112(2): E220-9, 2015 Jan 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25550513

RESUMO

Complex animal behaviors are built from dynamical relationships between sensory inputs, neuronal activity, and motor outputs in patterns with strategic value. Connecting these patterns illuminates how nervous systems compute behavior. Here, we study Drosophila larva navigation up temperature gradients toward preferred temperatures (positive thermotaxis). By tracking the movements of animals responding to fixed spatial temperature gradients or random temperature fluctuations, we calculate the sensitivity and dynamics of the conversion of thermosensory inputs into motor responses. We discover three thermosensory neurons in each dorsal organ ganglion (DOG) that are required for positive thermotaxis. Random optogenetic stimulation of the DOG thermosensory neurons evokes behavioral patterns that mimic the response to temperature variations. In vivo calcium and voltage imaging reveals that the DOG thermosensory neurons exhibit activity patterns with sensitivity and dynamics matched to the behavioral response. Temporal processing of temperature variations carried out by the DOG thermosensory neurons emerges in distinct motor responses during thermotaxis.


Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Drosophila melanogaster/fisiologia , Termorreceptores/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Sinalização do Cálcio , Gânglios/fisiologia , Larva/fisiologia , Locomoção/fisiologia , Optogenética , Sensação Térmica/fisiologia
20.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact ; 30(5): 385-398, 2017 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28430017

RESUMO

Metal ions are essential elements for all living organisms. However, metals can be toxic when present in excess. In plants, metal homeostasis is partly achieved through the function of metal transporters, including the diverse natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP). Among them, the OsNramp6 gene encodes a previously uncharacterized member of the rice NRAMP family that undergoes alternative splicing to produce different NRAMP6 proteins. In this work, we determined the metal transport activity and biological role of the full-length and the shortest NRAMP6 proteins (l-NRAMP6 and s-NRAMP6, respectively). Both l-NRAMP6 and s-NRAMP6 are plasma membrane-localized proteins that function as iron and manganese transporters. The expression of l-Nramp6 and s-Nramp6 is regulated during infection with the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, albeit with different kinetics. Rice plants grown under high iron supply show stronger induction of rice defense genes and enhanced resistance to M. oryzae infection. Also, loss of function of OsNramp6 results in enhanced resistance to M. oryzae, supporting the idea that OsNramp6 negatively regulates rice immunity. Furthermore, nramp6 plants showed reduced biomass, pointing to a role of OsNramp6 in plant growth. A better understanding of OsNramp6-mediated mechanisms underlying disease resistance in rice will help in developing appropriate strategies for crop protection.


Assuntos
Resistência à Doença , Ferro/metabolismo , Manganês/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Oryza/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Biomassa , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Inativação Gênica , Teste de Complementação Genética , Magnaporthe/fisiologia , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/química , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação/genética , Oryza/genética , Oryza/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Transporte Proteico , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo
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