Controlled mitral valvuloplasty using steerable catheter- waist- formed balloon system: A clinical case series.

As the general population ages, the incidence of degenerative mitral stenosis (MS) among patients has increased. Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) has emerged as a well-established option for mitral rheumatic stenosis with specific characteristics. However, a blank therapeutic space must be filled with the treatment options for degenerative or rheumatic mitral stenosis in patients with many comorbidities and contraindication for valvuloplasty. We here present a comprehensive overview of the current possibilities, despite their scarce success. That is the reason why we propose a case series to facilitate a better understanding of our innovative technique in this challenging clinical context.

The safety of transesophageal echocardiography to guide transcatheter tricuspid valve edge-to-edge repair.

BACKGROUND: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is primarily used to guide transcatheter structural heart interventions, such as tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). Although TEE has a good safety profile, it is still an invasive imaging technique that may be associated with complications, especially when performed during long transcatheter procedures or on frail patients. The aim of this study was to assess TEE-related complications during tricuspid TEER. METHODS: This is a prospective study enrolling 53 patients who underwent tricuspid TEER for severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR). TEE-related complications were assessed clinically and divided into major (life-threatening, major bleeding requiring transfusions or surgery, organ perforation, and persistent dysphagia) and minor (perioral hypesthesia, < 24 h dysphagia/odynophagia, minor intraoral bleeding and hematemesis not requiring transfusion) RESULTS: The median age of the patient population was 79 years; 43.4% had severe, 39.6% massive, and 17.6% torrential TR. 62.3% of patients suffered from upper gastrointestinal disorders. Acute procedural success (APS) was achieved in 88.7% in a median device time of 36 min. A negative association was shown between APS and lead-induced etiology (r = -.284, p = .040), baseline TR grade (r = -.410, p = .002), suboptimal TEE view (r = -.349, p = .012), device time (r = -.234, p = .043), and leaflet detachment (r = -.496, p < .0001). We did not observe any clinical manifest major or minor TEE-related complications during the hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reinforces the good safety profile and efficacy of TEE guidance during tricuspid TEER. Adequate preoperative management and intraprocedural precautions are mandatory in order to avoid serious complications. Furthermore, suboptimal intraprocedural TEE views are associated with lower TR reduction rates. HIGHLIGHTS: Transesophageal echocardiography is a crucial and safe technique for guiding transcatheter structural heart interventions. A mix of mid/deep esophageal and trans gastric views, as well as real-time 3D imaging is generally used to guide the procedure. Adequate preoperative management and intraprocedural precautions are mandatory in order to avoid serious problems. A shorter device time is associated with more rarely probe-related complications. Suboptimal intraprocedural TEE views are associated with lower TR reduction rates.

The butterfly effect: Restoring the tricuspid coaptation after clipping the antero-septal commissure.

Edge-to-edge tricuspid transcatheter repair requires extensive echocardiographic planning before the procedure. Sometimes, anatomic features may anticipate a suboptimal result. For this reason, a tailored strategy is the key to the procedural success. We report a case of massive tricuspid regurgitation due to multiple complex mechanisms that was successfully treated by clipping the antero-septal commissure to restore functional coaptation of the valve leaflets at multiple sites.

A sudden right-to-left shunt: the importance of evaluating patent foramen ovale during exercise.

A 55-year-old male affected by heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and a history of a transient cerebrovascular accident was accepted to the Cardiology Department for worsening dyspnea. A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed after therapy optimization to further evaluate exercise intolerance. A rapid increase in the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope, end-tidal oxygen pressure, and respiratory exchange ratio, with a concomitant decrease in end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure and oxygen saturation, were observed during the test. These findings indicate exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension leading to a right-to-left shunt. Subsequent echocardiography with a bubble test unveiled the presence of an unknown patent foramen ovale. It is, therefore, necessary to exclude a right-to-left shunt by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, particularly in patients predisposed to develop pulmonary hypertension during exercise. Indeed, this eventuality might potentially provoke severe cardiovascular embolisms. However, the patent foramen ovale closure in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is still debated because of its potential hemodynamic worsening.

Emerging from the Darkness. Sudden Cardiac Death in Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) manifests as infiltrative cardiomyopathy with a hypertrophic pattern, usually presenting with heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. In addition, degenerative valvular heart disease, particularly severe aortic stenosis, is commonly seen in patients with CA. However, amyloid fibril deposition might also infiltrate the conduction system and promote the development of electrical disorders, including ventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrio-ventricular block or acute electromechanical dissociation. These manifestations can increase the risk of sudden cardiac death. This review summarises the pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors for sudden cardiac death in CA and focuses on the major current concerns regarding medical and device management in this challenging scenario.

Early GLS changes detection after chemoradiation in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

PURPOSE: Chemoradiation is the standard treatment in patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC), and thanks to the recent combination with immunotherapy, median survival has unexpectedly improved. This study aims to evaluate early changes in cardiac function after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in LA-NSCLC by multimodal use of advanced imaging techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective, observational cohort study. At the beginning of combined treatment, screening tests including blood samples, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiographic examination (TTE), and cardiac magnetic resonance were performed in all patients with LA-NSCLC. ECG and cardiac marker assays were performed weekly during treatment. ECG and TTE were performed at month 1 (M1) and month 3 (M3) after the end of CRT. RESULTS: This preliminary analysis included thirty-four patients with a mean age of 69.5 years. The median follow-up was 27.8 months. 62% of patients were in stage IIIA. Radiation therapy was delivered with a median total dose of 60 Gy with conventional fractionation. All patients were treated with concurrent CRT, and 65% of cases were platinum-based therapy. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) and ejection fraction (EF) progressively decreased from baseline to M1 and M3. There was a strong correlation between GLS and EF reduction (at M1: p = 0.034; at M3: p = 0.018). Cardiac arrhythmias occurred in eight patients (23.5%) at a mean follow-up of 15.8 months after CRT. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction in GLS is an early sign occurring after the end of CRT for LA-NSCLC. Future studies are needed to identify variables that can increase the risk of cardiac events in this patient population to implement adequate damage prevention strategies.

Cardiotoxicity of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CAR-T) Therapy: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Echocardiographic Assessment.

Contemporary anticancer immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has dramatically changed the treatment of many hematologic malignancies previously associated with poor prognosis. The clinical improvement and the survival benefit unveiled the risk of cardiotoxicity, ranging from minimal effects to severe cardiac adverse events, including death. Immunotherapy should also be proposed even in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors, thereby increasing the potential harm of cardiotoxicity. CAR-T therapy frequently results in cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and inflammatory activation is sustained by circulating cytokines that foster a positive feedback mechanism. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of CAR-T cardiotoxicity might significantly improve outcomes and reduce the burden associated with cardiovascular complications. Clinical and echocardiographic examinations are crucial to perform a tailored evaluation and follow-up during CAR-T treatment. This review aims to summarize the pathophysiology, clinical implications, and echocardiographic assessment of CAR-T-related cardiotoxicity to enlighten new avenues for future research.

3D transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of acute reverse remodeling of the tricuspid annulus after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair.

AIMS: Our study aims to evaluate the acute remodeling of the tricuspid valve annulus immediately after the T-TEER by using intraprocedural transesophageal three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively enrolled 62 consecutive symptomatic patients with at least severe TR, who underwent T-TEER with the TriClip System between March 2021 and June 2024. The following parameters were assessed using a multiplanar reconstruction analysis performed off-line using a 3D dataset: septal-lateral (SL) and antero-posterior (AP) annulus diameters; annulus area; annulus perimeter and eccentricity index.The acute procedural success was achieved in 85,5%. We observed an acute reduction in SL (from a median of 43 to 38 mm, p<0,0001), AP (from a median of 46 to 45 mm, p<0,0001), area (from a median of 17,9 to 15,95 cm2, p<0,0001), perimeter (from a median of 145,5 to 137 mm, p<0,0001) and eccentricity index (from 0,92 to 0,87, p<0,0001). The TV annulus was progressively larger in patients with higher residual TR. Analysis of the subgroups according to procedural success showed an acute inverse remodeling of the TV annulus independent of the acute procedural success. CONCLUSIONS: The TV geometry necessitates the use of 3D echocardiography for accurate assessment of annular remodeling post T-TEER. The reduction in TR grade and TV annulus dimensions begins immediately after TriClip implantation. Concurrently, the baseline TV geometry influences the procedural results.

Percutaneous Repair of Atrial Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation in Cardiac Amyloidosis: Combining Linear With Lateral Thinking.

Restrictive physiology, such as cardiac amyloidosis, compromises atrial and ventricular performance, often leading to "atrial" functional valvular regurgitation. While focusing on atrial functional tricuspid regurgitation we aimed at summarizing the pathophysiological characteristics of, and therapeutic options in, cardiac amyloidosis. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Functional Mitral and Tricuspid Regurgitation across the Whole Spectrum of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: Recognizing the Elephant in the Room of Heart Failure.

Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) and tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) occur due to cardiac remodeling in the presence of structurally normal valve apparatus. Two main mechanisms are involved, distinguishing an atrial functional form (when annulus dilatation is predominant) and a ventricular form (when ventricular remodeling and dysfunction predominate). Both affect the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF) across the entire spectrum of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), including preserved (HFpEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF), or reduced (HFrEF). Currently, data on the management of functional valve regurgitation in the various HF phenotypes are limited. This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of FMR and FTR within the different patterns of HF, as defined by LVEF.

Watchful surgery in asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse.

The most common organic etiology of mitral regurgitation is degenerative and consists of mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Volume overload because of mitral regurgitation is the most common complication of MVP. Advocating surgery before the consequences of volume overload become irreparable restores life expectancy, but carries a risk of mortality in patients who are often asymptomatic. On the other hand, the post-surgical outcome of symptomatic patients is dismal and life expectancy is impaired. In the present article, we aim to bridge the gap between these two therapeutic approaches, unifying the concepts of watchful waiting and early surgery in a "watchful surgery approach".

Tricuspid Valve Geometrical Changes in Patients with Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation: Insights from a CT Scan Analysis Focusing on Commissures.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac computed tomography (CT) provides important insights into the geometrical configuration of the tricuspid valve (TV). The purpose of the present study was to assess the geometrical changes of TV in patients with functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) using novel CT scan parameters and to correlate these findings with echocardiography. METHODS: This single-center study enrolled 86 patients undergoing cardiac CT and divided them into two groups according to the presence or not of severe TR (43 patients with TR ≥ 3+ and 43 controls). The measurements collected were as follows: TV annulus area and perimeter, septal-lateral and antero-posterior annulus diameters, eccentricity, distance between commissures, segment between the geometrical centroid and commissures, and the angles of commissures. RESULTS: We found a significant correlation between all annulus measurements and the grade of TR, except in regard to angles. TR ≥ 3+ patients had significantly larger TV annulus area and perimeter, larger septal-lateral, and antero-posterior annulus dimensions, as well as larger commissural distance and centroid-commissural distance. In patients with TR ≥ 3+ and controls, the eccentricity index predicted a circular shape and an oval shape of the annulus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These novel CT variables focusing on commissures increase the anatomical understanding of the TV apparatus and the TV geometrical changes in patients with severe functional TR.

Edge-to-Edge Repair for Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation. Preliminary Echo-Data and Clinical Implications from the Tricuspid Regurgitation IMAging (TRIMA) Study.

Background: The natural history of tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) is characterized by poor prognosis and high in-hospital mortality when treated with isolated surgery. We report the preliminary echocardiographic and procedural results of a prospective cohort of symptomatic patients with high to prohibitive surgical risk and at least severe TR who underwent transcatheter edge-to-edge repair through the TriClipTM system. Methods: From June 2020 to March 2022, 27 consecutive patients were screened, and 13 underwent transcatheter TriClipTM repair. In-hospital, 30-day and six-month clinical and echocardiographic outcomes were collected. Results: Nine patients had severe, three massive and one baseline torrential TR. Sustained TR reduction of ≥1 grade was achieved in all patients, of which 90% reached a moderate TR or less. On transthoracic echocardiographic examination, there were significant reductions in vena contracta width (p < 0.001), effective regurgitant orifice area (p < 0.001) and regurgitant volume (p < 0.001) between baseline and hospital discharge. We also observed a significant reduction in tricuspid annulus diameter (p < 0.001), right ventricular basal diameter (p = 0.001) and right atrial area (p = 0.026). Conclusion: Treatment with the edge-to-edge TriClip device is safe and effective. The resulting echocardiographic improvements indicate tricuspid valve leaflet approximation does not just significantly reduce the grade of TR but also affects adjacent structures and improves right ventricular afterload adaptation.

Novel Computed Tomography Variables for Assessing Tricuspid Valve Morphology: Results from the TRIMA (Tricuspid Regurgitation IMAging) Study.

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is the recommended imaging technique for defining the anatomical suitability for current transcatheter technologies and planning tricuspid valve (TV) intervention. The aim of the Tricuspid Regurgitation IMAging (TRIMA) study was to assess the geometrical characteristics of the TV complex using novel CT parameters. METHODS: This prospective, single-center study enrolled 22 consecutive patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation, who underwent a cardiac CT study dedicated to the right chambers. The following variables were obtained: annulus area and perimeter, septal-lateral and antero-posterior diameters, tenting height, and anatomical regurgitant orifice area. Moreover, the following novel annular parameters were assessed: distance between commissures, distance between TV centroid and commissures, and angles between centroid and commissures. RESULTS: A significant phasic variability during the cardiac cycle existed for all variables except for eccentricity, angles, and distance between the postero-septal and antero-posterior commissure and distance between the centroid and antero-posterior commissure. There was a significant relationship between the TV annulus area and novel annular parameters, except for annular angles. Additionally, novel annular variables were found to predict the annulus area. CONCLUSIONS: These novel additional variables may provide an initial platform from which the complexity of the TV annular morphology can continue to be better understood for further improving transcatheter therapies.

Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19, a deadly combination: A review about direct and indirect impact of a pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to present with respiratory symptoms, which can lead to severe pneumonia and respiratory failure. However, it can have multisystem complications such as cardiovascular manifestations. The cardiovascular manifestations reported comprise myocarditis, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, pulmonary embolism, deep vein embolism, acute heart failure, and myocardial infarction. There is also an indirect impact of the pandemic on the management of cardiovascular care that has been shown clearly in multiple publications. In this review, we summarize the deadly relation of COVID-19 with cardiovascular events and the wider impact on several cardiovascular care areas by the pandemic situation.

Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Therapy: From Anatomy to Intervention.

Nowadays, severe symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation (TR) affects millions of persons worldwide. However, the benefit of surgical correction of isolated secondary TR remains controversial because of the increased risk of periprocedural mortality and morbidity. In recent years, novel transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions (TTVI) were developed to treat TR, so that TTVI is currently considered in symptomatic, inoperable, anatomically eligible patients. TTVI can be divided into these five domains: edge-to-edge leaflet repair, tricuspid annuloplasty, caval implants, spacer, and total valve replacement. Each transcatheter intervention needs specific imaging protocols for assessing the anatomical feasibility and consequentially predicting the procedural success. This review summarizes the available multimodality imaging tools for screening patients with TR, and identifies anatomical characteristics to choose the best option for the patient.

The Central Role of Left Atrium in Heart Failure.

In past cardiovascular medicine, the attention to the left ventricle-identified as the only indicator and determinant of healthy or unhealthy cardiac conditions- has systematically hidden the role of the left atrium (LA). The recent advances in cardiovascular imaging have provided a better understanding of LA anatomy, physiology, and pathology, making us realize that this functional structure is far from being an innocent spectator. We now know that the LA's mechanical and neuro-hormonal properties play a relevant part in several cardiovascular diseases, including atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, and heart failure. The present review aims to describe the role of LA in the specific setting of heart failure. We provide currently available information on LA structure and function and summarize its role as a determinant of symptoms, prognosis, and potential therapeutic target in heart failure patients.

Platelet Effects of Anti-diabetic Therapies: New Perspectives in the Management of Patients with Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease.

In type 2 diabetes, anti-thrombotic management is challenging, and current anti-platelet agents have demonstrated reduced efficacy. Old and new anti-diabetic drugs exhibited-besides lowering blood glucose levels-direct and indirect effects on platelet function and on thrombotic milieu, eventually conditioning cardiovascular outcomes. The present review summarizes existing evidence on the effects of glucose-lowering agents on platelet properties, addressing pre-clinical and clinical research, as well as drug-drug interactions with anti-platelet agents. We aimed at expanding clinicians' understanding by highlighting new opportunities for an optimal management of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We suggest how an improvement of the thrombotic risk in this large population of patients may be achieved by a careful and tailored combination of anti-diabetic and anti-platelet therapies.

Current diagnostic ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: is it time to change paradigm in the analysis of data?

BACKGROUND: Twelve-lead ECG represents the most common diagnostic tool in clinical cardiology and allows an immediate screening of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), but current criteria might have poor clinical usefulness in everyday clinical practice due to lack of sensitivity. METHODS: The current study aims to review and compare the clinical performance of known ECG criteria of LVH in a real-life setting; 2134 patients had ECG and echocardiographic exams performed during the same hospitalization. All traces were retrospectively analysed, and the amplitudes of the waves were manually measured. Transthoracic echocardiography was considered as the gold standard to assess LVH. RESULTS: LVH had a prevalence of 58%. Considering the diagnostic performance of ECG criteria for LVH, the Cornell voltage carried the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.678), while RaVF (R wave in aVF lead) had the poorer result (0.440). The R5/R6 criterion had the best sensitivity (60%), but with the worst specificity (37.4%). The 'Q or S aVR' had the best specificity (99.9%) but lacks sensitivity (0.80%). The Peguero Lo Presti criterion had a sensitivity of 42.3% and a specificity of 75.8%. The Cornell voltage and the Cornell product had similar area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values which were found to be significantly greater compared with other criteria. CONCLUSION: Current ECG criteria of LVH have low sensitivity despite an acceptable specificity. Among these, Cornell voltage and Cornell product criteria were equally found to have a more accurate diagnostic performance compared with other criteria. To overcome the intrinsic limitations of the current ECG LVH criteria, a new paradigm in the analysis of electrocardiographic data might be necessary.

Changes of the coronary arteries and cardiac microvasculature with aging: Implications for translational research and clinical practice.

Aging results in functional and structural changes in the cardiovascular system, translating into a progressive increase of mechanical vessel stiffness, due to a combination of changes in micro-RNA expression patterns, autophagy, arterial calcification, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. The two pivotal mechanisms of aging-related endothelial dysfunction are oxidative stress and inflammation, even in the absence of clinical disease. A comprehensive understanding of the aging process is emerging as a primary concern in literature, as vascular aging has recently become a target for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Change of life-style, diet, antioxidant regimens, anti-inflammatory treatments, senolytic drugs counteract the pro-aging pathways or target senescent cells modulating their detrimental effects. Such therapies aim to reduce the ineluctable burden of age and contrast aging-associated cardiovascular dysfunction. This narrative review intends to summarize the macrovascular and microvascular changes related with aging, as a better understanding of the pathways leading to arterial aging may contribute to design new mechanism-based therapeutic approaches to attenuate the features of vascular senescence and its clinical impact on the cardiovascular system.