PPARß/δ directs the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To define how peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ß/δ expression level in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could predict and direct both their immunosuppressive and therapeutic properties. PPARß/δ interacts with factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and regulates the expression of molecules including vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Since these molecules are critical for MSC function, we investigated the role of PPARß/δ on MSC immunosuppressive properties. METHODS: We either treated human MSCs (hMSCs) with the irreversible PPARß/δ antagonist (GSK3787) or derived MSCs from mice deficient for PPARß/δ (PPARß/δ-/- MSCs). We used the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) as model of immune-mediated disorder and the MSC-immune cell coculture assays. RESULTS: Modulation of PPARß/δ expression in hMSCs either using GSK3787 or hMSCs from different origin reveals that MSC immunosuppressive potential is inversely correlated with Ppard expression. This was consistent with the higher capacity of PPARß/δ-/- MSCs to inhibit both the proliferation of T lymphocytes, in vitro, and arthritic development and progression in CIA compared with PPARß/δ+/+ MSCs. When primed with proinflammatory cytokines to exhibit an immunoregulatory phenotype, PPARß/δ-/- MSCs expressed a higher level of mediators of MSC immunosuppression including VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and nitric oxide (NO) than PPARß/δ+/+ MSCs. The enhanced NO2 production by PPARß/δ-/- MSCs was due to the increased retention of NF-κB p65 subunit on the κB elements of the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter resulting from PPARß/δ silencing. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to show that the inhibition or knockdown of PPARß/δ in MSCs primes their immunoregulatory functions. Thus, the regulation of PPARß/δ expression provides a new strategy to generate therapeutic MSCs with a stable regulatory phenotype.

[Postoperative delirium among older people]. / Delirium postoperatorio: una consecuencia del envejecimiento poblacional.

Delirium (acute confusional state) is a common and disabling complication among surgical older people. It is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Its incidence varies by type of intervention and it is associated with several complications such as functional impairment, cognitive dysfunction, prolonged hospitalization and institutionalization. These increase hospitalization costs and the risk of death. There are precipitating and predisposing risk factors, which increase the susceptibility for postoperative delirium. This condition should be considered as a syndrome of epidemiological importance, which needs to be prevented or treated in a timely manner through a multidisciplinary intervention. The perioperative care of elderly patients involves different medical specialties and is a subject of general knowledge.

[Development and validation of a clinical predictive model for delirium in hospitalized older people]. / Riesgo de delirium durante la hospitalización en personas mayores: desarrollo y validación de un modelo de predicción clínica.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is a prevalent problem among older patients and it is frequently underdiagnosed. AIM: To develop and validate a clinical predictive model to identify patients at high risk of delirium. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two consecutive prospective cohort studies were used to develop and validate the model. The development cohort included 542 consecutive medical inpatients, 65 years or older. The validation cohort included 85 comparable patients. A predictive score was constructed with a multivariate analysis, using variables independently associated with delirium and subsequently tested in the new cohort. Patients were assessed within the first 48 hours of admission, and every 48 hours thereafter, using the Confusion Assessment Method to diagnose delirium, evaluating also the severity of underlying disease, comorbidities, functionality, and laboratory data. RESULTS: Delirium occurred in 192 patients (35.4%) of the development cohort and was independently associated with age and functional status assessed using the Barthel Index. With these two variables, the predictive score for delirium was developed and tested rendering an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of 0.80 (confidence intervals 0.77-0.85). Cut-off points were chosen to establish low, intermediate, and high-risk groups for delirium. According to these cut-off points, delirium frequencies in the development cohort were 8%, 23%, and 69%, and in the validation cohort 5%, 34%, and 66%, respectively (c² p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This simple predictive model based on age and functional status may be a useful tool for identifying older patients risking delirium.

[Vitamin D levels in older healthy Chilean adults and their association with functional performance]. / Niveles de vitamina D en adultos mayores saludables chilenos y su relación con desempeño functional.

BACKGROUND: People over 60 years old are at risk of Vitamin D deficiency, which can affect functional performance, since this vitamin is involved in muscle function and protein synthesis. AIM: To measure 25OH vitamin D levels in healthy older people from Santiago de Chile, and evaluate their relationship with functional performance. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Healthy subjects aged 60 years or more and living in the community were invited to participate. People with chronic diseases, cognitive impairment, physical disability, smokers and those consuming more than three medications per day were excluded. Hand grip and gait speed were measured and a blood sample was obtained to measure 25OH vitamin D by radioimmunoanalysis. RESULTS: One hundred and four participants aged 60 to 98 years (55% females) were studied. Mean vitamin D levels were 17.3 ± 6.1 ng/mL. Females had lower levels than males (15.6 ± 5.8 and 19.2 ± 6.0 ng/mL respectively p < 0.01). Eighty three percent of females and 55.3% of males had values below 20 ng/mL (the cutoff point for deficiency). Only 3.5% of females and 8.5% of males had values of 30 ng/ml or higher. There was a significant correlation between vitamin D levels, gait speed and grip strength (r = 0.32 and 0.34 respectively, p < 0.01), especially in women over 74 years. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is almost universal in healthy adults over 60 years living in Santiago de Chile, especially in women. This deficiency is associated with a deranged functional performance and is a potentially modifiable risk factor for disability.

A method for estimating the fibre length in fibre-PLA composites.

Wood pulp fibres are an important component of environmentally sound and renewable fibre-reinforced composite materials. The high aspect ratio of pulp fibres is an essential property with respect to the mechanical properties a given composite material can achieve. The length of pulp fibres is affected by composite processing operations. This thus emphasizes the importance of assessing the pulp fibre length and how this may be affected by a given process for manufacturing composites. In this work a new method for measuring the length distribution of fibres and fibre fragments has been developed. The method is based on; (i) dissolving the composites, (ii) preparing the fibres for image acquisition and (iii) image analysis of the resulting fibre structures. The image analysis part is relatively simple to implement and is based on images acquired with a desktop scanner and a new ImageJ plugin. The quantification of fibre length has demonstrated the fibre shortening effect because of an extrusion process and subsequent injection moulding. Fibres with original lengths of >1 mm where shortened to fibre fragments with length of <200 µm. The shortening seems to be affected by the number of times the fibres have passed through the extruder, the amount of chain extender and the fraction of fibres in the polymer matrix.

Two simultaneous botulism outbreaks in Barcelona: Clostridium baratii and Clostridium botulinum.

Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disorder that can be potentially life-threatening. In Barcelona, Spain, no outbreaks had been reported in the past 25 years. However, in September 2011, two outbreaks occurred involving two different families. A rare case of Clostridium baratii which produced a neurotoxin F outbreak was detected in five family members who had shared lunch, and several days before that another family was affected by C. botulinum toxin A which was probably present in homemade pâté.

Determination of the Physiological Age in Two Tephritid Fruit Fly Species Using Artificial Intelligence.

The Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens, Loew, Diptera: Tephritidae) and the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata, Wiedemann, Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the world's most damaging pests affecting fruits and vegetables. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), which consists in the mass-production, irradiation, and release of insects in affected areas is currently used for their control. The appropriate time for irradiation, one to two days before adult emergence, is determined through the color of the eyes, which varies according to the physiological age of pupae. Age is checked visually, which is subjective and depends on the technician's skill. Here, image processing and Machine Learning techniques were implemented as a method to determine pupal development using eye color. First, Multi Template Matching (MTM) was used to correctly crop the eye section of pupae for 96.2% of images from A. ludens and 97.5% of images for C. capitata. Then, supervised Machine Learning algorithms were applied to the cropped images to classify the physiological age according to the color of the eyes. Algorithms based on Inception v1, correctly identified the physiological age of maturity at 2 d before emergence, with a 75.0% accuracy for A. ludens and 83.16% for C. capitata, respectively. Supervised Machine Learning algorithms based on Neural Networks could be used as support in determining the physiological age of pupae from images, thus reducing human error and uncertainty in decisions as when to irradiate. The development of a user interface and an automatization process could be further developed, based on the data obtained on this study.

Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptomyces and other unusual Actinobacteria clinical isolates in Spain.

Two hundred and eighty-six isolates from human clinical samples were identified between 1996 and 2019 as belonging to 8 families, 19 genera and 88 species of Actinobacteria. The most identified genera were Streptomyces (182 strains from 45 species), Actinomadura (29 strains, 5 species), Nocardiopsis (21 strains, 6 species) and Dietzia (18 strains, 5 species). The rest of the identified genera (15) contained 27 species with 36 isolates. Of the species studied, only 13/88 had been documented previously as isolates from clinical samples, and in some cases, as true pathogens. In this sense, a literature review of the species found in infections or in clinical samples without clear involvement in pathology has been carried out. Finally, the susceptibility to 8 antimicrobial agents has been studied. Streptomyces showed high resistance (80.8%) against cefotaxime and cotrimoxazole (55.5%), and no isolate resistance to amikacin and linezolid have been found. Lower percentages of resistance have been found in other genera, except in Dietzia (100% against cotrimoxazole and 44.4% against erythromycin). The greatest resistance in these genera was to cotrimoxazole (29.8) and erythromycin (27,9%), and no resistance to linezolid has been found in these genera. In Microbispora, Nonomuraea and Umezawaea, no resistant isolates have been found against any antibiotic studied. Only 3/104 isolates were resistant to amikacin in Amycolatopsis, Crossiella, and Micromonosopora. One isolate of Amycolatopsis was resistant to imipenem.

Influence of initial chemical composition and characteristics of pulps on the production and properties of lignocellulosic nanofibers.

This work aimed to study the influence of the initial chemical composition (glucans, lignin, xylan, and mannans), intrinsic viscosity, and carboxylate groups of pulps on the production process and final properties of lignocellulosic nanofibers (LCNF). Pulps of pine sawdust, eucalyptus sawdust, and sugarcane bagasse subjected to conventional pulping and highly oxidized processes were the starting materials. The LCNF were obtained by TEMPO mediated oxidation and mechanical fibrillation with a colloidal grinder. The nanofibrillation degree, chemical charge content, rheology, laser profilometry, cristallinity and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the LCNF. The carboxylate groups, hemicelluloses and lignin of the initial pulps were important factors that affected the production process of LCNF. The results revealed that intrinsic viscosity and carboxylate groups of the initial pulps affected LCNF production process, whereas lignin and hemicelluloses influenced the viscosity of LCNF aqueous suspensions, the roughness of LCNF films, and the carboxylate groups content of LCNF.

Extra-nuclear estrogen receptor GPR30 regulates serotonin function in rat hypothalamus.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Prozac, are used to treat mood disorders. SSRIs attenuate (i.e. desensitize) serotonin 1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor signaling, as demonstrated in rats through decreased release of oxytocin and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) following 5-HT(1A) receptor stimulation. Maximal therapeutic effects of SSRIs for treatment of mood disorders, as well as effects on hypothalamic 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling in animals, take 1 to 2 weeks to develop. Estradiol also attenuates 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling, but, in rats, these effects occur within 2 days; thus, estrogens or selective estrogen receptor modulators may serve as useful short-term tools to accelerate desensitization of 5-HT(1A) receptors in response to SSRIs if candidate estrogen receptor targets in the hypothalamus are identified. We found high levels of GPR30, which has been identified recently as a pertussis-toxin (PTX) sensitive G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor, in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats. Double-label immunohistochemistry revealed that GPR30 co-localizes with 5-HT(1A) receptors, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and oxytocin in neurons in the PVN. Pretreatment with PTX to the PVN before peripheral injections of 17-beta-estradiol 3-benzoate completely prevented the reduction of the oxytocin response to the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, (+)-8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin (DPAT). Treatment with the selective GRP30 agonist, G-1, attenuated 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling in the PVN as measured by an attenuated oxytocin (by 29%) and ACTH (by 31%) response to DPAT. This study indicates that a putative extra-nuclear estrogen receptor, GPR30, may play a role in estradiol-mediated attenuation of 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling, and potentially in accelerating the effects of SSRIs in treatment of mood disorders.

Exploring the multi-scale structure of printing paper--a review of modern technology.

Printing paper is an important communication and information medium affecting our daily activities in several ways. The structure of paper may affect its optical, mechanical, fluid transport and print properties. In order to achieve a complete understanding of these processes a comprehensive characterization of relevant surface and bulk structures of paper is necessary. The paper grades considered in this study are newsprints, super calendered and coated papers. A detailed description of several image acquisition techniques used to assess the printing paper structures is given, including desktop scanners, profilometry, light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, focused-ion-beam, X-ray microtomography and transmission electron microscopy. The presented methods cover a wide range of structure sizes, from the macro- to the sub-nano level. The complementary capabilities of the image acquisition techniques for assessing structural details of paper and prints are discussed.

New advances in the 3D characterization of mineral coating layers on paper.

The surface characteristics of a large set of commercial lightweight coated paper grades are explored. The quantification of the 3D structure is revealed by atomic force microscopy, laser profilometry and X-ray microtomography. This comprehensive study demonstrates the suitability of different and modern methods for assessing critical coating layer properties, thus identifying the right tools for specific structural analyses. Based on the assessment of the top and bottom surfaces of 25 commercial lightweight coated samples, three main conclusions can be drawn: (1) the facet orientation polar angle is a function of roughness, (2) skewness did not describe the surface details affecting the gloss of the commercial lightweight coated samples assessed in this study and (3) surface roughness at wavelengths below approximately 1.0 microm does not affect the paper gloss significantly. This is important knowledge for the understanding of lightweight coated paper surface structure and its properties.

[An infrequent cause of pulmonary thromboembolism]. / Una causa infrecuente de tromboembolismo pulmonar.

We present a case of pulmonary thromboembolism in a young patient triggered by a long haul travel, in which a homocygotic mutation in the gene of the metilentetrahidrofolate reductase was demonstrated. This mutation can cause hyperhomocysteinemia that is a recognized risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). In the management of these patients, the levels of homocysteine should be lowered, as well as use of thromboprophylaxis before transitory risk situations. It is important to know when the screening should be performed, because they are behind an important number of cases of VTE.

Theoretical basis for a new approach of studying Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy by means of thermography.

INTRODUCTION: Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a clinical condition characterized by neuro-skeletal and cardiac impairments. By means of thermography, an image acquisition technique that allows the recording of the heat emitted by objects or bodies, news insight can be obtained insights about the evaluation and follow-up of this disease. Actually, musculoskeletal disorders are a major cause of counseling and access to rehabilitation services and are some of the most important problems that affect the quality of life of many people. There are urgent both clinical and research needs for the assessment and follow-up of patients with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and the thermography is a rapid, non-invasive, easy to use and objective technique that analyzes the temperature of the examined tissue. HYPOTHESIS: The main aim is to offer a new possible hypothesis of validating the thermography techniques that support the evaluation and clinical follow-up of the Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy. To carry out this work we rely on the evidence of the existing bibliography. To perform this work and to evaluate the current situation on this topic, a systematic review was carried and after the application of an automatic and manual filter, inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 0 articles was obtained. Unfortunately, there is a lack of articles that relate the use of thermography in the Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Due to the absence of information, we have expanded the search to articles concerning the use of thermography in relation to alterations of the musculoskeletal system compatible with those of Emery-Dreifuss, genetic diseases related to the X chromosome and more generally muscular atrophy. Based on other studies and results carried out in diseases that show signs and symptoms similar to Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy, we believe that a new line of translational research could be opened with novel findings and we think that thermography could be an optimal tool for the clinical monitoring of this pathology. We believe that it would be of a great importance to carry out an observational study, to lay the foundations for future works, that relate thermography to the Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophies.

Rendimiento diagnóstico y morbimortalidad de las biopsias pulmonares quirúrgicas en enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa

Introducción: Se denomina Enfermedad Pulmonar Intersticial Difusa (EPID) a un conjunto heterogéneo de patologías caracterizadas por inflamación y fibrosis pulmonar. El diagnóstico basado en patrones clínicos o radiológicos puede, ocasionalmente, ser insuficiente para iniciar un tratamiento. La biopsia pulmonar quirúrgica es una alternativa cuando se requiere aumentar la precisión diagnóstica luego de discusión multidisciplinaria. Objetivo: Describir el rendimiento diagnóstico, morbilidad y mortalidad de las biopsias quirúrgicas pulmonares en un hospital público chileno. Pacientes y Método: Cohorte retrospectiva de todos los pacientes a quienes se realizó biopsia quirúrgica por diagnóstico de EPID entre los años 2010 y 2020, indicada por un comité multidisciplinario. Se excluyen procedimientos similares o biopsias con diagnóstico de EPID como hallazgo incidental. Resultados: 38 pacientes intervenidos, mediana de edad de 63 años, 47% femenino. Solo 1 (2,6%) paciente operado de urgencia, y 34 (89,5%) por videotoracoscopía. 5 (13,1%) pacientes presentaron morbilidad, en 4 de ellos fuga aérea, ninguno requiriendo intervención adicional. No hubo rehospitalización, reoperación ni mortalidad a 90 días. En el 95% de los casos se alcanzó un diagnóstico preciso de la EPID tras discusión multidisciplinaria. Discusión: Se observa un alto rendimiento diagnóstico y una baja morbimortalidad en los pacientes estudiados. La baja frecuencia de procedimientos de urgencia y la adecuada indicación en comité multidisciplinario puede haber contribuido a la baja morbilidad. Conclusión: La biopsia pulmonar quirúrgica en un hospital general tiene un alto rendimiento diagnóstico cuando se discute en comité multidisciplinario para precisar el diagnostico en EPID, con una baja morbimortalidad si se seleccionan adecuadamente los pacientes.

Background: Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the lung. Diagnosis based exclusively on clinical or radiologic patterns may be inaccurate, and if a reliable diagnosis cannot be made, surgical lung biopsy can be strongly considered to increase the diagnostic yield after multidisciplinary committee. Objective: To review the diagnostic results, morbidity, and mortality of surgical biopsies in a chilean public health institution. Patients and Method: Retrospective cohort of patients operated for diagnostic purposes for ILD between 2010 - 2020. Surgical biopsies done for other diagnoses were excluded. Results: 38 patients were included, with a median age of 63 years, 47% were female. Only 1 patient (2.6%) underwent emergency surgery and 89.5% underwent minimally invasive surgery techniques. 5 patients had some morbidity (13.1%), 4 of them being air leak. All complications were successfully managed conservatively. We had no readmission, reoperations, or 90-day mortality in this cohort. In 95% of the cases an accurate diagnosis of ILD was reached after multidisciplinary discussion. Discussion: In our experience surgical lung biopsy has a high diagnostic yield and a low morbidity and mortality. A low number of emergency procedures and accurate surgical indication by an expert committee could explain the low morbidity. Conclusion: Surgical lung biopsy in a general hospital reach a high diagnostic performance when discussed in a multidisciplinary committee to specify the diagnosis in ILD, with low morbidity and mortality if patients are properly selected.

Fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour.

BACKGROUND: There are two basic interventions to help to deliver the placenta as part of the active management of the third stage of labour: (1) fundal pressure, and (2) controlled traction on the umbilical cord. Both of these methods may, in addition, have adverse outcomes. Fundal pressure may interrupt the process of placental detachment and cause pain, haemorrhage or uterine inversion, and controlled cord traction, if undertaken before placental separation or without prior administration of a uterotonic drug, may have similar adverse effects. The obstetric clinical practice on this issue is not standardised. OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (June 2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 2), MEDLINE (January 1966 to April 2006), EMBASE (January 1988 to April 2006) and LILACS (1982 to April 2006). SELECTION CRITERIA: We searched for published and unpublished randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently identified potential studies from the literature search and assessed them for methodological quality and appropriateness of inclusion. MAIN RESULTS: The search strategies yielded five studies for consideration of inclusion. However, none of these studies fulfilled the requirements for inclusion in this review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We identified no randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy of fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour. Hence controlled cord traction, after awaiting signs of placental separation, should remain the third component of the active management of third stage of labour, and follow the routine administration of a uterotonic drug and cord clamping.

Paenibacillus spp. isolated from human and environmental samples in Spain: detection of 11 new species.

One hundred thirty-six isolates, 88 human and 48 environmental, that met the requirements to belong to the genus Paenibacillus were identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach known as 16S rRNA plus phenotypic traits. Thirty-seven Paenibacillus species were identified; some had not been previously reported from clinical samples. The main species were P. pabuli (13 isolates), P. provencensis (11), P. phoenicis (9) and P. lautus (8). P. pabuli (11/13) and P. provencensis (8/11) were mainly environmental isolates, while P. phoenicis (9/9) and P. lautus (6/8) were mainly human isolates. Despite the difficulties in assigning to human Paenibacillus isolates a role as a pathogen or contaminant, here 25% of the isolates were involved in true infections, especially in those cases that affected abscesses, wound exudates, ocular infections and diverse fluids. In addition, 15 isolates were identified as 11 'Candidatus' to a new species, all of them from human specimens except one that was obtained from laboratory air. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed 95.6% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, 44% were resistant to cotrimoxazole, 20 to 30% were resistant to cefotaxime and vancomycin and 13% were resistant to rifampicin and erythromycin.

Cocaine-mediated supersensitivity of 5-HT2A receptors in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is a withdrawal-induced phenomenon.

We previously reported that treatment and withdrawal from cocaine increases: (1) 5-HT2A receptor-mediated neuroendocrine responses, and (2) Galphaq and Galpha11 G-protein levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) at 48 h post-treatment. This study investigates changes in the initial 24 h of withdrawal to discern whether 5-HT2A receptor supersensitivity is due to cocaine treatment or is induced during the withdrawal period. We report here increases in 5-HT2A receptor-mediated neuroendocrine responses only 12 or 24 h post-treatment, but not during the initial 4 h withdrawal period. Levels of membrane- or cytosol-associated Galphaq or Galpha11 proteins in PVN are not altered during the first 24 h of withdrawal. However, the density of 125I-(-)-1-(2,5 dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-amino-propane HCl (DOI)-labeled high-affinity 5-HT2A receptors in PVN increased 35% in rats withdrawn from cocaine for 24 h. These findings demonstrate that cocaine-induced increases in 5-HT2A receptor function in PVN represents a withdrawal-induced phenomena that: (1) is likely attributed to increased G-protein coupled/high-affinity conformational state of the 5-HT2A receptor, and (2) occurs in the absence of changes in the levels of associated G proteins during the first 24 h.

Multicenter study of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in intensive care units: the usefulness of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores in decision making.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the incidence and mortality of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in intensive care units, evaluated the limitation of life support in these patients, and determined whether daily measurement of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) is useful for decision making. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, observational study in 79 intensive care units. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Of the 7,615 patients admitted during a 2-month period we found 1,340 patients to have MODS. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We recorded mortality and length of stay in the intensive care unit and the hospital and the maximum and minimum total SOFA scores during MODS. Limitation of life support in MODS patients was also evaluated. Stepwise logistic regression was used to determine the factors predicting mortality. The in-hospital mortality rate in patients with MODS was 44.6%, and some type of limitation of life support was applied in 70.6% of the patients who died. The predictive model maximizing specificity included the following variables: maximum SOFA score, minimum SOFA score, trend of the SOFA for 5 consecutive days, and age over 60 years. The model diagnostic yield was: specificity 100%, sensitivity 7.2%, positive predictive value 100%, and negative predictive value 57.3%; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.807. CONCLUSIONS: This model showed that in our population with MODS those older than 60 years and with SOFA score higher than 9 for at least 5 days were unlikely to survive.