High-grade pancreatic trauma in pediatric patients: two cases of successful non-operative management.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic injury secondary to blunt abdominal trauma is a rare finding compared to other solid organ injuries. Diagnosis is difficult because of vague clinical presentation, quality of screening radiography and laboratory testing, and experience of practitioners. Furthermore, a lack of consensus on treatment modalities based on the organ injury scale (OIS) can further confuse management of pediatric patients. CASE REPORT: We report two cases of pediatric pancreatic trauma. Both involved ductal injury demonstrated on imaging. Both patients qualify as grade III injuries according to the OIS as developed by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Both patients were managed non-operatively using nasogastric suction, NPO, and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Both patients had complete resolution of their pancreatic injury without pseudocyst formation or need for any operative intervention. CONCLUSION: The two cases presented illustrate severe pediatric pancreatic trauma resolving after a non-operative course. A lack of consensus exists on whether severe pancreatic trauma should be addressed operatively or non-operatively, owing to differences in hospital stay and cost to the patient, time to resolution, and need for TPN. The pediatric surgery community is equally divided between early operative intervention and non-operative management. Inexperience with pancreatic trauma diagnosis and work-up can lead to delayed treatment and poor clinical outcomes. These cases show successful early diagnosis with non-operative treatment and good long-term clinical results.

Management of urachal anomalies in pediatric patients: A comparison of treatment strategies between pediatric urology and general surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Persistence of embryonic urachal structures due to a failure of the urachus to involute into the median umbilical ligament is known as a urachal anomaly (UA). UAs may remain asymptomatic or lead to abdominal pain and recurrent infections. Management of UAs in pediatric patients has historically lacked a clear consensus between conservative and surgical management. While both urologists and general surgeons manage this pathology, a comparison of management style and outcomes between these specialties has not been published to our knowledge. OBJECTIVE: To (1) evaluate trends in management of UAs among pediatric urologists and general surgeons across three tertiary care children's hospitals and (2) identify factors that place patients at higher risk for requiring surgery. STUDY DESIGN: All patients diagnosed with a UA from 2016 to 2020 at our multi-site institution were identified by ICD-10 code Q64.4 "malformation of the urachus" and retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, treatment specialty, remnant subtype, and management strategy were recorded. Data was dichotomized between both urology and general surgery as well as between surgical and nonsurgical intervention to identify and compare management strategies. RESULTS: Overall, 143 patients diagnosed with UAs were identified. Of these patients, 74 were treated by urology and 69 were treated by general surgery. Patients who were treated by urology were significantly more likely to receive conservative treatment (66.2% treated conservatively vs. 33.8% treated surgically), while patients treated by general surgery were significantly more likely to undergo surgery (84.1% treated surgically vs. 15.9% treated conservatively, p < .0001). Though, urology was more likely to treat patients who presented incidentally (p < .01), and general surgery was more likely to treat patients who presented with an infected remnant (p < .01). Patients of male sex were more likely overall to receive surgery compared to female patients (p < .01). DISCUSSION: Management of UAs by urologists was more conservative than general surgeons. However, both specialties treat distinctly different patient presentations, with urology managing more incidental remnants and general surgery operating on more emergent, infected urachi. Limitations of the study included its retrospective nature and the insufficient reporting of urachal remnant subtypes and presence of infection among patients. CONCLUSIONS: Management strategies of UAs differ among urology and general surgery, but surgical and conservative treatments are necessary to appropriately treat their distinct patient populations. This study provides valuable insight into current practices of UA management and may help to inform future treatment.

Dual duodenojejunostomies in the repair of megaduodenum, duodenal stenosis and prior missed diagnosis of annular pancreas.

Duodenal stenosis and atresia are some of the most common forms of congenital bowel obstruction. The gold standard approach to treatment is duodenoduodenostomy, while rare, gastrojejunostomy and duodenojejunostomies may still be used. We report a case of a 7-year-old male presenting with annular pancreas with duodenal stenosis that was diagnosed at birth as primary duodenal atresia and repaired by gastrojejunostomy with a Braun enteroenterostomy. Through successful reoperation with dual duodenojejunostomy and subsequent management, we treated the sequelae of the initial repair, including megaduodenum. Regions of duodenal obstruction must have direct anastomotic repair to prevent subsequent issues related to dysmotility. Otherwise, further surgical intervention and long-term medical management, such as the novel strategy reported, may be necessary.

Scrotal abscess after a perforated appendicitis.

Although perforated appendicitis in pediatric patients can result in a diverse array of complications, scrotal abscess is a rarely documented phenomenon. We present a case of acute scrotum after laparoscopic appendectomy. A retrospective review of prior literature on scrotal abscess secondary to perforated appendicitis was performed via PubMed to review the clinical presentation, etiology, type of treatment and outcome of pediatric patients. Patients without a patent processus vaginalis still require vigilant follow-up postoperatively to ensure timely intervention if scrotal pain develops during recovery.

Successful liver transplant for unresectable hepatoblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of children with stage III and IV hepatoblastoma has shown little improvement with 5-year survival rates of 64% and 25%, respectively (J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2665-75). A timely and organized treatment program including preoperative chemotherapy combined with living donor liver transplantation and postoperative chemotherapy has been used seeking improved long-term survival in stage III and IV cases. METHODS: A retrospective review of 8 patients with stage III and IV hepatoblastoma unresectable by conventional resection were treated with complete hepatectomy and transplantation. Approval was obtained from our institutional review board. RESULTS: Since August of 2001, we have treated 6 patients with stage III hepatoblastoma and 2 patients with initial stage IV hepatoblastoma. These patients (age, 23 months-9 years) had all received extensive chemotherapy or prior resections. After chemotherapy, none had gross tumor documented outside of the liver at time of transplantation. All underwent hepatectomy including vena cava resection, in selected cases, with living donor orthotopic liver transplantation. All patients had at least 2 cycles of postoperative chemotherapy. Of 8 patients, 6 are alive and well with normalized alpha-fetoprotein levels. There were 2 late deaths from recurrent disease. Length of follow-up ranged from 7 to 53 months. CONCLUSION: Complete hepatectomy with living donor liver transplantation provides optimal surgical treatment in unresectable stage III and initial stage IV disease confined to the liver at resection. This series indicates that children tolerate complete hepatectomy, transplantation, and postoperative chemotherapy well. Referral to a transplant center during the first 3 cycles of chemotherapy appears to offers the best opportunity for long-term survival.

Liver transplantation as definitive treatment for a factor V Leiden mutation.

Liver transplantation (LT) was achieved for factor V Leiden-induced thrombophilia in a neonate with hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Initial LT was performed with a liver segment removed from a child with primary oxalosis. Four months later, a second, definitive LT was performed. The child remains well without recurrent thrombosis.

Improvement in renal function and rejection control in pediatric liver transplant recipients with the introduction of sirolimus.

Calcineurin inhibitors have dramatically improved the outcomes of pediatric liver transplantation. However, calcineurin inhibitor use is associated with a 50% reduction in glomerular filtration rate in the first year post-transplant. Nephrotoxicity can be difficult to manage, especially in the pediatric population. We hypothesized that the addition of an mTOR inhibitor with decreased calcineurin inhibitor levels might improve or prevent renal insufficiency and improve control of rejection. A retrospective chart review was performed on the patients treated with sirolimus who had undergone an orthotopic liver transplant between January 2000 and February 2003. Thirty-eight patients were identified. Mean age was 8.6 yr. Fourteen patients were male and 24 were female. Mean weight was 30.3 kg. The most common indications for starting sirolimus were rejection (42%) and renal impairment (29%). Seventy-three percent of patients begun on sirolimus remain on the medication. Those with renal impairment (11 patients) showed improvement in their creatinine levels from a mean baseline of 1.3 to 0.8 mg/dL. Their calculated creatinine clearance (Schwartz formula) improved from 63.7 to 84.8 mL/min (p = 0.03). Patients started on sirolimus for rejection showed significant improvement in hepatocellular enzymes despite a reduction in the tacrolimus level from 12.2 to 7.5 ng/mL. The mean alanine aminotransferase level improved from 221 to 100 units/L (p = 0.02), and the mean aspartate aminotransferase improved from 121 to 99 units/L (p = 0.59). Addition of sirolimus to a tacrolimus-based regimen with lower target tacrolimus levels improved liver function in patients with rejection. Addition of sirolimus significantly improved renal function as shown by creatinine level and calculated creatinine clearance in those children with renal impairment. The effect of combined immunosuppressant treatment with tacrolimus and sirolimus on long-term renal function needs to be evaluated.

Domino as a bridge to definitive liver transplantation in a neonate.

An interim liver transplant was used to extend survival in a neonate. This was accomplished by the initial transplant of a left-lateral segment of a metabolically abnormal liver obtained from a 7-yr-old patient with primary oxalosis. This bridging strategy was required because our neonatal patient was dying of fulminant hepatic failure caused by hepatic vein thrombosis and a small liver or liver segment could not be found. Although problems with hyperoxaluria were encountered in the neonate post-transplant, the interim liver transplant enabled the baby to survive and grow until the age of 4 months. At that time, a definitive transplant was performed using the left-lateral segment of his mother's liver. This case represents the first reported use of a pediatric domino transplant where a metabolically abnormal liver was used to allow sufficient growth to permit a definitive liver transplantation.