Profile of the gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp under industrial indoor farming system.

The gut microbial communities interact with the host immunity and physiological functions. In this study, we investigated the bacterial composition in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp's gut and rearing water under different host (developmental stage: juvenile and adult; health status: healthy and diseased) and environmental factors (temperature 25 °C and 28 °C; and light intensity: low and high). The PCoA analysis showed that all water samples were clustered together in a quarter, whereas the gut samples spread among three quarters. In terms of functional bacteria, gut samples of adult shrimp, healthy adult shrimp, adult shrimp raised at 28 °C, and juvenile shrimp under high light intensity exhibited a higher abundance of Vibrionaceae compared to each other opposite group. Gut samples of juvenile shrimp, infected adult shrimp, juvenile shrimp with low light intensity, and adult shrimp with a water temperature of 25 °C showed a higher abundance of Pseudoaltromonadaceae bacteria compared to each other opposite group. Gut samples of juvenile shrimp, healthy adult shrimp, adult shrimp raised at a water temperature of 28 °C, and juvenile shrimp with high light intensity showed the higher abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio compared to each other opposite group. Our results showed that L. vannamei juveniles are more sensitive to bacterial infections; besides, water temperature of 28 °C and high light intensity groups were both important conditions improving the shrimp gut bacterial composition under industrial indoor farming systems. KEY POINTS: • Bacteria diversity was higher among shrimp intestinal microbiota compared to the rearing water. • Shrimp juveniles are more sensitive to bacterial infection compared to adults. • Water temperature of 28 °C and high light intensity are recommended conditions for white shrimp aquaculture.

Pharmacokinetics of sulfamonomethoxine in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) after intravenous and oral administration.

The pharmacokinetic profiles of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) were investigated in flatfish tongue soles in the present study. After a single injection of SMM (40 mg/kg BW) to caudal vein of tongue sole at 20 °C, plasma drug concentration versus time data were best fitted to a three-compartment model, characterized with 0.2, 5.7, and 80.4 h for the half-life (t 1/2) of fast distribution, slow distribution, and elimination, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution was 0.1 L/kg, and the body clearance was 0.03 L/h/kg. After oral administration of SMM (200 mg/kg BW) to tongue soles at 20 °C, plasma drug concentrations were best fitted to a two-compartment model, of which the mean half-life of absorption (t 1/2ka) and elimination (t 1/2ß ) were 1.7 and 95.7 h, respectively. The maximal absorption concentration (C max) was estimated as 58 mg/L at 2.5 h, and the mean systemic bioavailability (F) was 39.5 % in tongue soles after oral administration.

Analysis of functional and pathway association of differential co-expressed genes: a case study in drug addiction.

Drug addiction has been considered as a kind of chronic relapsing brain disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. At present, many causative genes and pathways related to diverse kinds of drug addiction have been discovered, while less attention has been paid to common mechanisms shared by different drugs underlying addiction. By applying a co-expression meta-analysis method to mRNA expression profiles of alcohol, cocaine, heroin addicted and normal samples, we identified significant gene co-expression pairs. As co-expression networks of drug group and control group constructed, associated function term pairs and pathway pairs reflected by co-expression pattern changes were discovered by integrating functional and pathway information respectively. The results indicated that respiratory electron transport chain, synaptic transmission, mitochondrial electron transport, signal transduction, locomotory behavior, response to amphetamine, negative regulation of cell migration, glucose regulation of insulin secretion, signaling by NGF, diabetes pathways, integration of energy metabolism, dopamine receptors may play an important role in drug addiction. In addition, the results can provide theory support for studies of addiction mechanisms.

Endotoxin activates de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis via nuclear factor kappa B-mediated upregulation of Sptlc2.

Sphingolipids are membrane components and are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and metabolic regulation. In this study we investigated whether de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis in macrophages is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment upregulated Sptlc2, a subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), mRNA and protein in Raw264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophages, but Sptlc1, another subunit of SPT, was not altered. SPT activation by LPS elevated cellular levels of ceramides and sphingomyelin (SM). Pharmacological inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) prevented LPS-induced upregulation of Sptlc2 while transfection of p65 subunit of NFκB upregulated Sptlc2 and increased cellular ceramide levels. In contrast, MAP kinases were not involved in regulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Analysis of Sptlc2 promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that NFκB binding sites are located in Sptlc2 promoter region. Our results demonstrate that inflammatory stimuli activate de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis via NFκB and may play a critical role in lipid metabolism in macrophages.

Immunomodulatory activities and subacute toxicity of a novel ß-glucan from Paenibacillus polymyxa JB115 in rats.

Subacute toxicity and immunopharmacological activities of ß-glucan from P. polymyxa JB115 was evaluated in a 28-day feeding study in rats. The white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, thrombocytes (THR) and thrombocytocrit were significantly higher in male fed with ß-glucan than control rats and the insignificant lower eosinophil count, mean corpuscular volume, mean cell hemoglobin and uninfected THR (uTHR) levels were observed in male whereas no marked changes in female rats. No other significant differences in serum chemistry and liver, kidney, and spleen weights were observed. The pathological changes and other abnormal indicators were not detected in urine. Female rats fed with diet supplemented with 0.01% ß-glucan also showed marked increase in the percentage of blood cytotoxic T-lymphocytes compared to that of the control group while not significant differences in the percentage of blood B-lymphocytes. No adverse effects on general condition and behavior, growth, feed and water consumption and feed conversion efficiency were found. The results suggest that consumption of the novel ß-1, 3/1, 6-glucan from P. polymyxa JB115 was not associated with any obvious toxic effects in rats, indicating its safety as a potential immunostimulant or as an adjuvant of some animal vaccines.

[Study on acute and subchronic toxicity of ammonium dinitramide].

OBJECTIVE: To study the acute, subacute and subchronic toxicity induced by ammonium dinitramide (ADN), and to ascertain the gradation and target organs of acute toxicity induced by AND. METHODS: According to technical specifications for toxicity determination of chemicals, the oral tests for acute, subacute and subchronic toxicity induced by AND were performed for 90 days. RESULTS: The oral LDx for mouse and rat was 568.9 mg/kg and 616.6 mg/kg ADN respectively. The gradation of acute toxicity induced by AND was low level. The results of oral subacute and subchronic toxicity tests (for 28 and 90 days) showed that a gain in weight in group exposed to 123 mg/kg AND was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05), the TBIL and ALT in group exposed to 61.6 and 123 mg/kg AND significantly increased and the ratio of liver weight to body weight obviously decreased, as compared with control group, the number of animals with hepatic pathological changes in group exposed to 61.6 and 123 mg/kg AND was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The gradation of acute toxicity induced by ADN was low level. When the exposure dose of AND was 30.8 mg/kg, the adverse effect was not observed, and the target organ was liver.

[Study on mutagenicity and teratogenicity of ammonium dinitramide].

OBJECTIVE: To study the mutagenicity and teratogenicity induced by ammonium dinitramide(ADN). METHODS: According to technical specifications for toxicity determination of chemicals, Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay (Ames assay), in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, sperm malformation test and teratogenesis test were used to detect the mutagenicity and teratogenicity induced by AND. RESULTS: When the exposure doses of AND were 8-5000 pg/plate, the result of Ames assay was negative. As compared with control group, the micronucleus rate of mice exposed to 113.8 mg/kg AND significantly increased(P<0.05), the sperm malformation rates of mice exposed to 54.4-272.0 mg/kg AND did not increased significantly. The survival rate of fetuses decreased, the rate of assimilated fetuses increased, the rate of fetus sternum agenesis enhanced in mice exposed to 319 mg/kg AND, as compared with controls. The rates of in the 4th-6th fetus sternum agenesis in groups exposed to 21.3, 79.7 and 319 mg/kg AND were higher than that in control group. The malformation rate of fetus bowels in groups exposed to 319 mg/kg AND was higher than that in control group. The teratogenic index of ADN was 30. CONCLUSION: AND may be a mutagen and induce the teratogenic effect.

Mechanism of macrophage activation induced by beta-glucan produced from Paenibacillus polymyxa JB115.

Beta-glucans are heterogeneous groups of glucose polymers found in the cell walls of fungi, plants and some bacteria. Our previous report showed that a novel beta-1,3/1,6-glucan produced from Paenibacillus (P.) polymyxa JB115 can induce nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells. In the present study, the beta-glucan significantly increased luciferase activity in cells transfected with NFkappaB or AP1, but not STAT1, reporter vector DNA, which contain their binding promoter site. All specific NFkappaB and MAPKs pathway inhibitors (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, AG490, U0126, SB203580 and SP600125) remarkably attenuated NO production induced by the beta-glucan. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed that the stimulation of Raw264.7 cells by beta-glucan induced phosphorylation of IkappaB and the consequent translocation of NFkappaB into the nucleus. Meanwhile, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPKs in cytoplasm were also confirmed. All these results indicated that beta-glucan from P. polymyxa JB115 activates macrophages through MAPKs and NFkappaB signaling pathway.

Integration of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices of orbifloxacin in beagle dogs after a single intravenous and intramuscular administration.

The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of orbifloxacin were studied in beagle dogs after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight. An absolute bioavailability of 100.1% +/- 4.76%, a terminal half-life of 4.23 +/- 0.2 h and 3.95 +/- 0.15 h after i.v. and i.m. administration, a steady-state volume of distribution of 1.61 +/- 0.13 liters/kg, and clearance of 0.31 +/- 0.03 liters/h/kg were observed. Orbifloxacin showed rapid, concentration-dependent killing against the Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates. Computations based on PK-PD analysis indicated that the recommended dose is unlikely to be clinically effective against some strains like S. intermedius. Therefore, a higher dose of orbifloxacin would be worthy of consideration for treatment of certain bacterial infections in dogs.

Roles of microRNA-22 in Suppressing Proliferation and Promoting Sensitivity of Osteosarcoma Cells via Metadherin-mediated Autophagy.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of microRNA-22 on autophagy and proliferation and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of osteosarcoma cell chemotherapy sensitivity. METHODS: MG-63 cells were divided into four groups, including a control group, a negative control (NC) group, a cisplatin group, and a cisplatin + miR-22 group. Proliferation of MG-63 cells that had been treated with cisplatin and transfected with miR-22 mimics was determined using MTT assay and colony formation assay. We assessed the degree of autophagy using flow cytometry through cellular staining of the autophagy lysosomal marker monodansylcadaverine (MDC). The effect of microRNA-22 on autophagy was observed along with the expression levels of Beclin1, LC3, metadherin (MTDH) and ATG5 by western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Luciferase reporter assay revealed the targeted binding site between miR-22 and the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of MTDH mRNA. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to explore the level of MTDH in the control group, the NC group, the cisplatin group, and the miR-22 group for 6, 12, and 24 h. RESULTS: In the in vitro study, the MTT results indicated that the MG-63 cells with overexpression of miR-22 exhibited a significant decline in the proliferation capacity compared with the control group (0.513 ± 0.001, P < 0.0005). Similar to the MTT results, MG-63 cells that were transfected with miR-22 mimic (101.0 ± 10.58) formed fewer colonies compared with the cisplatin group (129.7 ± 4.163). MDC staining revealed that miR-22-overexpressing osteosarcoma (OS) cells treated with cisplatin showed a significant decrease in the expression of autophagy (7.747 ± 0.117, P < 0.0001). Our data revealed that miR-22 could regulate not only autophagy but also proliferation in the chemosensitivity of osteosarcoma cells. We found that miR-22 sensitized osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin treatment by regulating autophagy-related genes. In addition, Luciferase Reporter Assay revealed that miR-22 negatively regulated autophagy through direct targeting of MTDH. We performed western blot analysis to detect the MTDH expression level. The results revealed that the overexpression of miR-22 obviously decreased the expression of MTDH (1.081 ± 0.023, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Inhibition of miR-22 ameliorated the anticancer drug-induced cell proliferation decrease in osteosarcoma cells. MTDH was identified as the miR-22 target in OS cells and MTDH-triggered autophagy played a key function in the miR-22-associated chemotherapy sensitivity.

Comparative immunomodulating activities of polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus spp. on cell-mediated immunity.

The comparison of potent immunomodulating activities of hot-aqueous polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus spp., P. linteus (PL), P. baumii (PB) and P. gilvus (PG), on cellular immunity were investigated. The results showed that all three kinds of Phellinus spp. could stimulate the proliferation of murine splenocytes, and PG has more powerful stimulating activity than other Phellinus spp. Furthermore, PL and PB significantly increased the proliferation of the mixed splenocytes in a concentration-response manner, and the stimulating effect of PL was significantly higher than that of PB at all concentrations used in the present study, but no stimulating effect was found with the addition of PG. The phagocytosis of both peritoneal macrophage and RAW264.7 cells was also increased in the presence of PG, PB or PL, and the stimulating activity of PG was higher than that of PB or PL at all concentrations tested.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of tylosin or florfenicol after a single intramuscular administration at two different doses of tylosin-florfenicol combination in pigs.

Clinical pharmacokinetic profiles were investigated following intramuscular (i.m.) administration to pigs with a commercial tylosin-florfenicol combination product at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg tylosin and 5 mg/kg florfenicol or 10 mg/kg tylosin and 20 mg/kg florfenicol. The quantitation limit (QL) of florfenicol was 0.1 microg/ml, the inter-day and intra-day precision (CV%) were both beow 10%. The quantitation limit (QL) of tylosin was 0.05 microg/mL. The pharmacokinetic characteristics after i.m. doses were fitted by a one compartment open model. A fourfold decrease in the normal dose of each drug (20 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg for florfenicol, and 10 mg/kg to 2.5 mg/kg for tylosin) resulted in a corresponding two fold decrease in each drug of the maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and the area under curve (AUC) values.

Antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and whitening effects of extracts of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.

In the present study, we analyzed the antioxidant, antiplatelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of a variety of solvent extracts of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. (Family Elaeagnaceae). Among the solvent extracts of E. multiflora, the ethyl acetate extract (EE) exhibited the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and xanthine oxidase inhibition activity, as well as the greatest tyrosinase inhibition activity. Only the chloroform extract (CE) inhibited platelet aggregation, and that was a weak effect with 19.29% inhibition at 250 microg/mL, as compared to controls. The CE was also the most potent inhibitor of nitric oxide production among the tested fractions, with almost 100% inhibition at 500 microg/mL. We also detected 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol in the CE and EE, via a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. In conclusion, we found that E. multiflora Thunb. has antioxidant and antiplatelet aggregation effects to some extent, and its CE and EE possess potent inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production and tyrosinase activity.

Clinical pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin-glycine acetate after intravenous and oral administration in pigs.

The pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of norfloxacin-glycine acetate (NFLXGA) was investigated in pigs after a single intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) administration at a dosage of 7.2 mg/kg body weight. After both i.v. and p.o. administration, plasma drug concentrations were best fitted to an open two-compartment model with a rapid distribution phase. After i.v. administration of NFLXGA, the distribution (t(1/2alpha)) and elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) were 0.36 +/- 0.07 h and 7.42 +/- 3.55 h, respectively. The volume of distribution of NFLXGA at steady state (Vd(ss)) was 4.66 +/- 1.39 l/kg. After p.o. administration of NFLXGA, the maximal absorption concentration (C(max)) was 0.43 +/- 0.06 microg/ ml at 1.36 +/- 0.39 h (T(max)). The mean absorption (t(1/2ka)) and elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) of NFLXGA were 0.78 +/- 0.27 h and 7.13 +/- 1.41 h, respectively. The mean systemic bioavailability (F) after p.o. administration was 31.10 +/- 15.16%. We suggest that the optimal dosage calculated from the pharmacokinetic parameters is 5.01 mg/kg per day i.v. or 16.12 mg/kg per day p.o.

[New technology for sample preprocessing in NIR analysis].

Sample's moisture content and granularity would have an important influence on NIR veracity. Preprocesssing methods have been used for NIR analysis to achieve better NIR veracity. With Yunnan flue-cured tobacco as study materials, the authors innovatively applied microwave fast drying technology and home pulverizer to tobacco preprocessing, which could finish the preprocessing in 5 min, faster than the traditional methods such as oven drying and sifting. Results showed that: microwave fast drying technology could improve NIR analysis veracity when samples' moisture content had a wide range; influence of samples' granularity on NIR veracity could be eliminated after 25 s home pulverizer shatter. This study can offer a new method for NIR analysis workers to simplify NIR preprocessing.

[Influence of sample loading and test conditions on NIR veracity and study of analysis error source].

The influence of sample test conditions on the NIR veracity was studied with homemade grating diffuse NIR instrument using Yunnan flue-cured tobacco. Deducing analysis error was achieved by model self-emendation when a global NIR model was set up. Without regarding the influence of loading samples and test conditions, the test repetition error, re-loading error and samples tightness error, which were brought by instrument S/N, accounted for 50%, 30% and 20% of the total error, respectively. Depressing sample could reduce errors brought by sample tightness. Changes in test conditions could bring more analysis error, which was larger than the total of repetition error. These results theoretically explain the influence of sample test conditions on the NIR analysis veracity, which can provide basic theory data for farther improvement of homemade instrument and offer a new idea for resolving this problem.

[Influence of sample annum and distribution of chemical values on NIR veracity].

The influence of sample annum and the distribution of sample component on NIR veracity was studied with homemade grating diffuse NIR instrument using Yunnan flue-cured tobacco. Results showed that sample annum had an obvious influence on the total sugar and nicotine models, but had an unconspicuous influence on the total-nitrogen model. Models set up by samples, whose component content distribution was normal school, was better than those set up by even distribution. The conclusion in this study has a significant referenced value for the method and principle to select representative samples to modeling from a large amount of specimens.

[Influence of LPLS algorithm parameters on NIR veracity].

The theory of local partial least square (LPLS) algorithm was described based on locally weighted regression algorithm (LWR). The influence of data processing parameters, such as principal component numbers and local set-up sample number in LPLS mode, on the NIR veracity was studied with homemade grating diffuse NIR instrument using Yunnan flue-cured tobacco. Results showed that for nicotine model, the principal component number decided by cross validation was not the best choice, and better results could be achieved by reducing the principal component number; using 30-50 samples to set up NIR model, the veracity of total sugar, total nitrogen, and nicotine could be improved by 7%, 14% and 10%, respectively. So, LPLS algorithm can effectively improve NIR model's veracity, and is a good method to set up robust NIR models.

Evaluation on activity of cytochrome p450 enzymes in turbot via a probe drug cocktail.

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the main catalytic enzymes for metabolism by a variety of endogenous and exogenous substrates in mammals, fish, insects, etc. We evaluated the application of a multidrug cocktail on changes in CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 activity in Turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The probe drugs were a combination of caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight), dapsone (5 mg/kg), and chlorzoxazone (10 mg/kg). After a single intraperitoneal injection of the cocktail, the concentration of all three probe drugs in the plasma increased quickly to a peak and then decreased gradually over 24 h. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the three probe drugs were determined using a noncompartmental analysis, and the typical parameters were calculated. In the assay for CYP induction, pretreatment with rifampicin significantly reduced the typical pharmacokinetic metrics for caffeine and chlorzoxazone, but not dapsone, indicating that the activity of CYP1 and CYP2 in turbot were induced by rifampicin.

The effect of temperature and salinity on the elimination of enrofloxacin in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum.

The effect of temperature and salinity on the elimination of enrofloxacin (EF) in Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum was investigated. The clams, cultured under different temperatures and salinities (16 degrees C and 30 per thousand, 22 degrees C and 30 per thousand, or 22 degrees C and 20 per thousand), were exposed to EF at 5 microg/mL of water in a medicated bath. After a 24-h exposure, the concentration of EF in various tissues was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and the elimination rate of EF in those tissues was investigated by regression analysis. After the treatment, the initial concentrations of EF among tissues were (in decreasing order) plasma > gill > visceral mass > foot > adductor muscle. In all tissues the elimination half-life (t1/2) of EF in the clams cultured at 22 degrees C and 20 per thousand and 16 degrees C and 30 per thousand were markedly longer than in those cultured at 22 degrees C and 30 per thousand, and the t1/2 at 16 degrees C and 30 per thousand was slightly longer than that at 22 degrees C and 20 per thousand. Slight differences were also observed in t1/2 values among various tissues. These data indicate that both temperature and salinity had significant effects on the elimination of EF in the Manila clams and that lower temperature or salinity could result in slower elimination.