Triblock PolyA-Mediated Protein Biosensor Based on a Size-Matching Proximity Hybridization Analysis.

The antibodies in the natural biological world utilize bivalency/multivalency to achieve a higher affinity for antigen capture. However, mimicking this mechanism on the electrochemical sensing interface and enhancing biological affinity through precise spatial arrangement of bivalent aptamer probes still pose a challenge. In this study, we have developed a novel self-assembly layer (SAM) incorporating triblock polyA DNA to enable accurate organization of the aptamer probes on the interface, constructing a "lock-and-key-like" proximity hybridization assay (PHA) biosensor. The polyA fragment acts as an anchoring block with a strong affinity for the gold surface. Importantly, it connects the two DNA probes, facilitating one-to-one spatial proximity and enabling a controllable surface arrangement. By precisely adjusting the length of the polyA fragment, we can tailor the distance between the probes to match the molecular dimensions of the target protein. This design effectively enhances the affinity of the aptamers. Notably, our biosensor demonstrates exceptional specificity and sensitivity in detecting PDGF-BB, as confirmed through successful validation using human serum samples. Overall, our biosensor presents a novel and versatile interface for proximity assays, offering a significantly improved surface arrangement and detection performance.

Fine mapping of major QTL qshgd1 for spontaneous haploid genome doubling in maize (Zea mays L.).

KEY MESSAGE: A large-effect QTL was fine mapped, which revealed 79 gene models, with 10 promising candidate genes, along with a novel inversion. In commercial maize breeding, doubled haploid (DH) technology is arguably the most efficient resource for rapidly developing novel, completely homozygous lines. However, the DH strategy, using in vivo haploid induction, currently requires the use of mutagenic agents which can be not only hazardous, but laborious. This study focuses on an alternative approach to develop DH lines-spontaneous haploid genome duplication (SHGD) via naturally restored haploid male fertility (HMF). Inbred lines A427 and Wf9, the former with high HMF and the latter with low HMF, were selected to fine-map a large-effect QTL associated with SHGD-qshgd1. SHGD alleles were derived from A427, with novel haploid recombinant groups having varying levels of the A427 chromosomal region recovered. The chromosomal region of interest is composed of 45 megabases (Mb) of genetic information on chromosome 5. Significant differences between haploid recombinant groups for HMF were identified, signaling the possibility of mapping the QTL more closely. Due to suppression of recombination from the proximity of the centromere, and a newly discovered inversion region, the associated QTL was only confined to a 25 Mb region, within which only a single recombinant was observed among ca. 9,000 BC1 individuals. Nevertheless, 79 gene models were identified within this 25 Mb region. Additionally, 10 promising candidate genes, based on RNA-seq data, are described for future evaluation, while the narrowed down genome region is accessible for straightforward introgression into elite germplasm by BC methods.

Assessment of environmental exposure to betamethasone on the reproductive function of female Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Betamethasone has been extensively used in medicine in recent years and poses potential hazards to aquatic organisms. This study investigated the reproductive toxic effects of betamethasone exposure in fish, employing female Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model. Betamethasone exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 20, 200, and 2000 ng/L) for a period of 15 weeks resulted in its high accumulation in the ovary, leading to abnormal oogenesis in female Japanese medaka. The production of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) in the pituitary gland was inhibited, and sex steroid biosynthesis in the ovary was significantly influenced at the transcriptional level. The imbalance of androgens and estrogens resulted in a decrease in the E2/T ratio and hepatic VTG synthesis, and the suppression of estrogen receptor signaling was also induced. Furthermore, betamethasone exposure delayed spawning and reduced fertility in the F0 generation, and had detrimental effects on the fertilization rate and hatchability of the F1 generation. Our results showed that environmental betamethasone had the potential to adversely affect female fertility and steroid hormone dynamics in fish.

Holistic quality evaluation method of Epimedii Folium based on NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics.

INTRODUCTION: There are some problems in the quality control of Epimedii Folium (leaves of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim.), such as the mixed use of Epimedii Folium from different harvesting periods and regions, incomplete quality evaluation, and time-consuming analysis methods. OBJECTIVE: Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was conducted to establish a rapid overall quality evaluation method for Epimedii Folium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative models of the total solid, moisture, total flavonoid, and flavonol glycoside (Epimedin A, Epimedin B, Epimedin C, Icariin) contents of Epimedii Folium were established by partial least squares regression (PLSR). The root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) were used to evaluate the performance of models. The qualitative models of Epimedii Folium from different geographic origins and harvest periods were established based on K-nearest neighbor (KNN), back-propagation neural network (BPNN), and random forest (RF). Accuracy and Kappa values were used to evaluate the performance of models. A new multivariable signal conversion strategy was proposed, which combines NIR spectroscopy with the PLSR model to predict the absorbance values of retention time points in the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint to obtain the predicted HPLC fingerprint. The Pearson correlation coefficient and cosine coefficient were used to evaluate the similarity between real and predicted HPLC fingerprints. RESULTS: Qualitative models, quantitative models, and the similarity between real and predicted HPLC fingerprints are satisfactory. CONCLUSION: The method serves as a fast and green analytical quality evaluation method of Epimedii Folium and can replace traditional methods to achieve the overall quality evaluation of Epimedii Folium.

Ultra-high sensitivity microwave-photonic sapphire fiber Fabry-Perot interferometry based on the Vernier effect.

The wavelength of microwave is longer than that of lightwave, causing the interferometric optical path difference induced by the measurand changes to be relatively smaller than that of microwave, which results in the lower sensitivity of sapphire fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensor in microwave band. To improve sensitivity, a parallel FPI sensing system is constructed, in which a section of sapphire fiber connected to a single-mode transmission fiber is used as a sensing FPI, and a single-mode fiber (SMF) with a slightly different optical path from a sensing FPI is utilized as a reference FPI. By connecting two FPIs in parallel, Vernier effect is formed to improve sensitivity. The influence of relationship between the optical path difference of the reference FPI and the sensing FPI on the sensitivity amplification factor is analyzed based on the microwave interference spectrum of the parallel FPI. A section of sapphire fiber with the length of 8 cm is used as temperature sensor to construct high-temperature sensing system. The results demonstrate that the temperature sensitivity reaches about 2338.68kHz/°C, which is approximately 130 times higher than that of the sensing FPI alone. Furthermore, when the difference of optical path between the sensing FPI and the reference FPI is kept constant while the sensing FPI is unchanged, the amplification factor of the temperature sensitivity is approximately 2.64 times higher with longer length of the reference FPI compared to the situation with shorter length of the reference FPI.

Identification of Toxicity Forcing Agents from Individual Aliphatic and Aromatic Disinfection Byproducts Formed in Drinking Water: Implications and Limitations.

Recently, a study found that aromatic DBP fractions dominate the overall toxicity of chlorinated drinking water. However, key toxicity drivers have not been reported via comprehensive evaluation based on the formation of aliphatic and aromatic DBPs in drinking water. In this study, the occurrence of 37 aliphatic and 19 aromatic DBPs in drinking samples with different water characteristics collected in a Chinese megacity was explored. According to the individual DBP concentrations and cytotoxicity potencies as well as the "TIC-Tox" method, haloacetonitriles and halonitrophenols were found to be the toxicity drivers among the measured aliphatic and aromatic DBPs, respectively. However, when aromatic and aliphatic DBPs are taken into consideration together, aliphatic DBPs were calculated to present higher toxicity contribution than aromatic DBPs, which is inconsistent with the previous study. TOX showed significant positive correlations with most aliphatic DBPs but no aromatic DBPs, and the overall toxicity of the water sample concentrates is significantly related to the total calculated cytotoxicity and aliphatic DBPs, suggesting that current selected aromatic DBPs are insufficient to represent the overall aromatic DBPs. UV254 and DOC rather than SUVA are better surrogates for predicting DBP formation potential for DOM with a lower humification degree as indicated by fluorescence results.

Anisomeles indica Extracts and Their Constituents Suppress the Protein Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 In Vivo and In Vitro.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), stemming from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a profound global impact. This highly contagious pneumonia remains a significant ongoing threat. Uncertainties persist about the virus's effects on human health, underscoring the need for treatments and prevention. Current research highlights angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) as key targets against SARS-CoV-2. The virus relies on ACE2 to enter cells and TMPRSS2 to activate its spike protein. Inhibiting ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression can help prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infections. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, a medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine, shows various promising pharmacological properties. In this study, ethanolic extracts of A. indica were examined both in vivo (250 and 500 µM) and in vitro (500 µM). Through Western blotting analysis, a significant reduction in the expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins was observed in HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cells and HEK 293T (human embryonic kidney) cell lines without inducing cellular damage. The principal constituents of A. indica, namely, ovatodiolide (5 and 10 µM), anisomlic acid (5 and 10 µM), and apigenin (12.5 and 25 µM), were also found to produce the same effect. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of mouse liver, kidney, and lung tissues demonstrated a decrease in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein expression levels. Consequently, this article suggests that A. indica and its constituents have the potential to reduce ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein expression levels, thus aiding in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

[Changes in the neighborhood food environment and walking time among older adults: A longitudinal Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) between 2016 and 2019].

Objective　Maintaining or increasing walking provides several health benefits to older adults. However, the mid-term evaluation of Health Japan 21 [second term] showed that older adults' daily steps did not meet the goal. Therefore, this study emphasized primordial prevention, which is different from previous preventive approaches and focuses on the relationship between the built environment and physical activities, including daily steps. This study investigated the relationship between changes in the number of food stores and walking time.Methods　This longitudinal study utilized the self-administered mail survey data between 2016 and 2019 from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES). Older adults aged ≥65 years and residing in 27 independent municipalities were recruited. The dependent variable was a change in the walking time at two-time points (increase or not). Our explanatory variable was the change in the number of food stores at two-time points, reported on a 5-point scale, including no store (reference), increased stores, store available, decreased stores, and I don't know. Equivalently, it was defined as the self-reported change in the number of food stores (stores that sell meats, fish, fruits, and vegetables) within the walking distance of participants' homes (within ～1 km) from 2016 to 2019. The covariates included demographic factors, health behavior factors, environmental factors, and health factors in 2016. We used Poisson regression analysis (5% significance level) to calculate the cumulative incidence rate ratio (CIRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for an increase in walking time compared to no increase in walking time. The multivariate normal imputation method supplemented missing data of the dependent variable, explanatory variable, and covariates. Additionally, respondents' answer of "other" for the covariates was supplemented.Results　Three years later, 13,400 (20.4%) respondents had increased their walking time. Older adults who reported increased number of stores (5,311, 8.1%) had more walking time than those who reported no stores (6,577, 10.0%) (CIRR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.03-1.21).Conclusion　Participants who reported an increase in the number of fresh food stores within the walking distance had 12% more walking time three years later. A built environment might be used to measure primordial prevention that increases the amount of walking in daily life. Our results may provide evidence for policymakers and stakeholders to consider healthy urban planning.

Pharmaceutical targeting Th2-mediated immunity enhances immunotherapy response in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a complex disease with a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and has limited clinical response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), play an essential role in regulation of tumor immunity. However, the deep relationship between Th2-mediated immunity and immune evasion in breast cancer remains enigmatic. METHODS: Here, we first used bioinformatics analysis to explore the correlation between Th2 infiltration and immune landscape in breast cancer. Suplatast tosilate (IPD-1151 T, IPD), an inhibitor of Th2 function, was then employed to investigate the biological effects of Th2 blockade on tumor growth and immune microenvironment in immunocompetent murine breast cancer models. The tumor microenvironment was analyzed by flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, we examined the efficacy of IPD combination with ICB treatment by evaluating TME, tumor growth and mice survival. RESULTS: Our bioinformatics analysis suggested that higher infiltration of Th2 cells indicates a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment in breast cancer. In three murine breast cancer models (EO771, 4T1 and EMT6), IPD significantly inhibited the IL-4 secretion by Th2 cells, promoted Th2 to Th1 switching, remodeled the immune landscape and inhibited tumor growth. Remarkably, CD8+ T cell infiltration and the cytotoxic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) in tumor tissues were evidently enhanced after IPD treatment. Furthermore, increased effector CD4+ T cells and decreased myeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2-like macrophages were also demonstrated in IPD-treated tumors. Importantly, we found IPD reinforced the therapeutic response of ICB without increasing potential adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that pharmaceutical inhibition of Th2 cell function improves ICB response via remodeling immune landscape of TME, which illustrates a promising combinatorial immunotherapy.

An integration of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and chemometrics analysis for the holistic quality evaluation of different geographical Paederia scandens.

RATIONALE: Due to the special geographical location and climate of China, there are large differences in the chemical composition and content of Paederia scandens (PS) from different origins, which will have a large impact on its efficacy. METHODS: An efficient quality control method for PS was established by combining ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analyses. First, a UPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry system was employed to identify the chemical composition of PS from seven different origins. Then, the chemical variation in 73 batches of PS samples was subsequently investigated by quantitation of four marker compounds. RESULTS: A total of 15 common compounds were identified in the samples of PS from seven origins. And four of the marker compounds were chosen based on VIP values to characterize the differences between PS samples of different origins. The linearity ranged between 0.005 and 2.500 mg/mL; the correlation coefficients (r2 ) ranged from 0.999 to 1; the limits of detection ranged from 0.013 to 0.033 µg/mL; and the relative standard deviations for repeatability, precisions, and stabilities were below 0.2%, 1.6%, and 0.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results show that the method can be effective and comprehensive in evaluating the quality of PS from different origins. And this comprehensive strategy proved to be a powerful technique used to differentiate between different geographical herbs.

Silicone Rubber Fabry-Perot Pressure Sensor Based on a Spherical Optical Fiber End Face.

To improve the fringe contrast and the sensitivity of Fabry-Perot (FP) pressure sensors, a silicone rubber FP pressure sensor based on a spherical optical fiber end face is proposed. The ratio of silicone rubber ingredients and the diameter and thickness of silicone rubber diaphragm were optimized by a simulation based on experimental tests that analyzed elastic parameters, and the influence of the radius of a spherical optical fiber and the initial cavity length of the sensor on the fringe contrast was investigated and optimized. Pressure sensor samples were fabricated for pressure test and temperature cross-influence test. Gas pressure experimental results within a pressure range of 0~40 kPa show the average sensitivity of the sensor is -154.56 nm/kPa and repeatability error is less than 0.71%. Long-term pressure experimental results show it has good repeatability and stability. Temperature experimental results show its temperature cross-sensitivity is 0.143 kPa/°C. The good performance of the proposed FP pressure sensor will expand its applications in biochemical applications, especially in human body pressure monitoring.

Dynamic Distance Measurement Based on a Fast Frequency-Swept Interferometry.

To improve the precision of dynamic distance measurement based on the frequency-swept interferometry (FSI) system, a Doppler-induced error compensation model based on a scheme increasing the frequency sweeping rate is proposed. A distance demodulation method based on a Fourier transformation is investigated when the defined quasi-stationary coefficient approaches a constant. Simulations and experiments based on dynamic distance with a sinusoidal change demonstrate that the proposed method has a standard deviation of 0.09 µm within a distance range of 4 µm at a sweeping rate of 60 KHz.

AQP4 Attenuated TRAF6/NFκB Activation in Acrylamide-Induced Neurotoxicity.

Acrylamide (ACR) is present in high-temperature-processed high-carbohydrate foods, cigarette smoke, and industrial pollution. Chronic exposure to ACR may induce neurotoxicity from reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, the mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. We studied 28-day subacute ACR toxicity by repeatedly feeding ACR (0, 15, or 30 mg/kg) to rats. We conducted RNA sequencing and Western blot analyses to identify differences in mRNA expression in the blood and in protein expression in the brain tissues, respectively, of the rats. AQP4 transient transfection was performed to identify potential associations with protein regulation. The rats treated with 30 mg/kg ACR exhibited hind-limb muscle weakness. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP9) expression was higher in the ACR-treated group than in the control group. ACR induced MMP-9 and AQP4 protein expression in the brain tissues of the rats, which subsequently presented with neurotoxicity. In the in vitro study, Neuro-2a cells were transiently transfected with AQP4, which inhibited MMP-9 and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) expression, and inhibited ACR induced expression of TRAF6, IκBα, and nuclear factor κB (NFκB). Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments, this study revealed that depressive symptoms associated with ACR-induced neurotoxicity are associated with downregulation of AQP4 and induction of the TRAF6 pathway.

A novel nickel-modified nano-magnetite for isolation of histidine-tagged proteins expressed in Escherichia coli.

Nano-magnetite with superparamagnetism could be coated by some organic compounds or by nano Au or Pt via surface modifications with multi-step reactions for the applications of isolating histidine-tagged (His-tagged) proteins. Introducing active sites of binding histidine onto the surface of nano-magnetite was the ultimate task. However, multi-step treatments might result in departure of the coatings from the surface of the nano-magnetite, which led to loss of active sites. In this work, we reported a convenient and efficient way of treating nano-magnetites and applied them in isolating His-tagged proteins. Carboxylates were introduced on the surface of home-made nano-magnetite directly via ultrasonic mixing with sodium bitartrate rather than complicated surface modifications, which was proved by thermogravimetric analyses. Ni2+ was, therefore, caught by the carboxylates of the coating via the coordinate interaction, demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectra. The coated magnetic nanoparticles with the bonded Ni2+ were successfully employed to selectively bind and separate recombinant His-tagged proteins directly from the mixture of Escherichia coli cell lysate, and showed wonderful affinity for His-tagged proteins with the saturated adsorption amount being 556 mg g-1. Additionally, such functionalized nano-magnetite manifested the excellent recyclability in isolating His-tagged proteins.

Probability of signal demodulation jump errors in the maximum-likelihood-estimation algorithm for a low SNR interference spectrum.

When the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an optical fiber sensor is lower than a specific value, jump errors will appear in the maximum-likelihood-estimation (MLE) algorithm. This research proposes a quantitative calculation method based on the MLE algorithm. This method can calculate the probability of jump errors by different SNRs. The SNR threshold can also be obtained in the MLE algorithm for the low-finesse interference spectrum. From the simulation, we find that when the SNR varies from 0 dB to 25 dB, the possibility of jump errors decreases exponentially. Subsequent experiments also verify the correctness of the simulation results.

A High-Speed Demodulation Technology of Fiber Optic Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometric Sensor Based on Coarse Spectrum.

A fast real-time demodulation method based on the coarsely sampled spectrum is proposed for transient signals of fiber optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers (EFPI) sensors. The feasibility of phase demodulation using a coarse spectrum is theoretically analyzed. Based on the coarse spectrum, fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is used to roughly estimate the cavity length. According to the rough estimation, the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm is applied to calculate the cavity length accurately. The dense wavelength division multiplexer (DWDM) is used to split the broadband spectrum into the coarse spectrum, and the high-speed synchronous ADC collects the spectrum. The experimental results show that the system can achieve a real-time dynamic demodulation speed of 50 kHz, a static measurement root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.184 nm, and a maximum absolute and relative error distribution of 15 nm and 0.005% of the measurement cavity length compared with optical spectrum analyzers (OSA).

Bioconversion of steviol glycosides into steviol by Microbacterium barkeri.

The strain which degraded steviol glycosides to steviol (STE) was screened and isolated from soil samples. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and used to determine the taxonomic status of the strain. 16S rDNA sequence was ultimately used to identify the strain as Microbacterium barkeri XJ. The transformation product was detected and identified as STE by HPLC/LC-MS/IR analysis. The bioconversion rate of 1% (v/v) steviol glycosides (stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C) into STE in basic medium were 100% within 24 h, 84 h and 144 h, respectively. The results indicated XJ was more effective than mixed flora in the bioconversion of steviol glycosides to STE.

Dysfunction of different cellular degradation pathways contributes to specific ß-amyloid42-induced pathologies.

The endosomal-lysosomal system (ELS), autophagy, and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are cellular degradation pathways that each play a critical role in the removal of misfolded proteins and the prevention of the accumulation of abnormal proteins. Recent studies on Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis have suggested that accumulation of aggregated ß-amyloid (Aß) peptides in the AD brain results from a dysfunction in these cellular clearance systems. However, the specific roles of these pathways in the removal of Aß peptides and the pathogenesis underlying AD are unclear. Our in vitro and in vivo genetic approaches revealed that ELS mainly removed monomeric ß-amyloid42 (Aß42), while autophagy and UPS clear oligomeric Aß42. Although overproduction of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-5 increased Aß42 clearance, it reduced the life span of Aß42 transgenic flies. Our behavioral studies further demonstrated impaired autophagy and UPS-enhanced Aß42-induced learning and memory deficits, but there was no effect on Aß42-induced reduction in life span. Results from genetic fluorescence imaging showed that these pathways were damaged in the following order: UPS, autophagy, and finally ELS. The results of our study demonstrate that different degradation pathways play distinct roles in the removal of Aß42 aggregates and in disease progression. These findings also suggest that pharmacologic treatments that are designed to stimulate cellular degradation pathways in patients with AD should be used with caution.-Ji, X.-R., Cheng, K.-C., Chen, Y.-R., Lin, T.-Y., Cheung, C. H. A., Wu, C.-L., Chiang, H.-C. Dysfunction of different cellular degradation pathways contributes to specific ß-amyloid42-induced pathologies.

Two toll-like receptors identified in the mantle of Mytilus coruscus are abundant in haemocytes.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play a critical role in innate immunity. TLRs are activated when they recognize microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of bacteria, viruses, or fungus. In the present study, two TLRs were isolated from the mantle of the hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) and designated McTLR2 and McTLR3 based on their sequence similarity and phylogenetic clustering with Crassostrea gigas, CgiTLR2 and CgiTLR3, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that McTLR2 and McTLR3 were constitutively expressed in many tissues but at low abundance.

Genetic Variation of Physicochemical Properties and Digestibility of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Landraces of Taiwan.

Foxtail millet is considered a 'smart food' because of nutrient richness and resilience to environments. A diversity panel of 92 foxtail millet landraces preserved by Taiwan indigenous peoples containing amylose content (AC) in the range of 0.7% to 16.9% exhibited diverse physiochemical properties revealed by a rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA). AC was significantly correlated with 5 RVA parameters, and some RVA parameters were also highly correlated with one another. In comparison to rice, foxtail millet contained less starch (65.9-73.1%) and no significant difference in totals of resistant starch (RS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), hydrolysis index (HI), and expected glycemic index (eGI) according to in vitro digestibility assays of raw flour with similar AC. RS was significantly positively correlated with AC and four RVA parameters, cold paste viscosity (CPV), setback viscosity (SBV), peak time (PeT), and pasting temperature (PaT), implying that suitable food processing to alter physicochemical properties of foxtail millet might mitigate hyperglycemia. This investigation of pasting properties and digestibility of diverse foxtail millet germplasm revealed much variation and showed potential for multi-dimensional utilizations in daily staple food and food industries.