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1.
Opt Express ; 32(4): 6609-6618, 2024 Feb 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38439360

RESUMO

This research successfully developed an independent Ge-based VCSEL epitaxy and fabrication technology route, which set the stage for integrating AlGaAs-based semiconductor devices on bulk Ge substrates. This is the second successful Ge-based VCSEL technology reported worldwide and the first Ge-based VCSEL technology with key details disclosed, including Ge substrate specification, transition layer structure and composition, and fabrication process. Compared with the GaAs counterparts, after epitaxy optimization, the Ge-based VCSEL wafer has a 40% lower surface root-mean-square roughness and 72% lower average bow-warp. After device fabrication, the Ge-based VCSEL has a 10% lower threshold current density and 19% higher maximum optical differential efficiency than the GaAs-based VCSEL.

2.
Opt Express ; 32(3): 3085-3099, 2024 Jan 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38297539

RESUMO

This paper presents a novel co-packaging approach through on-chip hybrid laser integration with photonic circuits using photonic wire bonding. The process involves die-bonding a low-cost semiconductor distributed-feedback (DFB) laser into a deep trench on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) chip and coupling it to the silicon circuitry through photonic wire bonding (PWB). After characterizing the power-current-voltage (LIV) and optical spectrum of the laser, a wavelength-current relationship utilizing its tunability through self-heating a swept-frequency laser (SFL) is developed. Photonic integrated circuit (PIC) resonators are successfully characterized using the SFL method, demonstrating signal detection with a quality factor comparable to measurements conducted with an off-chip benchtop laser.

3.
Opt Express ; 31(6): 9135-9145, 2023 Mar 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37157489

RESUMO

We propose and demonstrate a cost-effective, microring-based, silicon photonic sensor that uses doped silicon detectors and a broadband source. Shifts in the sensing microring resonances are electrically tracked by a doped second microring, which acts as both a tracking element and a photodetector. By tracking the power supplied to this second ring, as the sensing ring's resonance shifts, the effective refractive index change caused by the analyte is determined. This design reduces the cost of the system by eliminating high-cost, high-resolution tunable lasers, and is fully compatible with high-temperature fabrication processes. We report a bulk sensitivity of 61.8 nm/RIU and a system limit of detection of 9.8x10-4 RIU.

4.
Opt Lett ; 48(3): 582-585, 2023 Feb 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36723536

RESUMO

We demonstrate a method to emulate the optical performance of silicon photonic devices fabricated using advanced deep-ultraviolet lithography (DUV) processes on a rapid-prototyping electron-beam lithography process. The method is enabled by a computational lithography predictive model generated by processing SEM image data of the DUV lithography process. We experimentally demonstrate the emulation method's accuracy on integrated silicon Bragg grating waveguides and grating-based, add-drop filter devices, two devices that are particularly susceptible to DUV lithography effects. The emulation method allows silicon photonic device and system designers to experimentally observe the effects of DUV lithography on device performance in a low-cost, rapid-prototyping, electron-beam lithography process to enable a first-time-right design flow.

5.
Nanotechnology ; 34(39)2023 Jul 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37321201

RESUMO

Convolutions are one of the most critical signal and image processing operations. From spectral analysis to computer vision, convolutional filtering is often related to spatial information processing involving neighbourhood operations. As convolution operations are based around the product of two functions, vectors or matrices, dot products play a key role in the performance of such operations; for example, advanced image processing techniques require fast, dense matrix multiplications that typically take more than 90% of the computational capacity dedicated to solving convolutional neural networks. Silicon photonics has been demonstrated to be an ideal candidate to accelerate information processing involving parallel matrix multiplications. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a multiwavelength approach with fully integrated modulators, tunable filters as microring resonator weight banks, and a balanced detector to perform matrix multiplications for image convolution operations. We develop a scattering matrix model that matches the experiment to simulate large-scale versions of these photonic systems with which we predict performance and physical constraints, including inter-channel cross-talk and bit resolution.

6.
Opt Express ; 30(15): 27841-27857, 2022 Jul 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36236945

RESUMO

An ultra-narrow 40-nm slotted waveguide is fabricated to enable highly efficient, electro-optic polymer modulators. Our measurement results indicate that VπL's below ∼ 1.19 V.mm are possible for the balanced Mach-Zehnder modulators using this ultra-narrow slotted waveguide on a hybrid silicon-organic hybrid platform. Our simulations suggest that VπL's can be further reduced to ∼ 0.35 V.mm if appropriate doping is utilized. In addition to adapting standard recipes, we developed two novel fabrication processes to achieve miniaturized devices with high modulation sensitivity. To boost compactness and decrease the overall footprint, we use a fabrication approach based on air bridge interconnects on thick, thermally-reflowed, MaN 2410 E-beam resist protected by an alumina layer. To overcome the challenges of high currents and imperfect infiltration of polymers into ultra-narrow slots, we use a carefully designed, atomically-thin layer of TiO2 as a carrier barrier to enhance the efficiency of our electro-optic polymers. The anticipated increase in total capacitance due to the TiO2 layer is negligible. Applying our TiO2 surface treatment to the ultra-narrow slot allows us to obtain an improved index change efficiency (∂n/∂V) of ∼ 22% for a 5 nm TiO2 layer. Furthermore, compared to non-optimized cases, our peak measured current during poling is reduced by a factor of ∼ 3.

7.
Opt Express ; 29(16): 25173-25188, 2021 Aug 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34614854

RESUMO

High coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) is crucial for photon-pair sources (PPSs) integrated with pump reject filters (PRFs) in silicon, but CAR values currently reported for integrated PPS/PRF chips still fall short of those achieved using stand-alone sources with external PRFs. Here we report measured and modelled CAR values for a micro-ring resonator PPS integrated with a PRF consisting of a three-stage, cascaded (via their through ports), contra-directional coupler (CDC) that compare favorably even with some stand-alone sources. CDC-based PRFs provide the benefits of compact area and wide reject bands without a need for tuning, in comparison to prior-art implementations.

8.
Opt Lett ; 46(11): 2738-2741, 2021 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34061101

RESUMO

We present the designs, theory, and experimental demonstrations of ultra-broadband, optical add-drop filters on the silicon-on-insulator platform, realized using period-chirped contra-directional couplers. Our fabricated devices have ultra-broad 3 dB bandwidths of up to 11 THz (88.1 nm), with flat-top responses at their drop ports. All of our devices were fabricated using a commercial, CMOS-compatible, 193 nm deep-ultraviolet lithography process. By using lithography-prediction models, the measured bandwidths, insertion losses, central wavelengths, and extinction ratios of our devices are all in good agreement with our predicted, simulated results. Such filters are necessary for photonic integrated circuits to operate over multiple optical bands.

9.
Opt Lett ; 46(15): 3620, 2021 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34329239

RESUMO

This publisher's note contains corrections to Opt. Lett.46, 2738 (2021)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.423745.

10.
Opt Express ; 28(6): 7799-7816, 2020 Mar 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32225417

RESUMO

Fabrication variability significantly impacts the performance of photonic integrated circuits (PICs), which makes it crucial to quantify the impact of fabrication variations before the final fabrication. Such analysis enables circuit and system designers to optimize their designs to be more robust and obtain maximum yield when designing for manufacturing. This work presents a simulation methodology, Reduced Spatial Correlation Matrix-based Monte-Carlo (RSCM-MC), to efficiently study the impact of spatially correlated fabrication variations on the performance of PICs. First, a simple and reliable method to extract physical correlation lengths, variability parameters that define the inverse of the spatial frequencies of width and height variations over a wafer, is presented. Then, the process of generating correlated variations for MC simulations using RSCM-MC methodology is presented. The methodology generates correlated variations by first creating a reduced correlation matrix containing spatial correlations between all the circuit components, and then processing it using Cholesky decomposition to obtain correlated variations for all circuit components. These variations are then used to conduct MC simulations. The accuracy and the computation performance of the proposed methodology are compared with other layout-dependent Monte-Carlo simulation methodologies, such as Virtual wafer-based Monte-Carlo (VW-MC). A Mach-Zehnder lattice filter is used to study the accuracy, and a second-order Mach-Zehnder filter and a 16x16 optical switch matrix system are used to compare the computational performance.

11.
Opt Express ; 28(7): 10225-10238, 2020 Mar 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32225612

RESUMO

We demonstrate a method for measuring on-chip waveguide losses using a single microring resonator with a tunable coupler. By tuning the power coupling to the microring and measuring the microring's through-port transmission at each power coupling, one can separate the waveguide propagation loss and the effects of the coupling to the microring. This method is tolerant of fiber-chip coupling/alignment errors and does not require the use of expensive instruments for phase response measurements. In addition, this method offers a compact solution for measuring waveguide propagation losses, only using a single microring (230 µm×190 µm, including the metal pads). We demonstrate this method by measuring the propagation losses of silicon-on-insulator rib waveguides, yielding propagation losses of 3.1-1.3 dB/cm for core widths varying from 400-600 nm.

12.
Opt Express ; 28(2): 1885-1896, 2020 Jan 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32121891

RESUMO

We demonstrate greedy linear descent-based, basic gradient descent-based, two-point step size gradient descent-based, and two-stage optimization method-based automated control algorithms and examine their performance for use with a silicon photonic polarization receiver. With an active feedback loop control process, time-varying arbitrary polarization states from an optical fiber can be automatically adapted and stabilized to the transverse-electric (TE) mode of a single-mode silicon waveguide. Using the proposed control algorithms, we successfully realize automated adaptations for a 10 Gb/s on-off keying signal in the polarization receiver. Based on the large-signal measurement results, the control algorithms are examined and compared with regard to the iteration number and the output response. In addition, we implemented a long-duration experiment to track, adapt, and stabilize arbitrary input polarization states using the two-point step size gradient descent-based and two-stage optimization method-based control algorithms. The experimental results show that these control algorithms enable the polarization receiver to achieve real-time and continuous polarization management.

13.
Opt Express ; 28(11): 17122-17123, 2020 May 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32549521

RESUMO

An erratum is presented to correct the caption of Fig. 1 and the citation number in Fig. 7(d) in the original article [Opt. Express 27, 17581 (2019)].

14.
Opt Express ; 27(7): 9516-9535, 2019 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31045102

RESUMO

Precise and reliable apodization of silicon integrated Bragg gratings (IBGs) is the key to realizing their spectral tailoring for many optical applications such as optical signal processing and wavelength-division multiplexing systems. However, apodization in a silicon IBG that is typically realized by modifying the physical waveguide grating structure can also introduce unwanted grating phase variations that can affect the grating response. In this paper, we present a model to characterize apodized silicon IBGs which can take such apodization phase noise (APN) into account, based on direct synthesis of the physical grating structure. The model is used to characterize a set of different silicon IBGs apodized by lateral misalignment (ΔL) and duty-cycle (DC) modulations and designed with different responses, and the results show that the APN can greatly distort the complex responses of the gratings. Then, we develop a methodology to compensate the APN and thus to correct the distorted grating responses. The designed silicon IBGs were fabricated and tested experimentally. The accuracy of the model is examined by comparing the measured grating spectra with those predicted by the model. Spectral corrections are then demonstrated in Gaussian-apodized gratings based on ΔL- and DC-modulated silicon IBGs and a square-shaped filter developed on a ΔL-modulated IBG. Finally, a complex spectral correction of a photonic Hilbert transformer developed on a ΔL-modulated silicon IBG is achieved.

15.
Opt Express ; 27(5): 6147-6157, 2019 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30876207

RESUMO

A ring resonator based 4 channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) receiver with polarization diversity is demonstrated at 10 Gb/s per channel. By forming a waveguide loop between the two output ports of a polarization splitter-rotator (PSR), the input signals in the quasi-transverse-electric (quasi-TE) and the quasi-transverse-magnetic (quasi-TM) polarizations can be demultiplexed by the same set of ring resonator filters, thus reducing the number of required channel control circuits by half compared to methods which process the two polarizations individually. Large signal measurement results indicate that the design can tolerate a signal delay of up to 30% of the unit interval (UI) between the two polarizations, which implies that compensating for manufacturing variability with optical delay lines on chip is not necessary for a robust operation. The inter-channel crosstalk is found negligible down to 0.4nm (50 GHz) spacing, at which point the adjacent channel isolation is 17 dB, proving the design's compatibility for dense WDM application.

16.
Opt Express ; 27(13): 17581-17591, 2019 Jun 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31252715

RESUMO

We propose and demonstrate broadband, entirely mode-evolution-based, polarization splitter-rotators (PSR) using sub-wavelength grating (SWG) assisted adiabatic waveguides for two SOI platforms. Our PSRs are more compact than previously demonstrated entirely mode-evolution-based designs. The devices were fabricated using two fabrication processes and, in both cases, the measured spectra show close matches to the simulation results. One of the processes uses standard optical lithography and, hence, this is the first time that an SWG-based PSR has been experimentally implemented using such a process. Finally, measurements for arbitrary input polarizations on an active, automated polarization receiver, that uses one of our PSRs, are also presented.

17.
Opt Express ; 27(19): 26661-26675, 2019 Sep 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31674542

RESUMO

Fabrication errors currently hold back the large-scale adoption of silicon micro-ring modulators (MRMs). The ability to correct their spectral features post-fabrication is required to enable their commercialization. Here, we report and demonstrate an MRM that uses a tunable two-point coupling scheme, which maintains the MRM's compact footprint (60 µm×45 µm) and allows one to tune the MRM's operating wavelength and adjust the optical bandwidth (and/or extinction ratio). This means that one can compensate for fabrication errors and thereby improve the yields. We confirm the modulator's operation by showing NRZ and PAM-4 modulation, up to 28 Gb/s and 19.9 Gb/s, respectively. Also, the proposed tunable MRM maintains the microring's free-spectral range (FSR), which proves its compatibility for configurable and high-bandwidth DWDM applications.

18.
Opt Lett ; 44(4): 847-850, 2019 Feb 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30768002

RESUMO

We report on a narrow-band, polarization-independent, transmission filter using phase-shifted, polarization-rotating Bragg gratings (PRBGs) in a silicon-on-insulator strip waveguide. In our device, phase-shifted PRBGs provide narrow transmission peaks for the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes, both at the same wavelength. We present results for a 330.6 µm long device that has transmission peaks centered at 1556.36 nm, 3 dB bandwidths of 0.26 nm, and extinction ratios of 19 dB for both TE and TM modes. We also integrated a heater onto our device and obtained a wavelength tuning efficiency of 0.028 nm/mW for both TE and TM modes.

19.
Opt Lett ; 44(2): 435-438, 2019 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30644919

RESUMO

It is shown that an apodization profile to realize a specific spectral response for a silicon integrated Bragg grating (IBG) can be amplified/scaled-up greatly by an order of magnitude by introducing phase delays between the two sides of the apodized gratings. This amplification brings about significant improvements in the apodization dynamic range and resolution/precision, thereby facilitating the spectral tailoring of the IBGs. The concept is first exploited in corrugation width-modulated Gaussian-apodized silicon IBGs, and then in phase-modulated silicon IBGs to achieve a five-channel dispersionless square-shaped filter. Significant spectral performance improvements brought by the amplification are demonstrated in both cases.

20.
Opt Lett ; 44(24): 5981-5984, 2019 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32628198

RESUMO

We propose a strategy to improve sensing performance of sub-wavelength-grating (SWG) waveguide-based sensors by introducing a substrate-overetch (SOE) geometry. The proposed SOE-SWG waveguide shows enhanced analyte interaction and a reduced group index, which improves the sensitivity of resonator-based sensors. The SiO2 overetch process was realized in Ar/C4F8/O2 plasma for 40 sec with a SiO2/Si selectivity of 10:1, obtaining a 285-nm anisotropic overetch in the SiO2 layer. Sensor performance of the SOE-SWG architecture is characterized by using isopropyl alcohol solutions, indicating an enhanced bulk sensitivity up to 575 nm/RIU (479 nm/RIU before the SOE), and a maximum waveguide mode sensitivity larger than one.

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